2012 United States presidential election: Difference between revisions

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! colspan=2|Candidate (Party) !! Electoral<br>votes !! States<br>carried !! Popular<br>vote !! Pct.
! colspan=2|Candidate (Party) !! Electoral<br>votes !! States<br>carried !! Popular<br>vote !! Pct.
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Obama''' (Democratic) || 332 || 26+DC || 61,681,462 || 50.55%
| bgcolor="{{Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Obama''' (Democratic) || 332 || 26+DC || 61,681,462 || 50.54%
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}}" width=10px | ||align=left|'''Romney''' (Republican) || 206 || 24 || 58,488,199 || 47.94%
| bgcolor="{{Republican Party (United States)/meta/color}}" width=10px | ||align=left|'''Romney''' (Republican) || 206 || 24 || 58,488,199 || 47.93%
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Libertarian Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Johnson''' (Libertarian) || 0 || 0 || 1,189,193 || 0.96%
| bgcolor="{{Libertarian Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Johnson''' (Libertarian) || 0 || 0 || 1,189,193 || 0.97%
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Green Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Stein''' (Green) || 0 || 0 || 419,741 || 0.33%
| bgcolor="{{Green Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Stein''' (Green) || 0 || 0 || 419,741 || 0.34%
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Constitution Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Goode''' (Constitution) || 0 || 0 || 117,615 || 0.10%
| bgcolor="{{Constitution Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Goode''' (Constitution) || 0 || 0 || 117,615 || 0.09%
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Peace and Freedom Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Barr''' (Peace and Freedom) || 0 || 0 || 51,675 || 0.05%
| bgcolor="{{Peace and Freedom Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Barr''' (Peace and Freedom) || 0 || 0 || 51,675 || 0.04%
|-
|-
| bgcolor="{{Justice Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Anderson''' (Justice) || 0 || 0 || 37,055 || 0.03%
| bgcolor="{{Justice Party (United States)/meta/color}}"| ||align=left|'''Anderson''' (Justice) || 0 || 0 || 37,055 || 0.03%
|-
|-
| bgcolor="#666666"| ||align=left|'''Others''' || 0 || 0 || 39,822 || 0.04%
| bgcolor="#666666"| ||align=left|'''Others''' || 0 || 0 || 39,822 || 0.03%
|-style="background-color:#dfdfdf"
|-style="background-color:#dfdfdf"
| colspan=2 style="background-color:#fafafa"| '''Total'''&nbsp;&nbsp; || 538 || 51 || 122,001,287 || 100.00%
| colspan=2 style="background-color:#fafafa"| '''Total'''&nbsp;&nbsp; || 538 || 51 || 122,024,762 || 100.00%
|}
|}
Popular vote count is preliminary, and does not include all precincts.<ref name=huffingtonresults>{{cite web |url=http://elections.huffingtonpost.com/2012/results# |title=Election Results |accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independentpoliticalreport.com/2012/11/working-totals-for-third-party-presidential-candidates/|title=Working Totals for Third Party Presidential Candidates|accessdate=November 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name=googleresults>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/elections/ed/us/results |title=Google Politics & Elections |accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=486001|title=US President - Popular Vote|accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref>
Popular vote count is preliminary, and does not include all precincts.<ref name=huffingtonresults>{{cite web |url=http://elections.huffingtonpost.com/2012/results# |title=Election Results |accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independentpoliticalreport.com/2012/11/working-totals-for-third-party-presidential-candidates/|title=Working Totals for Third Party Presidential Candidates|accessdate=November 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name=googleresults>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/elections/ed/us/results |title=Google Politics & Elections |accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=486001|title=US President - Popular Vote|accessdate=November 8, 2012}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:13, 10 November 2012

This article is about the United States presidential election held in 2012. For information about other elections held within the United States in 2012, see United States elections, 2012.

United States presidential election, 2012
← 2008 November 6, 2012 2016 →
538 electoral votes of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Turnout57.5–60% (Est.)[1]
 
Nominee Barack Obama Mitt Romney
Party Democratic Republican
Home state Illinois Massachusetts
Running mate Joe Biden Paul Ryan
Electoral vote 332 206
States carried 26 + DC 24
Popular vote 61,681,462[2] 58,488,199[2]
Percentage 50.6%[2] 47.9%[2]
 
2012 United States presidential election in California2012 United States presidential election in Oregon2012 United States presidential election in Washington (state)2012 United States presidential election in Idaho2012 United States presidential election in Nevada2012 United States presidential election in Utah2012 United States presidential election in Arizona2012 United States presidential election in Montana2012 United States presidential election in Wyoming2012 United States presidential election in Colorado2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico2012 United States presidential election in North Dakota2012 United States presidential election in South Dakota2012 United States presidential election in Nebraska2012 United States presidential election in Kansas2012 United States presidential election in Oklahoma2012 United States presidential election in Texas2012 United States presidential election in Minnesota2012 United States presidential election in Iowa2012 United States presidential election in Missouri2012 United States presidential election in Arkansas2012 United States presidential election in Louisiana2012 United States presidential election in Wisconsin2012 United States presidential election in Illinois2012 United States presidential election in Michigan2012 United States presidential election in Indiana2012 United States presidential election in Ohio2012 United States presidential election in Kentucky2012 United States presidential election in Tennessee2012 United States presidential election in Mississippi2012 United States presidential election in Alabama2012 United States presidential election in Georgia2012 United States presidential election in Florida2012 United States presidential election in South Carolina2012 United States presidential election in North Carolina2012 United States presidential election in Virginia2012 United States presidential election in West Virginia2012 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2012 United States presidential election in Maryland2012 United States presidential election in Delaware2012 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania2012 United States presidential election in New Jersey2012 United States presidential election in New York2012 United States presidential election in Connecticut2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2012 United States presidential election in Vermont2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire2012 United States presidential election in Maine2012 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2012 United States presidential election in Hawaii2012 United States presidential election in Alaska2012 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2012 United States presidential election in Maryland2012 United States presidential election in Delaware2012 United States presidential election in New Jersey2012 United States presidential election in Connecticut2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2012 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2012 United States presidential election in Vermont2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Presidential election results map
Blue denotes states/districts won by Obama/Biden
Red denotes those won by Romney/Ryan
Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state

President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic

Elected President

Barack Obama
Democratic

2012 U.S. presidential election
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Minor parties
Related races
← 2008 2012 2016 →

Template:Wikinewshas

The United States presidential election of 2012 was the 57th quadrennial presidential election and took place on November 6, 2012. The Democratic nominee, President Barack Obama, and his running mate, Vice President Joe Biden, were elected to a second term. Their major challengers were the Republican nominee and former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney and his running mate, Congressman Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.

The election campaign saw four major debates: three presidential and one vice-presidential. Issues debated included the economy and jobs, the national deficit, social policy, immigration and foreign policy. Prior to the election, some media outlets saw the election as too close to predict in advance,[3] although statistical models,[4] bookmakers[5] and betting markets[6] had Obama as a clear favorite to win.[7]

Most major television networks projected the winners would be President Obama and Vice President Biden around 11:15 PM EST on November 6.[8] At about 1:00 AM EST (6:00 AM GMT) on November 7, Mitt Romney conceded the election to Barack Obama, just as the polls in Alaska were closing. Compared to Republican John McCain's performance in the previous election, Romney gained the electoral votes of North Carolina, Indiana and Nebraska's 2nd congressional district – each of which had been narrowly won by Obama in 2008.

As specified in the Constitution, the 2012 presidential election coincided with the United States Senate elections where one-third of the Senators faced re-election (33 Class I seats), and the biennial United States House of Representatives elections to elect the members for the 113th Congress. Eleven gubernatorial elections and many elections for state legislatures also took place at the same time, as well as many local ballot initiatives.

As of Saturday, November 10, the electoral outcomes of 49 states and the District of Columbia were known. The remaining state, Florida, is requiring all counties to finish counting by 12 PM EST on November 10, but will not be announcing a winner until the votes are certified on November 20. A recount is not performed in Florida unless the difference is less than 0.5%; at 11 PM EST on November 9, the margin for Obama was over 0.76%,[9] with all but one county finished with its counting.[10]

Electoral college changes

The 2010 Census changed the Electoral College vote apportionment for the presidential elections from 2012 to 2020 in the states listed below.[11]

Changes in states' electoral votes (increases in blue, decreases in orange) following 2010 Census

States won by Democrats
in 2000, 2004, and 2008

  • Illinois −1
  • Massachusetts −1
  • Michigan −1
  • New Jersey −1
  • New York −2
  • Pennsylvania −1
  • Washington +1

States won by Republicans
in 2000, 2004, and 2008

  • Arizona +1
  • Georgia +1
  • Louisiana −1
  • Missouri −1
  • South Carolina +1
  • Texas +4
  • Utah +1

Remaining states

  • Florida (Democratic in 2008, Republican in 2000 and 2004) +2
  • Iowa (Democratic in 2000 and 2008, Republican in 2004) −1
  • Nevada (Democratic in 2008, Republican in 2000 and 2004) +1
  • Ohio (Democratic in 2008, Republican in 2000 and 2004) −2
The result of the 2008 presidential election
Changes from the 2000 to the 2010 census

Eight states (Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Nevada, South Carolina, Texas, Utah and Washington) gained votes, due to reapportionment based on the 2010 Census. Similarly ten states (Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania) lost votes.

In the political climate of 2012, this gave the Democratic Party a net loss of six electoral votes in states won by Al Gore, John Kerry and Barack Obama in the past three presidential elections, rendering the party a national total of 242. Conversely, the Republican Party achieved a net gain of six electoral votes in states won by George W. Bush and John McCain in the past three presidential elections, rendering the Republican Party a national total of 180. Votes allocated to remaining states (i.e., those where the majority voted for both Democratic and Republican candidates during the last three presidential elections) remain unchanged from the national total of 115.

In 2011, several states enacted new laws that were attacked by the Democratic Party as attempts to improve the Republican Party's presidential prospects. Measures were taken in Florida, Georgia, Ohio,[12] Tennessee and West Virginia to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting. Kansas, South Carolina,[13] Tennessee, Texas[14] and Wisconsin[15] began requiring voters to identify themselves with government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. Obama, the NAACP, and the Democratic Party fought against many of the new state laws,[16] and former President Bill Clinton denounced them, saying, "There has never been in my lifetime, since we got rid of the poll tax and all the Jim Crow burdens on voting, the determined effort to limit the franchise that we see today".[17] He said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, college students, Blacks, and Latinos.[18][19] Rolling Stone magazine criticized the American Legislative Exchange Council for lobbying in states to bring about these laws.[16] The Obama campaign fought against the Ohio law, pushing for a petition and statewide referendum to repeal it in time for the 2012 election.[20]

A new plan was proposed in Pennsylvania that would change its representation in the electoral college from a winner-take-all model to a district-by-district model.[21] The governorship and both houses of its legislature were Republican-controlled, and the move was viewed by some as an affront to Obama's re-election effort.[22][23][24]

Nominations

Democratic Party

Main articles: Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2012; Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2012; and 2012 Democratic National Convention

Primaries

With an incumbent president running for reelection against token opposition, the race for the Democratic nomination was largely uneventful. The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses, held by the 50 states, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, Washington, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Additionally, high-ranking party members known as superdelegates each received one vote in the convention. A few of the primary challengers surpassed the president's vote total in individual counties in several of the seven contested primaries, though none made a significant impact in the delegate count. Running unopposed everywhere else, President Obama cemented his status as the Democratic presumptive nominee on April 3, 2012 by securing the minimum number of pledged delegates needed to clinch the nomination.[25][26]

Candidates

Republican Party

Main articles: Republican Party presidential candidates, 2012; Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012; and 2012 Republican National Convention

The nomination process consisted of primaries and caucuses, held by the 50 states, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, Washington, D.C., U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. The caucuses allocated delegates to the respective state delegations to the national convention, but the actual election of the delegates were many times at a later date. Delegates were elected in different ways that vary from state to state. They could be elected at local conventions, selected from slates submitted by the candidates, selected at committee meetings, or elected directly at the caucuses and primaries. Additionally, high-ranking RNC members known as superdelegates each received one vote in the convention.

Primaries

Main articles: Prelude to the Republican presidential primaries, 2012 and Republican Party presidential debates, 2012

Candidates with considerable name recognition who entered the race for the Republican presidential nomination in the early stages of the primary campaign included: Congressman and former Libertarian nominee Ron Paul, former Governor Tim Pawlenty, who co-chaired John McCain's campaign in 2008, former Governor Mitt Romney, who was widely considered the runner-up for the nomination in the 2008 cycle, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.

The first debate took place on May 5, 2011 in Greenville, South Carolina, with businessman Herman Cain, former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, Paul, Pawlenty, and former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum participating. There was another about a month later, with Gingrich, Romney, former Utah Governor Jon Huntsman and Rep. Michele Bachmann participating and Johnson excluded. A total of thirteen debates would be held before the Iowa caucuses.

The first major event of the campaign was the Ames Straw Poll, which took place in Iowa on August 13, 2011. Pawlenty withdrew from the race after doing poorly, as did Thaddeus McCotter, the only candidate among those who qualified for the ballot who was refused entrance into the debate.[27] Bachmann won the straw poll, and this proved to be the acme of her campaign.[28]

A segment of the conservative primary electorate found Romney to be too liberal or moderate for their tastes, and a number of potential "anti-Romney" candidates were put forward,[29][30] including Donald Trump,[31] Sarah Palin,[32] and Texas Governor Rick Perry,[33] the last of whom ultimately decided to run. He did poorly in subsequent debates, and Cain and Gingrich came into the fore.

Due to a number of scandals, Cain withdrew just before the end of the year, after getting on the ballot in several states.[34] Johnson, who had been able to get into only one other debate, withdrew in order to seek the Libertarian Party nomination.[35]

For the first time in modern GOP history, three different candidates won the first three contests.[36] Although Romney was thought to originally have won in Iowa and New Hampshire, Santorum was declared the winner (by 34 votes) in Iowa a few weeks after the caucuses.[37] Gingrich won South Carolina by a large and surprising margin.[38]

A number of candidates dropped out at this time. Bachmann, who finished fifth in Iowa, withdrew after the caucuses.[39] Huntsman withdrew after coming in third in New Hampshire, and Perry withdrew when polls showed him drawing low numbers in South Carolina.[40]

Santorum, who had previously run an essentially one-state campaign in Iowa, took his campaign national and carried three more states on February 7.[41] Romney won all other contests after South Carolina, including Florida, seen at the time as a major win over Gingrich.

The Super Tuesday primaries took place on March 6. With ten states voting and 391 delegates being allocated, it had nearly half the potential impact of its 2008 predecessor. Romney carried six states and Santorum three, while Gingrich won only in his home state of Georgia.[42] Throughout the rest of March, 266 delegates were allocated in 12 events, including all of the territorial contests and the first local conventions that allocated delegates (Wyoming's county conventions). Santorum won Kansas and three Southern primaries, but he was unable to make any gain on Romney, who remained the frontrunner after securing more than half of the delegates allocated in March.

On April 10, Santorum suspended his campaign, leaving Mitt Romney as the undisputed front-runner for the presidential nomination and Gingrich to claim he is the "last conservative" still actively campaigning for the nomination.[43] Gingrich then withdrew on May 1 after a spokesman announced on April 25 that he would do so.[44] On the same day as Gingrich's spokesman announced his future withdrawal, the Republican National Committee (RNC) declared Romney the party's presumptive nominee.[45] Paul officially remained in the race, but he stopped campaigning on May 14. On May 29, Romney won the Texas 2012 Republican primaries; the subsequent accumulation of the state's 155 delegates was enough for him to clinch the party's nomination.[46]

On August 28, 2012, delegates at the Republican National Convention officially named Romney as the party's presidential nominee.[47] Romney formally accepted the delegates' nomination on August 30, 2012.[48]

Candidates

Major third parties

Main article: United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 2012

The following third parties nominated candidates that had ballot access to 270 electoral votes, which is the minimum number needed to win the presidency through a majority of the electoral college.

Write-in states that were confirmed to have full elector slates, and included in the final ballot count, appear in Bold.

Libertarian Party

Main articles: Libertarian Party (United States); 2012 Libertarian National Convention; and Gary Johnson presidential campaign, 2012
Gary Johnson
Gold – States where Gary Johnson had ballot access.
Yellow – States where Gary Johnson had write-in access.
Candidate Ballot Access:[78] The Johnson/Gray ticket is on all state ballots except in Michigan and Oklahoma where its ballot access has been challenged. (515 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access:[79] Michigan – (16 electoral votes)
Total: 531 possible electoral votes

Green Party

Main articles: Green Party of the United States; 2012 Green National Convention; and Jill Stein presidential campaign, 2012
File:Jill Stein 2012.jpg
Jill Stein
Green – States where Jill Stein had ballot access.
Light Green – States where Jill Stein had write-in access.
Candidate Ballot Access:[83] Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin – (447 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access:[83] Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, Vermont, Wyoming – (11 electoral votes)
Total: 458 possible electoral votes

Constitution Party

Main articles: Constitution Party (United States); 2012 Constitution Party National Convention; and Virgil Goode presidential campaign, 2012
Virgil Goode
Purple – States where Virgil Goode had ballot access.
Light Purple – States where Virgil Goode had write-in access.
Candidate Ballot Access:[86] Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming – (257 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access:[86] Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia – (133 electoral votes)
Total: 390 possible electoral votes

Justice Party

Main articles: Justice Party (United States) and Rocky Anderson
File:Rocky Anderson speech cropped.jpg
Rocky Anderson
Blue – States where Rocky Anderson had ballot access.
Light Blue – States where Rocky Anderson had write-in access.
Candidate Ballot Access:[89][90][91][92] Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Washington – (145 electoral votes)
Write-In Candidate Access: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming – (160 electoral votes)[93]
Total: 305 possible electoral votes

Americans Elect

Main article: Americans Elect
  • No candidates nominated
Ballot access: Before ending its primary process, the organization had gained ballot access in 29 states with 286 electoral votes.[94]

Following the unsuccessful Unity08, Peter Ackerman started Americans Elect, a non-partisan non-profit organization, with the objective of having the first online nomination process in American history. Americans Elect's motto was "Pick a president, not a party". No candidates met the requirements of online support set out by the organization to enter into its online caucus, so on May 17 the primary process came to an end without a nominee and no AE candidate will run for President in 2012. The online caucus site is now inactive except for a home page with the phrase "See You in 2013".[95]

Party conventions

Map of United States showing Charlotte, Tampa, Nashville, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and Baltimore
Charlotte
Charlotte
Tampa
Tampa
Nashville
Nashville
Las Vegas
Las Vegas
Baltimore
Baltimore
class=notpageimage|
Sites of the 2012 National Party conventions

Other candidates

A total of 417 people filed a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission to run for President in 2012. Most did not appear on the ballot in any state in the general election on November 6.[102]

Roseanne Barr, running as a Peace and Freedom Party candidate with running mate Cindy Sheehan, received over 40,000 votes, and was on the ballot in California, Colorado, and Florida.[103]

Campaign

See also: Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012 and Mitt Romney presidential campaign, 2012

Debates

Main article: United States presidential election debates, 2012

The Commission on Presidential Debates held four debates.[104] Candidates must appear on sufficient state-ballots to be mathematically eligible to win the presidency and achieve at least 15% support in five national polls as of the date of determination.[105] Two third party candidates were organized by Free and Equal, and co-moderated by Christina Tobin.

An independent presidential debate featuring minor party candidates took place on Tuesday October 23, at University Club of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois.[109] The debate was moderated by Larry King[110] and organized by the Free and Equal Elections Foundation.[109] Gary Johnson (Libertarian), Jill Stein (Green), Virgil Goode (Constitution) and Rocky Anderson (Justice) were the participants.[109][110] A second debate between Stein and Johnson was announced for Monday, November 5, and took place in Washington, D.C.;[111][112] it was hosted by RT,[113] and moderated by Thom Hartmann and Christina Tobin.

Election

Early voting in some of the states began in September or October and continued as late as November 5.[114] The election will proceed as follows:

  • November 6, 2012 – Election Day
  • December 17, 2012 – Electoral College will formally elect a President and Vice President.
  • January 3, 2013 – The 113th Congress is sworn in.
  • January 6, 2013 – Electoral votes are formally counted before a joint session of Congress.
  • January 20, 2013 – Oaths of office are taken by the President and Vice President; the new presidential term starts at noon.
  • January 21, 2013 – Inauguration Day (as the 20th, the traditional date of the inaugural ceremony, falls on a Sunday)[115]

The first results available were from Dixville Notch, New Hampshire, with 5 votes for Obama and 5 for Romney, and from Hart's Location, New Hampshire, with 23 votes for Obama, nine for Romney, and one for Gary Johnson. Both towns vote at midnight each election, and results are available shortly thereafter.[116] Additional results became available after the polls closed, beginning at 7 PM Eastern Time. (00:00 GMT)[117]

There were several firsts this election. For the first time a sitting President voted early. For the first time candidates spent over $1 billion in advertising. Total cost in all campaigns was close to $5.8 billion, about $50/voter.[118]

Two astronauts on the International Space Station voted from space using ballots which were transmitted to them over the weekend.[119]

For the first time voters in New Jersey were permitted to vote using e-mail. Election officials were not prepared for the 15 minutes it took to validate each request, and as a result, electronic voting was extended until Friday, November 9.[120][121]

Other firsts in this election were states legalizing same-sex marriage through a vote, in Maryland, Maine and Washington.[122] This raises the number of states which permit same-sex marriage to nine, plus Washington D.C.. The number of states which prohibit same-sex marriage in their constitution remains at 31, as voters in Minnesota rejected the measure. Voters legalized marijuana, in Colorado and the state of Washington,[123] and in a non-binding referendum in Puerto Rico, balloters voted to support Puerto Rico becoming a state.[124]

Results

While polls are now closed, complete results are not yet available; results shown here represent currently available data.

2012 United States presidential election in California2012 United States presidential election in Oregon2012 United States presidential election in Washington (state)2012 United States presidential election in Idaho2012 United States presidential election in Nevada2012 United States presidential election in Utah2012 United States presidential election in Arizona2012 United States presidential election in Montana2012 United States presidential election in Wyoming2012 United States presidential election in Colorado2012 United States presidential election in New Mexico2012 United States presidential election in North Dakota2012 United States presidential election in South Dakota2012 United States presidential election in Nebraska2012 United States presidential election in Kansas2012 United States presidential election in Oklahoma2012 United States presidential election in Texas2012 United States presidential election in Minnesota2012 United States presidential election in Iowa2012 United States presidential election in Missouri2012 United States presidential election in Arkansas2012 United States presidential election in Louisiana2012 United States presidential election in Wisconsin2012 United States presidential election in Illinois2012 United States presidential election in Michigan2012 United States presidential election in Indiana2012 United States presidential election in Ohio2012 United States presidential election in Kentucky2012 United States presidential election in Tennessee2012 United States presidential election in Mississippi2012 United States presidential election in Alabama2012 United States presidential election in Georgia2012 United States presidential election in Florida2012 United States presidential election in South Carolina2012 United States presidential election in North Carolina2012 United States presidential election in Virginia2012 United States presidential election in West Virginia2012 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2012 United States presidential election in Maryland2012 United States presidential election in Delaware2012 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania2012 United States presidential election in New Jersey2012 United States presidential election in New York2012 United States presidential election in Connecticut2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2012 United States presidential election in Vermont2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire2012 United States presidential election in Maine2012 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2012 United States presidential election in Hawaii2012 United States presidential election in Alaska2012 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia2012 United States presidential election in Maryland2012 United States presidential election in Delaware2012 United States presidential election in New Jersey2012 United States presidential election in Connecticut2012 United States presidential election in Rhode Island2012 United States presidential election in Massachusetts2012 United States presidential election in Vermont2012 United States presidential election in New Hampshire
Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states/districts won by Obama/Biden, and Red denotes those won by Romney/Ryan. Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state.
Candidate (Party) Electoral
votes		 States
carried		 Popular
vote		 Pct.
bgcolor="Template:Democratic Party (United States)/meta/color"| Obama (Democratic) 332 26+DC 61,681,462 50.54%
bgcolor="Template:Republican Party (United States)/meta/color" width=10px | Romney (Republican) 206 24 58,488,199 47.93%
bgcolor="Template:Libertarian Party (United States)/meta/color"| Johnson (Libertarian) 0 0 1,189,193 0.97%
bgcolor="Template:Green Party (United States)/meta/color"| Stein (Green) 0 0 419,741 0.34%
bgcolor="Template:Constitution Party (United States)/meta/color"| Goode (Constitution) 0 0 117,615 0.09%
bgcolor="Template:Peace and Freedom Party (United States)/meta/color"| Barr (Peace and Freedom) 0 0 51,675 0.04%
bgcolor="Template:Justice Party (United States)/meta/color"| Anderson (Justice) 0 0 37,055 0.03%
Others 0 0 39,822 0.03%
Total   538 51 122,024,762 100.00%

Popular vote count is preliminary, and does not include all precincts.[125][126][127][128]

Projection by state

Cartogram of the electoral vote results, with each square representing one electoral vote.
The Empire State Building was lit blue when CNN called Ohio for Obama, projecting him the winner of the election; had Romney won, it would have been lit red.[129]
Results on a county-wide level.

The following are states that have been projected as a win for either Obama or Romney, sources are from various networks.[130]

State Electoral
votes		 Projected winner
(network consensus)
Alabama 9 Romney
Alaska 3 Romney
Arizona 11 Romney
Arkansas 6 Romney
California 55 Obama
Connecticut 7 Obama
Colorado 9 Obama
Delaware 3 Obama
Florida 29 Unclear
Georgia 16 Romney
Hawaii 4 Obama
Idaho 4 Romney
Illinois 20 Obama
Indiana 11 Romney
Iowa 6 Obama
Kansas 6 Romney
Kentucky 8 Romney
Louisiana 8 Romney
Maine 4 Obama
Maryland 10 Obama
Massachusetts 11 Obama
Michigan 16 Obama
Minnesota 10 Obama
Mississippi 6 Romney
Missouri 10 Romney
Montana 3 Romney
Nebraska 5 Romney
Nevada 6 Obama
New Hampshire 4 Obama
New Jersey 14 Obama
New Mexico 5 Obama
New York 29 Obama
North Carolina 15 Romney
North Dakota 3 Romney
Ohio 18 Obama
Oklahoma 7 Romney
Oregon 7 Obama
Pennsylvania 20 Obama
Rhode Island 4 Obama
South Carolina 9 Romney
South Dakota 3 Romney
Tennessee 11 Romney
Texas 38 Romney
Utah 6 Romney
Vermont 3 Obama
Virginia 13 Obama
Washington, D.C. 3 Obama
Washington 12 Obama
West Virginia 5 Romney
Wisconsin 10 Obama
Wyoming 3 Romney

Reactions

Further information: International reactions to the United States presidential election, 2012

Financial markets, the media and other countries' political leaderships reacted with both positive and mixed messages. Most world leaders congratulated and praised Barack Obama on his re-election victory; however, some states, like Venezuela, had tempered reactions, while states like Pakistan also commented on Romney's defeat as being safer for Pakistan-United States relations. Notably, international reactions came from Kenya, where Sarah Obama led the celebration.[131] Global stock markets fell noticeably since the President's re-election. Specifically, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, NASDAQ and S&P 500 all fell over two percent the day after the election.[132] Reasons given for the sharp drop were the potential "fiscal cliff" looming over the United States because of a split Congress and differences that speculators are hedging on over the executive and the House of Representatives as a result of differing political control of each instititions.[133]

Cabinet reshuffle

Obama's first priority was said to be finding a replacement for Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, with White House Chief of Staff Jack Lew rumoured to take over.[134] The timing of this announcement was read by the media as crucial due to "fiscal cliff" of tax hikes and budget cuts due to commence in 2013 if there is no agreement on the matter of a debt-reduction agreement with the White House and Congress.[135] Incumbent U.S. Ambassador to the UN Susan Rice was rumoured to replace Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State in 2013; Senator John Kerry and National Security Adviser Tom Donilon are the other candidates for the job. Additionally, the Secretary of Defence Leon Panetta, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper and U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk may leave their posts.[136] Former Senate majority leader Tom Daschle said: "The first thing is to try to find a way out of the box we're in with regards to the fiscal cliff. When the new Congress convenes they'll begin the nominating process for what I expect will be a good number of vacancies.[137]

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Mayer, William G.; Bernstein, Jonathan, eds. (2012). The Making of the Presidential Candidates, 2012. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1170-4. Scholars explore nominations in the post-public-funding era, digital media and campaigns, television coverage, and the Tea Party.
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