Religion in Thailand

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Religion in Thailand (2023)[1]

  Buddhism[a] (90%)
  Islam (4%)
  Christianity (4%)
  No religion (1%)
  Prefer not to say (1%)
Wat Phra Kaew, the most sacred Theravada Buddhist temple in Bangkok
A Thai Theravada Buddhist temple (left) and a Chinese folk religion temple (right), side by side, showing the Thai and Chinese religious heritage of the country.
The front gate of the Devasathan, the official center of Hinduism in Bangkok.
World's tallest bronze Ganesha statue at the Khlong Khuean Ganesh International Park in Khlong Khuean.

Buddhism is the predominant religion in Thailand. It is practised by between roughly 90[1] and 94%[2] of the total population and is deeply influenced by Hinduism. The Thai Constitution does not indicate any state religion, but promotes Buddhism, while guaranteeing religious freedom for all Thai citizens.

Many other people, especially among the Isan ethnic group, practise Tai folk religions. A significant minority Muslim population, mostly constituted by Thai Malays, is present especially in the southern regions. According to an Ipsos survey, Christians might be a similarly significant religious minority population (4%).[1] It's also reported that 1% prefer not to say and another 1% has no religion. Thai law officially recognizes five religions: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.[3]

Demographics

Wat Arun, a Theravada Buddhist temple, at twilight

According to official census data from 2018, approximately 94% of Thais follow Buddhism. On the other hand, non-census data from 2023 has put the figure at 90% of Thais being Buddhist. The religious life of the country is more complex than how it is portrayed by such statistics. Of the large Thai Chinese population, most of those who follow Buddhism have been integrated into the dominant Theravada tradition, with only a small minority having retained Chinese Buddhism. Otherwise, a large part of the Thai Chinese have retained the practice of ethnic Chinese religion, including Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese salvationist religions (such as Yiguandao and the Church of Virtue). Despite being practised freely, these religions have no official recognition, and their followers are counted as Theravada Buddhists in statistical studies.[4] Also, many Thai and Isan practise their ethnic Tai folk religion.

Muslims are the second largest religious group in Thailand at 4% to 5% of the population. Thailand's southernmost provinces - Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Satun, Trang, and part of Songkhla - have large Muslim populations, consisting of both ethnic Thai and Malay.

Christians, mainly Catholics, represent about 4% of the population as of 2023.

A small but influential community of Sikhs and some Hindus, mostly live in the country's cities and are engaged in retail commerce.

There is also a small Jewish community in Thailand, dating back to the 17th century.

According to the 2015 Gallup International survey, Thailand was the most religious country of the 65 countries polled, with 94% of Thais identifying as religious.[5]

Censuses

Overview

Religion Census 2010[6] Census 2015[7] Census 2018[2]
Population % Population % Population %
Buddhism 61,746,429
93.58%
 63,620,298
94.50%
 63,299,192
93.46%
Islam 3,259,340
4.94%
 2,892,311
4.29%
 3,639,233
5.37%
Christianity 789,376
1.20%
 787,589
1.17%
 767,624
1.13%
Hinduism 41,808
0.06%
 22,110
0.03%
 12,195
0.018%
Sikhism 11,124
0.02%
 716
0.001%
Confucianism 16,718
0.02%
 1,030
0.001%
 2,009
0.002%
Other religions 70,742
0.11%
 1,583
0.002%
Not religious 46,122
0.07%
 2,925
0.005%
 2,082
0.003%
Unknown 3,820
0.005%
 4,085
0.006%
Total 65,981,660
100%
 67,228,562
100%
 67,726,419
100%

Religions by region

According to the 2015 census,[7] 67,328,562 Thailand residents in the different regions of the country belonged to the following religious groups:

Religion Bangkok Central Region Northern Region Northeastern Region Southern Region
# % # % # % # % # %
Buddhism 8,197,188
93.95%
 18,771,520
97.57%
 11,044,018
96.23%
 18,698,599
99.83%
 6,908,973
75.45%
Islam 364,855
4.18%
 247,430
1.29%
 35,561
0.31%
 16,851
0.09%
 2,227,613
24.33%
Christianity 146,592
1.68%
 214,444
1.11%
 393,969
3.43%
 13,825
0.07%
 18,759
0.21%
Hinduism 16,306
0.19%
 5,280
0.03%
 207
0.002%
 318
0.001%
Sikhism 378
0.003%
 491
0.005%
Other religions 294
0.00%
 1,808
0.16%
 359
0.004%
Not religious 289
0.00%
 473
0.002%
 1,001
0.01%
 436
0.002%
 72
0.008%
Religion in Thailand (2015)[8]
Religion Percent
Buddhism
 
 94.50%
Islam
 
 4.29%
Christianity
 
 1.17%
Hinduism
 
 0.03%
Unaffiliated/others
 
 0.01%

Religions by province

According to the 2010 census, Thailand residents in the different provinces of the country belonged to the following religious groups:

Religion Buddhism Islam Christianity Hinduism Confucianism Sikhism Other religions Not religious Unknown Total
# % # % # % # % # % # % # % # % # %
Bangkok[9] 7,686,022 92.54% 382,385 4.60% 157,534 1.89% 22,820 0.27% 6,800 0.08% 7,183 0.08% 24,330 0.29% 17,091 0.20% 1,053 0.01% 8,305,218
Amnat Charoen[10] 281,675 99.28% 267 0.09% 1,649 0.58% 59 0.02% 13 0.01% 13 0.01% 53 0.02% – – – – 283,729
Ang Thong[11] 249,847 98.25% 3,994 1.57% 213 0.08% 172 0.07% 7 0.01% 7 0.01% 42 0.01% 9 0.01% – – 254,292
Bueng Kan[12] 360,468 99.37% 242 0.07% 1,913 0.53% 96 0.03% 21 0.01% 12 0.01% – – 3 0.01% – – 362,754
Buriram[13] 1,261,658 98.96% 1,911 0.15% 7,508 0.59% 745 0.06% 278 0.02% 131 0.01% 1,746 0.14% 911 0.07% 25 0.01% 1,274,912
Chachoengsao[14] 663,790 92.76% 46,041 6.43% 4,457 0.62% 231 0.03% 43 0.01% 55 0.01% 626 0.09% 360 0.05% – – 715,603
Chai Nat[15] 304,407 99.61% 592 0.19% 424 0.14% 35 0.01% 23 0.01% 18 0.01% 47 0.02% 41 0.01% – – 305,587
Chaiyaphum[16] 961,401 99.74% 944 0.10% 1,185 0.12% 227 0.02% 59 0.01% 57 0.01% 9 0.01% 16 0.01% 9 0.01% 963,907
Chanthaburi[17] 475,653 97.95% 1,937 0.40% 5,922 1.22% 129 0.03% 65 0.01% 40 0.01% 1,016 0.21% 849 0.17% – – 485,611
Chiang Mai[18] 1,592,164 91.66% 6,789 0.39% 133,761 7.70% 790 0.05% 365 0.02% 189 0.01% 546 0.03% 2,420 0.14% 17 0.01% 1,737,041
Chiang Rai[19] 1,065,169 90.81% 3,167 0.27% 103,450 8.82% 478 0.04% 212 0.02% 52 0.01% 139 0.01% 245 0.02% 15 0.01% 1,172,928
Chonburi[20] 1,463,280 94.08% 23,269 1.50% 56,878 3.66% 1,155 0.07% 610 0.04% 426 0.03% 6,139 0.39% 3,601 0.23% – – 1,555,358
Chumphon[21] 462,822 98.94% 3,545 0.76% 1,040 0.22% 115 0.02% 88 0.02% 11 0.01% 79 0.01% 101 0.02% – – 467,801
Kalasin[22] 821,714 99.66% 1,058 0.13% 1,348 0.16% 72 0.01% 30 0.01% 33 0.01% 203 0.02% 76 0.01% – – 824,534
Kamphaeng Phet[23] 790,017 99.08% 1,571 0.20% 3,775 0.47% 226 0.03% 124 0.01% 94 0.01% 746 0.09% 838 0.11% – – 797,391
Kanchanaburi[24] 789,692 98.52% 2,849 0.35% 7,833 0.97% 203 0.02% 204 0.02% 20 0.01% 145 0.01% 573 0.07% – – 801,519
Khon Kaen[25] 1,731,964 99.43% 2,593 0.15% 6,251 0.36% 517 0.03% 232 0.01% 370 0.02% 39 0.01% 2 0.01% 2 0.01% 1,741,969
Krabi[26] 235,594 65.04% 125,476 34.64% 517 0.14% 120 0.03% 59 0.01% 34 0.01% 305 0.08% 93 0.02% 5 0.01% 362,203
Lampang[27] 729,866 98.21% 1,422 0.19% 10,730 1.44% 68 0.01% 108 0.01% 37 0.01% 665 0.08% 243 0.03% 3 0.01% 743,143
Lamphun[28] 410,259 99.40% 631 0.15% 1,698 0.41% 30 0.01% 12 0.01% 16 0.01% 96 0.02% – – – – 412,741
Loei[29] 543,592 99.55% 544 0.10% 1,778 0.33% – – 12 0.01% 17 0.01% 73 0.01% 16 0.01% – – 546,031
Lopburi[30] 765,821 99.47% 1,525 0.20% 1,304 0.17% 141 0.02% 55 0.01% 51 0.01% 294 0.04% 733 0.10% – – 769,925
Mae Hong Son[31]
Maha Sarakham[32]
Mukdahan[33]
Nakhon Nayok[34]
Nakhon Pathom[35] 928,954 98.42% 2,162 0.23% 9,803 1.04% 444 0.05% 108 0.01% 38 0.01% 1,574 0.17% 810 0.09% – – 943,892
Nakhon Phanom[36]
Nakhon Ratchasima[37]
Nakhon Sawan[38]
Nakhon Si Thammarat[39] 1,353,244 93.30% 94,914 6.54% 1,323 0.09% 250 0.02% 167 0.01% 29 0.01% 538 0.03% – – – – 1,450,466
Nan[40] 444,201 98.10% 329 0.07% 8,071 1.78% 27 0.01% 10 0.01% 19 0.01% 156 0.03% – – – – 452,814
Narathiwat[41] 93,968 14.02% 575,585 85.90% 212 0.03% 44 0.01% 161 0.02% 30 0.01% 2 0.01% – – – – 670,002
Nong Bua Lamphu[42] 484,770 99.75% 448 0.09% 650 0.13% 57 0.01% 13 0.01% 19 0.01% – – 17 0.01% – – 485,974
Nong Khai[43] 817,218 99.48% 575 0.07% 3,416 0.42% 214 0.03% 61 0.01% 32 0.01% – – 10 0.01% – – 821,526
Nonthaburi[44] 1,282,703 96.14% 41,816 3.13% 7,760 0.59% 656 0.05% 373 0.01% 89 0.01% 172 0.01% 473 0.03% 40 0.01% 1,334,083
Pathum Thani[45] 1,271,785 95.83% 35,867 2.70% 9,807 0.74% 1,367 0.10% 706 0.05% 99 0.01% 6,592 0.50% 845 0.06% 78 0.01% 1,327,147
Pattani[46] 94,507 15.52% 513,841 84.37% 221 0.04% 77 0.01% 58 0.01% 49 0.01% 237 0.39% 23 0.01% 3 0.01% 609,015
Phang Nga[47] 200,324 77.48% 57,081 22.08% 786 0.30% 98 0.04% 23 0.01% 46 0.01% 2 0.01% 174 0.07% – – 258,534
Phatthalung[48] 423,199 87.99% 56,282 11.70% 973 0.20% 79 0.02% 109 0.02% 24 0.01% 248 0.05% 58 0.01% 3 0.01% 480,976
Phayao[49] 412,121 98.74% 487 0.12% 4,275 1.02% 35 0.01% 19 0.01% 14 0.01% 103 0.02% 321 0.07% 4 0.01% 417,380
Phetchabun[50] 929,722 98.90% 2,774 0.30% 5,818 0.62% 392 0.04% 499 0.05% 57 0.01% 407 0.04% 400 0.04% 7 0.01% 940,076
Phetchaburi[51] 460,327 97.41% 10,398 2.20% 1,411 0.30% 61 0.01% 52 0.01% 5 0.01% 128 0.03% 206 0.04% – – 472,589
Phichit[52]
Phitsanulok[53]
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya[54] 827,251 95.01% 37,056 4.26% 3,024 0.35% 330 0.04% 78 0.01% 44 0.01% 458 0.05% 57 0.01% 2,373 0.27% 870,671
Phrae[55] 423,310 99.04% 551 0.13% 3,118 0.73% 45 0.01% 52 0.01% 35 0.01% 184 0.04% 101 0.02% 2 0.01% 427,398
Phuket[56] 418,025 79.52% 83,969 15.97% 19,058 3.63% 1,011 0.19% 67 0.01% 104 0.02% 930 0.18% 2,453 0.47% 91 0.02% 525,709
Prachinburi[57]
Prachuap Khiri Khan[58]
Ranong[59]
Ratchaburi[60] 781,901 98.14% 2,802 0.35% 10,108 1.27% 411 0.05% 205 0.03% 90 0.01% 474 0.06% 757 0.10% – – 796,748
Rayong[61]
Roi Et[62]
Sa Kaeo[63] 553,526 99.56% 721 0.13% 1,393 0.25% 90 0.01% 31 0.01% 14 0.01% 54 0.01% 132 0.02% – – 555,961
Sakon Nakhon[64]
Samut Prakan[65]
Samut Prakan[66]
Samut Songkhram[67]
Saraburi[68]
Satun[69] 89,715 32.64% 184,552 67.14% 403 0.15% 17 0.01% 152 0.06% 16 0.01% – – 8 0.01% – – 274,863
Sing Buri[70] 197,857 98.94% 891 0.45% 1,149 0.57% 50 0.03% 3 0.01% 7 0.01% – – 23 0.01% 2 0.01% 199,982
Sisaket[71] 1,047,650 99.21% 1,677 0.16% 5,818 0.55% 196 0.02% 30 0.01% 41 0.01% 312 0.03% 255 0.02% – – 1,055,979
Songkhla[72] 1,102,830 74.46% 374,728 25.30% 2,635 0.18% 218 0.01% 214 0.01% 37 0.01% 271 0.01% 88 0.01% – – 1,481,021
Sukhothai[73]
Suphan Buri[74]
Surat Thani[75] 978,368 96.93% 22,521 2.23% 2,313 0.23% 460 0.05% 238 0.02% 42 0.01% 2,469 0.24% 2,940 0.29% – – 1,009,351
Surin[76]
Tak[77]
Trang[78] 511,698 85.44% 85,609 14.29% 1,216 0.20% 74 0.01% 13 0.01% 26 0.01% 200 0.03% 40 0.01% – – 598,877
Trat[79]
Ubon Ratchathani[80]
Udon Thani[81]
Uthai Thani[82]
Uttaradit[83]
Yala[84] 100,778 23.27% 331,747 76.59% 453 0.10% 69 0.02% 61 0.01% 40 0.01% – – 16 0.01% 3 0.01% 433,167
Yasothon[85] 482,651 98.91% 453 0.09% 4,689 0.96% 140 0.03% 28 0.01% 15 0.01% – – – – – – 487,976
Total 61,746,429 100% 3,259,340 100% 789,376 100% 41,808 100% 16,718 100% 11,124 100% 66,922 100% 46,122 100% 3,820 100% 65,981,660

Dharmic religions

Chinese Maitreya temple in rural Chiang Rai Province.

Buddhism

Main article: Buddhism in Thailand

Buddhism in Thailand is largely of the Theravada school. Over 90% of Thailand's population adheres to this school.

Thai Buddhism is practised alongside various indigenous religions, such as Chinese indigenous religion by the large Thai of Chinese origins, Hinduism among Thai of Indian origin and Siamese Thai people,[86] Thai folk religion among Northeastern Thai, Northern Thai and Northern Khmer people, and Peranakan folk religion for Peranakans.

Buddhist temples in Thailand are characterised by tall golden stupas, and the Buddhist architecture of Thailand is similar to that in other Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia and Laos, which share a cultural and historical heritage with Thailand.

Hinduism

Further information: Hinduism in Thailand, Jatukham Rammathep, and Hinduism in Southeast Asia

Several thousand Hindus of Indian origin live in Thailand, mainly in the larger cities. Besides this group of "traditional Hindus", Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. There are also some ethnic Cham Hindus living in Thailand.[87] The popular Ramakien epic based on Buddhist Dasaratha Jataka is very similar to the Hindu Ramayana. The former capital of Ayutthaya was named for Ayodhya, the Indian birthplace of the Rama, the protagonist of the story. There is a class of brahmins who perform rituals for Hindu gods.[86] Brahmin rituals are still common. Hindu-Buddhist deities are worshipped by many Thais and statues and shrines of Brahma, Ganesh, Indra, Shiva, Vishnu, Lakshmi and other Hindu-Buddhist gods are a common sight (for example the Erawan Shrine area). Another relic of Hinduism is Garuda, now a symbol of the monarchy.

Gurudwara Siri Guru Singh Sabha in Bangkok.

Sikhism

Main article: Sikhism in Thailand

The first Sikh known to have come to Thailand was Ladha Singh, who arrived in 1890. Other Sikhs joined him in the early 1900s, and by 1911 more than a hundred Sikh families had settled in Thailand, mainly in Thonburi Region. There were at that time no gurdwaras (Sikh temples), and religious prayers were held in private homes every Sunday and on gurpurab days. The Sikh community continued to grow, and in 1912 it was decided to build a gurdwara. It stands today in Bangkok's Pahurat area and imitates the Golden Temple in Amritsar Punjab, India. A tiny but influential community of Sikhs live in the country's cities, most engaged in retail commerce.

Folk religions

Jui Tui Shrine in Phuket at night.
San Phanthai Norasing, a shrine to a local deity associated with the rooster in Mueang Samut Sakhon, Samut Sakhon Province.

Chinese folk religion

Further information: Chinese folk religion and Tudigong

Many within the large Thai Chinese population (excluding the Peranakans) practise various Chinese religions, including the worship of local gods, Chinese ancestral worship, Taoism, Confucianism and Chinese salvationist religions.[4] One of the latter, Yiguandao (Thai: Anuttharatham), spread to Thailand since the 1970s, and it has grown so popular to come into conflict with Buddhism; in 2009 there were more than 7,000 Yiguandao churches in the country and approximately 200.000 people convert each year into the religion.[88] Despite the large number of followers and temples these religions have no state recognition, their temples are not counted as places of worship, and their followers are counted as "Theravada Buddhists" in officially released religious figures.[4] Chinese temples are called sanchao in Thai language.[4]

The Chinese folk religion of Thailand has developed local features, including the worship of local gods.[4] Major Chinese festivals such as Nian, Zhongqiu, and Qingming, are widely celebrated, especially in Bangkok, Chonburi, and other parts of Thailand where there are large Chinese populations.[89] Thai of Teochew and Hoklo origin generally worship Guanyin and Mazu, while Cantonese origin worship Guan Yu.

Peranakan folk religion

Further information: Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia and Nine Emperor Gods Festival

The Peranakans in the city of Phuket practise a nine-day vegetarian festival between September and October. During the festive season, devotees will abstain from meat and mortification of the flesh by Chinese mediums is also commonly seen. The rites and rituals are devoted to the veneration of Tua Pek Kong. Such traditions were developed during the 19th century in Phuket by the local Chinese with influences from Malay and Southern Thai culture.[90]

Thai folk religion

Further information: Tai folk religion, Spirit house, and Rocket Festival

Most of Northeastern Thai (as well as Northern Thai, Northern Khmer and some Siamese Thai) practise distinctive indigenous religions characterised by worship of local gods and ancestors. They are very similar to the Chinese folk religion.

Abrahamic religions

Haroon Mosque, one of the oldest mosques in Bangkok

Islam

Main article: Islam in Thailand

According to the 2015 census, Thailand has 2,892,311 Muslims, or 4.29% of the total population. 2,227,613 of these Muslims are concentrated in the southern region of the country, where they represent up to 24.33% of the population.[7]

Christianity

Holy Redeemer Church in Bangkok, built in Thai architecture
Main article: Christianity in Thailand

Christianity was introduced by European missionaries as early as the 1550s, when Portuguese mercenaries and their chaplain arrived in Ayutthaya. Historically, it has played a significant role in the modernisation of Thailand, notably in social and educational institutions.[91] As of 2015 just over one percent of the population of Thailand are Christians.[7] Of that group, 400,000 are estimated to be Catholics.[92]

Thailand's Department of Religion, currently under the Ministry of Culture, has formally recognised five major Christian churches/denominations: the Catholic Church, the Southern Baptists, the Seventh-day Adventists, the Church of Christ in Thailand, and the Evangelical Fellowship of Thailand. Although not officially recognised, missionaries of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) have been active in Thailand for decades, though their converts are comparatively few. Also present are Jehovah's Witnesses, with over 5,200 members and 140 congregations.

Judaism

Main article: History of the Jews in Thailand

Judaism in Thailand dates back to the 17th century, with the arrival of a few Baghdadi Jewish families. The present community consists of both Ashkenazi (for instance the expatriate community plus some descendants of refugees from imperial Russia and later the Soviet Union), and Sephardi Jews, who were born in such places as Afghanistan, Iran and Syria, and wealthy gem traders. Most of the Jewish community in Thailand, consisting of an estimated 2,000 residents, reside in Bangkok,[93] although there are at any given time thousands of tourists (some long-term) coming primarily from Israel. There are Jewish synagogues in Phuket, Chiang Mai, and Ko Samui, but no community there.

Freedom of religion

A Buddhist monk talking to a Catholic priest in a temple in Kanchanaburi
Main article: Freedom of religion in Thailand

The constitution “prohibits discrimination based on religious belief," and allows all persons to practise any religion of their choice. Religious groups can operate freely with or without government registration.

The government has a quota for the number of foreign missionaries working in the country: 1,357 Christian, six Muslim, 20 Hindu, and 41 Sikh. Benefits include longer visa stays.

In 2022, violence against religious groups was reported in the Deep South; however it is difficult to separate this from ethnic violence.[94] Due to this violence, in 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom.[95]

Notes

  1. ^ Including Thai, Chinese and Peranakan indigenous religions.

References

Citations

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  2. ^ a b "Population by religion, region and area, 2018". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.[dead link‍]
  3. ^ "US State Dept 2022 report".
  4. ^ a b c d e Kataoka 2012.
  5. ^ "Losing Our Religion? Two Thirds of People Still Claim to Be Religious". Gallup International. 2015-06-08. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
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  7. ^ a b c d "Population by religion, region and area, 2015" (PDF). NSO. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
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  38. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nakhon Sawan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
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  40. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  41. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Narathiwat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  42. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nong Bua Lamphu: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  43. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nong Khai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  44. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Nonthaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  45. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Pathum Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  46. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Pattani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  47. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phang Nga: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  48. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phatthalung: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  49. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phayao: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  50. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phetchabun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  51. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phetchaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  52. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phichit: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  53. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phitsanulok: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  54. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  55. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phrae: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  56. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Phuket: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  57. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Prachinburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  58. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Prachuap Khiri Khan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  59. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ranong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  60. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ratchaburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  61. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Rayong: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  62. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Roi Et: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  63. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sa Kaeo: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  64. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sakon Nakhon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  65. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Prakan: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  66. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Sakhon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  67. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Samut Songkhram: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  68. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Saraburi: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  69. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Satun: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  70. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sing Buri: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  71. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sisaket: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  72. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Songkhla: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  73. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Sukhothai: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  74. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Suphan Buri: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  75. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Surat Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  76. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Surin: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  77. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Tak: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  78. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Trang: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  79. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Trat: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  80. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Ubon Ratchathani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  81. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Udon Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  82. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Uthai Thani: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  83. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Uttaradit: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  84. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Yala: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  85. ^ "Population by religion, sex and administrative division, Yasothon: 2010". NSO. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
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  90. ^ Jean Elizabeth DeBernardi (2006). The Way That Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirits Mediums in Penang, Malaysia. Stanford University Press. pp. 25–30. ISBN 0-8047-5292-3.
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  92. ^ "Pope Francis to visit Thailand November 20–23". Thai PBS. Agence France-Presse. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
  93. ^ "The Jewish Community of Thailand". Retrieved 10 January 2018.
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  95. ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08

Sources

  • Kataoka, Tatsuki (December 2012). "Religion as Non-religion: The Place of Chinese Temples in Phuket, Southern Thailand". Southeast Asian Studies. 1 (3). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University: 461–485. hdl:2433/167311.

See also

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