List of transport megaprojects
This is a list of megaprojects within the transport sector. Take care in comparing the cost of projects from different times—even a few years apart—due to inflation; comparing nominal costs without taking this into account can be highly misleading. Note that inflation-calculated values are current as of 2023[update].
According to the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management in 2017, "Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of people".[1]
Completed projects
Partially completed and open
Project | Description | Country | Location | Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion | Est. cost (in billions USD), adjusted for inflation | Start of construction | Year of completion | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confederation Line | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Ottawa | 5.1[119] | 6 | 2013[120] | Completed 2019 (stage 1) Expected 2026 (stage 2) |
![]() |
$2.1 billion + $4.66 billion CA$[119] |
Milan Metro Line 4 | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Milan | 2.24[121] | 2.6 | 2014[122] | Completed
2022 (Phase One) 2023 (Phase Two) Expected 2024 (Phase Three) |
![]() |
Roughly €1.9 billion as of April 2020[update]. |
Lusail Tram | Light rail | ![]() |
Lusail | 2.7 as of 2014[update][123] | 3.4 | 2016 | Completed
2022 (First part of orange line) Expected Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations |
![]() |
|
Hyderabad Metro | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Hyderabad | 2.4 as of November 2017[update][124] | 2.9 | 2012 | Completed
2018 (First stretch) 2020 (Second stretch) Expected Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations |
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|
Trans-Sumatra Toll Road | Highway | ![]() |
Sumatra | 33.2[125] | 36.8 | Completed Several segments at varying times (2019-2022) Expected 2023, 2024 (Remaining segments) |
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K Line | Light rail | ![]() |
Los Angeles | 2.1[126] | 2.3 | 2014 | Completed 2022 (first section) Expected 2024 (rest of line) |
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|
WestConnex | Tunnel (road) | ![]() |
Sydney | 14[127] | 17.6 | 2015 | Completed Several segments at varying times (2016-2023) Expected 2023 (Remaining segments) |
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($16.8 billion AUD) |
Skyline | Railway | ![]() |
Oʻahu | 12.4[128] | 13.8 | 2011 | Completed 2023 (Phase 1) Expected 2025 (Phase 2) 2031 (Phase 3) |
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|
Sydney Metro | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Sydney | 14.9[129] | 15.8 | 2013 | Completed 2019 (Phase 1) Expected 2030 (remaining phases) |
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AUD $20.5 billion (Stage 1 and 2)[129] |
El Insurgente | Commuter rail | ![]() |
State of Mexico; Mexico City | 2.8[130] | 3.2 | 2015 | Completed 2023 (Zinacantepec to Lerma) Expected 2024 (Lerma to Observatorio) |
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|
Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway | Highway | ![]() |
Tekirdağ to Balıkesir | 2[131] | 2.5 | 2017 | Completed 2023 (Malkara-Lapseki) Expected 2024 (remaining phases) |
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|
Lagos Rail Mass Transit | Rapid transit, Commuter rail | ![]() |
Lagos | 3.6[132][133] | 3.7 | 2009 | Completed 2023 (Blue Line) Expected 2024 (Red Line) |
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|
A-1 motorway | Highway | ![]() |
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3.7[134][135] | 3.8 | 2015[136] | Completed 2023 (first 43 km section) Expected |
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(2.77 billion €) |
Under construction
Project | Description | Country | Location | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Start of construction | Planned year of completion | Image | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silver Line | Commuter rail | ![]() |
Dallas | 1.9[137] | 2020 | 2025 | ![]() |
Also known as the "Cotton Belt Line" | |
Purple Line | Light rail | ![]() |
Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. | 3.4[138] | 2017 (halted in 2020); resumed in 2022 | 2027[139] | ![]() |
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Red & Purple Modernization | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Chicago | 2.1[140] | 2019 | 2025 | ![]() |
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Thessaloniki Metro | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Thessaloniki | 1.83[141] | 2006 | 2024[142] | |||
Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link | Tunnel (undersea, rail/road) | ![]() ![]() |
Fehmarn to Lolland | 8.75[143] | 2019[143] | 2028[143] | ![]() |
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Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway | Railway | ![]() |
From Lagos to Kano | 8.3[144][145] | 2011 | TBA | ![]() |
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Badagry Deep Sea Port | Seaport | ![]() |
Badagry | 2.3[146] | 2024[147] | TBA | |||
Fourth Mainland Bridge | Bridge (road) | ![]() |
Across the lagoon to connect Ikorodu and Lekki | 4.2[148] | 2024 | TBA | ![]() |
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California High-Speed Rail | High-speed rail | ![]() |
California | 80.3[149] | 2015 | 2033 (Phase I) |
Locations of planned California High-Speed Rail route. Phase I: black; Phase II: dark blue. (The separate Brightline West system is shown in light blue.) Route is approximate in some places. |
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China Pakistan Economic Corridor | Economic corridor | ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
65[150] | 2015 | 2030 | ![]() |
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Barcelona Metro line 9 | Rapid transit line | ![]() |
Barcelona | 26.3[151] | 2009 | 2027[152] | (€19bn) | ||
Santiago Metro Line 7 | Rapid transit line | ![]() |
Santiago | 2.5[153] | 2022[154] | 2027 | ![]() |
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Cross River Rail | Commuter rail tunnel | ![]() |
Brisbane | 4.7[155] | 2017 | 2026[155] | ![]() |
AUD $6.3 billion | |
Metro Tunnel | Commuter rail tunnel | ![]() |
Melbourne | 9.46[156] | 2018 | 2025 | ![]() |
AUD $12.58 billion | |
Suburban Rail Loop | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Melbourne | 23.31-43.61[157] | 2022 | 2035-2053[a] | ![]() |
AUD $31–58 billion | |
NHDP/ Bharatmala | Highway upgrade | ![]() |
![]() |
207.6 (total)
(NHDP: 53.2, 75.3 in 2023)[158] (Bharatmala: 132.4)[159] |
2000 | 2018: (NHDP)
2026: Bharatmala Phase I[160] Phase II was set to start in 2024, but now is uncertain[161] |
(INR 4.5 trillion).This project was partially completed by 2018 and was then subsumed under the Bharatmala project. | ||
Agua Negra Tunnel | Tunnel (road) | ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
1.5[162] | 2018 | 2027 | ![]() |
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Fastracks | Light rail, Commuter rail | ![]() |
Denver | 6.5[163] | 2006 | 2044 | ![]() |
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City Rail Link | Commuter rail | ![]() |
Auckland | 3.4[164] | 2015 | 2025 | ![]() |
(NZD$5.5bn) | |
Line 5 Eglinton | Light rail | ![]() |
Toronto | 10.26[165] | 2010 | 2024 | ![]() |
||
Grand Paris Express | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Île-de-France (Paris region) | 48[166] | 2016 | 2030 | ![]() |
4 new lines, 200 km, 72 new stations | |
Scarborough Subway Extension | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Toronto | 3[167] | 2022 | 2029-2030 | ![]() |
CA$3.982 billion, 3 stops, 7.8 km [168] | |
Tehran-Shomal Freeway, 121 km | Highway | ![]() |
Tehran Province and Mazandaran Province | 1.7[169] | 1996 | 2024?
(sections 1,2, & 4 are already complete) |
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(HUF 452bn) | |
Stuttgart 21 | Railway & Urban Development | ![]() |
Stuttgart | 10.8[170] | 2010 | 2025 | ![]() |
€9.15 billion[170] | |
Birmingham Northern Beltline (I-422) | Highway | ![]() |
Birmingham, Alabama | 5.4[171] | 2014 | 2047 | ![]() |
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Brenner Base Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | ![]() ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
11[172] | 2008 | 2032 | ![]() |
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Koralm Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | ![]() |
Styria / Carinthia | 6.2[173] | 2009 | 2026 | ![]() |
(€5.4 bn) | |
Semmering Base Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | ![]() |
Lower Austria / Styria | 4.6[174] | 2012 | 2024 | ![]() |
(€3.9 bn) | |
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor | High-Speed Rail | ![]() |
From Ahmedabad to Mumbai | 20[175] | 2019 | 2026 (partial), 2027 (complete) | ![]() |
(₹1.6 lakh crore) | |
Sagarmala | Seaport | ![]() |
Coastal areas of India | 80.9[176] | 2017 | 2035 | (₹6.5 lakh crore, only counting current projects) | ||
Réseau express métropolitain | Light rail, Rapid transit | ![]() |
Montreal | 5.7[177] | 2018 | 2025[178] | ![]() |
67 km of rails, 26 stations, automated light metro. Cost estimated in June 2021 to be $CDN 6.9bn; in June 2021, that was equivalent to $USD 5.7bn. | |
High Speed 2 | High Speed Railway | ![]() |
England | 106.4[179] | 2017[180] | 2033 | ![]() |
330 mi/530 km of High Speed track,[181] 5 stations and West Coast Mainline integration | |
Northern Powerhouse Rail | Railway & Urban renewal | ![]() |
England | 39[182] | 2018[183] | 2026 | ![]() |
Links Liverpool, Sheffield, Kingston-upon-Hull & Newcastle-upon-Tyne to High Speed 2. | |
Link light rail 2 Line | Light rail line | ![]() |
Eastside King County, Washington | 3.7[184] | 2016 | 2025 | ![]() |
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Bogotá Metro
(line 1) |
Rapid transit | ![]() |
Bogotá | 4.5[185] | 2020 | 2028 | ![]() |
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Brussels Metro line 3 | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Brussels | 1.86[186] | 2020[187] | 2030 | ![]() |
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Chūō Shinkansen | High-speed rail, Maglev | ![]() |
![]() |
64.35[188] as of May 2021[update] | 2014 | Unknown[189] | |||
Tel Aviv Light Rail | Light rail | ![]() |
Tel Aviv | 5.8[190][191] | 2011 | 2028 | ![]() |
NIS18.8 billion | |
Tel Aviv Metro | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Tel Aviv metro area | 39.4[192] | 2025 | 2032 | ![]() |
||
Panama Metro Line 3 | Rapid transit line (monorail) | ![]() |
Panama City | 2.7154[193] | 2021 | 2025 | ![]() |
The Panamanian balboa is tied to the United States dollar. | |
Millennium Line Broadway Extension ("Broadway Subway Project") | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Vancouver | 2.35[194] | 2021[194] | 2026[195] | ![]() |
Cost estimated in May 2021 to be 2,830,000,000 Canadian dollars; in roughly May 2021, that was roughly equivalent to 2,350,000,000 United States dollars. | |
Penn Station Access | Commuter rail | ![]() |
New York City and Westchester County, New York | 2.87[196] | 2022 | 2027 | ![]() |
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South Coast Rail | Commuter rail | ![]() |
Southeastern Massachusetts | 3.42[197] | 2019[198] | 2030 | ![]() |
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Trillium Line Expansion | Light rail | ![]() |
Ottawa | 3.5[199] | 2019 | 2024 | 4.72 billion CAD | ||
Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway | High-speed rail | ![]() |
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4.65[200] | 2020 | 2026 | ![]() |
179 billion baht as of October 2022[update] | |
Oslo Metro Line T6 | Rapid transit line | ![]() |
Oslo and Bærum | 1.6[201] | 2020 | 2027 | ![]() |
Cost is as of January 2017[update] | |
Caltrain Modernization Program (CalMod) | Commuter rail | ![]() |
San Francisco Bay Area | 2.44[202] | 2017 | 2024 | ![]() |
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Lima Metro Line 2 | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Lima | 5.8[203] | 2014 | 2025 | ![]() |
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Line 4 (Athens Metro) | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Athens | 1.9 | 2021 | 2029-30 | ![]() |
€1.6 billion[204] | |
Cairo Metro Line 3, Phase 3 | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Cairo | 2.6[205] | 2023 (last extensions) | ![]() |
Entire Line 3 costs more | ||
São Paulo Metro, Line 6 | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Greater São Paulo | 2.6[206] | Resumed in 2020 | 2025 | ![]() |
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Toulouse Metro, Line C | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Toulouse Métropole | 3.65[207] | 2022 | 2028 | ![]() |
€3.4 billion as of February 7, 2023 | |
Abidjan Metro | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Abidjan | 1.46[208] | 2022 | 2025 | ![]() |
€1.36 billion as of December 20, 2022 | |
Ho Chi Minh City Metro, Line 1 | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Ho Chi Minh City | 2.5[209] | 2012 | 2023[209] | ![]() |
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Vienna U-Bahn, U2xU5 Project | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Vienna | 2.5[210] | 2018[211] | 2030 | ![]() |
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Riyadh Metro | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Riyadh | 22.5 as of July 2013[update][212] | 2014 | 2024 | ![]() |
There were disputes regarding at least $1 billion in 2022; as of January 2023[update], it is unclear if/how that affected the overall cost.[213] | |
Xiong'an–Xinzhou high-speed railway | High-speed rail | ![]() |
Xiong'an–Xinzhou | 8.86[214] | 2022 | 2027 | ![]() |
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Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway | Railway | ![]() |
Tanzania | At least 7.6[215] | 2017 | Unclear (does vary based on phase) | ![]() |
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Portal Bridge replacement | Bridge (rail) | ![]() |
New Jersey | 1.5[216] | 2022 | 2025 (first line of track)[217] | ![]() |
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Rogfast | Tunnel (road) | ![]() |
Rogaland | 2.91[218] | 2018 (paused 2019; unclear if/when resumed, but it is still expected to be constructed) | 2033 | ![]() |
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Gordie Howe International Bridge | Bridge (road) | ![]() ![]() |
Detroit to Windsor, Ontario | 5.4[219] | 2018 | 2025 | ![]() |
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D Line Extension | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Greater Los Angeles | 9.5[220] | 2014 (Section 1) 2018 (Section 2) 2021 (Section 3) |
2027 (final section: Section 3)[220] | ![]() |
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Belgrade Metro | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Belgrade | 5.35[221] | 2021 | 2028 | ![]() |
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Ontario Line | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Toronto | 7.3-8.7[222] | 2022 | 2031 | ![]() |
16 km, 15 stop line with at-grade, elevated and underground sections operated with driverless trains.[223] | |
São Paulo Metro Line 2 extension | Rapid transit | ![]() |
São Paulo | 1.4[224] | 2020 | 2026 | ![]() |
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Valley Metro Rail: South Central Extension | Light rail | ![]() |
Phoenix, Arizona | 1.35[225] | 2019 | 2025 | ![]() |
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Hamburg U5 | Rapid transit | ![]() |
Hamburg | 1.75[226] | 2022 | 2030 | ![]() |
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Project Connect | Public transit[b] | ![]() |
Austin, Texas | 10.3 for the light rail components; unclear for the rest[227] | 2021 | Unclear | ![]() |
Measure approved by Austin voters. Construction of at least one bus rapid transit corridor has begun; light rail construction has not begun. | |
Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel Expansion Project | Bridge–tunnel (road) | ![]() |
Hampton Roads (Virginia) | 3.9[228] | 2020 | 2025 | ![]() |
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Frederick Douglass Tunnel | Tunnel (rail) | ![]() |
Baltimore | 6[229] | 2023 | 2033 | ![]() |
Replacement for old Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel) | |
Brightline West | High-speed rail | ![]() |
California and Nevada | 12[230] | 2024 | 2028 | |||
Gateway Program | Rail improvements, including bridges and tunnels | ![]() |
New York City to New Jersey (Hudson River) | 16.1[231] | 2023[232] | 2035[232] |
Suspended or abandoned
Project | Description | Country | Location | Status (suspended or abandoned) | Approximate cost (in billions USD) and year of cost estimate | Start of construction | Year suspended | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Latitudinal Railway | Railway | ![]() |
Labytnangi (Obskaya) - Korotchaevo | Suspended | 3.03 (2018)[233] | 2018 | 2022 |
Proposed
Project | Description | Location | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Proposed start of construction | Proposed year of completion | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Great Istanbul Tunnel | Railway, Undersea tunnel | ![]() |
3.5[234] | TBD | TBD | After Marmaray and Eurasia Tunnel's, it will be the third tunnel to connect Istanbul's sides. |
Arctic Railway | Railway | ![]() ![]() |
3.43[235] | TBD | TBD | A connecting line between Kirkenes port and the Finnish railway network. |
Bridge of the Horns | Bridge (rail/road) | ![]() ![]() |
20 | TBD | TBD | A bridge across the Red Sea. |
Crossrail 2 | Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit | ![]() |
49.4 in 2014 money[236] | 2023 | 2030s[citation needed] | A new railway line in England, serving London, Surrey & Hertfordshire to interlink with Crossrail (above). |
Helsinki City Rail Loop | Commuter Rail | ![]() |
1.77[237] | TBD | TBD | An underground rail loop in Helsinki. |
Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel | Railway, Undersea tunnel | ![]() ![]() |
17.74[238] | TBD | TBD | |
Irish Sea Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | ![]() |
20.55[239] | TBD | TBD | A proposed bridge between Scotland and Northern Ireland, supported by the Johnson ministry.[240] |
Lentorata | Railway tunnel | ![]() |
6.5[241] | 2030 | TBD | An airport rail link for Helsinki Airport. |
Malacca Strait Bridge | Bridge (road) | ![]() ![]() |
14[242] | TBD | TBD | A proposed 48 kilometer bridge over the Strait of Malacca. |
MetroLink (Dublin) | Rapid transit | ![]() |
9.83[243] | 2025 | 2031-2034 | |
Saudi–Egypt Causeway | Causeway | ![]() ![]() |
4 | TBD | TBD | |
Strait of Messina Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | ![]() |
6.6 | TBD | TBD | |
Sunda Strait Bridge | Bridge (rail/road) | ![]() |
18.87[244] | TBD | TBD | The project has been indefinitely postponed.[245] |
Singapore Strait crossing | Tunnel (undersea) | ![]() ![]() |
TBD | TBD | TBD | A proposed tunnel between Singapore and Indonesia. |
Qatar–Bahrain Causeway | Causeway | ![]() ![]() |
5 | TBD | TBD | |
Texas Central Railway | High-speed rail | ![]() |
5.9 | TBD | TBD | Would operate between Dallas and Houston, with a stop in the Brazos Valley region |
LinkUS | Rapid transit | ![]() |
8[246] | 2024 | 2030 | Cost includes three rapid-transit corridors set to open by 2030, and two more by 2050.[246][247] |
Second Avenue Subway, Phase 2 | Rapid transit | ![]() |
6.39[248] | TBD | TBD | Project was moved to the engineering stage in January 2022.[249] |
Interborough Express | Light rail | ![]() |
5.5[250] (in 2027 dollars)[251] | TBD | TBD | New light rail line, built largely along existing tracks, connecting Brooklyn and Queens. Still in planning stages. |
Rio de Janeiro Light Rail Expansion | Light rail | ![]() |
3[252] | 2023 | 2025 (at least first sections) | Would add 145.5 km (90.4 mi) to existing light rail network |
Bagamoyo Port | Seaport | ![]() |
10[253] | 2023 | ||
Valparaíso–Santiago rail replacement | Railway | ![]() |
1.32[254] | 2025 | 2030 | |
D2 Subway | Light rail | ![]() |
1.7-1.9[255] | TBD | 2028 | |
City Centre–Mangere Line | Light rail | ![]() |
8.7[256] | TBD | TBD | In the detailed planning phase. Would connect Auckland Airport to the CBD, terminating at Wynyard Quarter |
Airport projects
Notes
- ^ SRL East 2035
SRL North 2043-2053 - ^ This plan includes multiple light rail lines, a new commuter rail line, and multiple bus rapid transit routes.
- ^ The project includes terminal lobby renovation, an international arrivals facility (including six new international gates and a new Customs and Border Protection area), a new tarmac terminal apron and taxilane expansion, an on-airport hotel and corresponding garage, a satellite concourse, the creation of Concourse D, multiple new terminal garages, and roadway updates to accommodate the changes.
- ^ The project includes expanding multiple concourses, as well as constructing a new air freight building, making terminal roadway improvements, and making baggage system handling improvements.
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