List of submarine museums
   
   

List of submarine museums

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This is a list of submarines on display around the world separated by country. This list contains all preserved submarines and submersibles on display, including submarine museum boats, that currently exist as complete boats or as significant structural sections.

This list does not contain replicas or wrecks. See List of ship replicas, List of shipwrecks and List of sunken nuclear submarines respectively.

Australia

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
HMAS Otway Holbrook Submarine Holbrook Submarine Museum, Holbrook Australia Australia Oberon class 1966 35°43′06″S 147°19′02″E / 35.7183°S 147.3172°E / -35.7183; 147.3172 (HMAS Otway)
HMAS Ovens HMAS Ovens, Fremantle Western Australian Maritime Museum, Fremantle Australia Australia Oberon class 1967 32°03′19″S 115°44′20″E / 32.0552°S 115.7389°E / -32.0552; 115.7389 (HMAS Ovens)
HMAS Onslow HMAS Onslow alone Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney Australia Australia Oberon class 1968 33°52′08″S 151°11′59″E / 33.8690°S 151.1996°E / -33.8690; 151.1996 (HMAS Onslow)
M-21 M22 conning tower Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre, Sydney Empire of Japan Empire of Japan Type A Kō-hyōteki class 1940 33°51′35″S 151°13′45″E / 33.8598°S 151.2291°E / -33.8598; 151.2291 (M-21) Conning tower
M-14 and M-21 Australian War Memorial, Campbell Empire of Japan Empire of Japan Type A Kō-hyōteki class 1940 35°16′50″S 149°08′57″E / 35.2805°S 149.1491°E / -35.2805; 149.1491 (M-14 and M-21) Composite of two submarines

Brazil

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Riachuelo Navy Cultural Centre, Rio de Janeiro Brazil Brazil Oberon class 1975 22°54′01″S 43°10′28″W / 22.9004°S 43.1745°W / -22.9004; -43.1745 (Riachuelo)

Bulgaria

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
S-84 Slava Museum of Glass, Beloslav Bulgaria Bulgaria Romeo class 1960 43°11′41″N 27°42′46″E / 43.1947°N 27.7128°E / 43.1947; 27.7128 (S-84 Slava)

Canada

Name Image Location Province Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Ben Franklin Vancouver Maritime Museum, Vancouver British Columbia British Columbia United States United States Research submersible 1968 49°16′39″N 123°08′50″W / 49.277507°N 123.147265°W / 49.277507; -123.147265 (Ben Franklin)
HMCS Ojibwa Elgin Military Museum, Port Burwell Ontario Ontario Canada Canada Oberon class 1964 42°38′48″N 80°48′27″W / 42.6468°N 80.8076°W / 42.6468; -80.8076 (HMCS Ojibwa)
HMCS Onondaga Site historique maritime de la Pointe-au-Père, Rimouski Quebec Quebec Canada Canada Oberon class 1965 48°31′01″N 68°28′16″W / 48.5169°N 68.4711°W / 48.5169; -68.4711 (HMCS Onondaga)

Chile

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
O'Brien Valdivia, Chile Chile Chile Oberon class 1972 39°48′57″S 73°14′57″W / 39.8159°S 73.2492°W / -39.8159; -73.2492 (O'Brien)

Croatia

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
CB-20 Technical museum, Zagreb Italy Italy CB class 1944 45°48′15″N 15°57′50″E / 45.8041°N 15.9639°E / 45.8041; 15.9639 (CB-20) Formerly Mališan (Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia)

Denmark

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
HMS E50 Sea War Museum Jutland, Thyborøn United Kingdom United Kingdom E class 1916 56°42′24″N 8°12′57″E / 56.7066°N 8.2158°E / 56.7066; 8.2158 (HMS E50) Conning tower
HDMS Springeren (S324) Langelandsfort, Bagenkop Denmark Denmark Kobben class 1964 54°44′59″N 10°42′50″E / 54.7497°N 10.7138°E / 54.7497; 10.7138 (Springeren S324)
HDMS Springeren (S329) Aalborg Maritime Museum, Aalborg Denmark Denmark Delfinen class 1963 57°03′30″N 9°53′33″E / 57.0584°N 9.8924°E / 57.0584; 9.8924 (Springeren S329) [1]
HDMS Sælen Royal Danish Naval Museum, Copenhagen Denmark Denmark Kobben class 1965 55°41′12″N 12°36′19″E / 55.6868°N 12.6054°E / 55.6868; 12.6054 (Sælen S323)

Estonia

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
EML Lembit Estonian Maritime Museum, Tallinn Estonia Estonia Kalev class 1936 59°27′12″N 24°44′15″E / 59.4532°N 24.7376°E / 59.4532; 24.7376 (EML Lembit)

Finland

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Vesikko Technical museum, Helsinki Finland Finland Coastal submarine 1933 60°08′33″N 24°59′23″E / 60.1426°N 24.9896°E / 60.1426; 24.9896 (Vesikko)

France

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Le Redoutable Le Redoutable Cité de la Mer, Cherbourg France France Redoutable class 1967 49°38′52″N 1°37′02″W / 49.6477°N 1.6172°W / 49.6477; -1.6172 (Le Redoutable) Nuclear propulsion
Flore Sous-marin La Flore à Lorient Keroman Submarine Museum, Lorient France France Daphné class 1964 47°43′48″N 3°22′18″W / 47.7299°N 3.3718°W / 47.7299; -3.3718 (Flore)
Espadon Espadon mg 7836 Saint-Nazaire submarine base, Saint Nazaire France France Narval class 1960 47°16′31″N 2°11′58″W / 47.2754°N 2.1994°W / 47.2754; -2.1994 (Espadon)
Argonaute Argonaute submarine @ Parc de La Villette @ Paris (28338705514) Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, Paris France France Aréthuse class 1958 48°53′40″N 2°23′22″E / 48.8945°N 2.3895°E / 48.8945; 2.3895 (Argonaute)
Alose Alose french submarine 1907 02 COMEX headquarters, Marseille France France Naïade class 1904 43°14′22″N 5°24′09″E / 43.2395°N 5.4024°E / 43.2395; 5.4024 (Alose)

Germany

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Brandtaucher Bundeswehrmuseum Dresden 7bis Military History Museum, Dresden German Confederation German Confederation Military submarine 1850 51°04′43″N 13°45′35″E / 51.0785°N 13.7598°E / 51.0785; 13.7598 (Brandtaucher)
U-1 U1-Gesamtansicht vom Heck her Deutsches Museum, Munich German Empire German Empire U-boat 1906 48°07′47″N 11°35′00″E / 48.1298°N 11.5833°E / 48.1298; 11.5833 (U-1)
U-995 U995 Submarine, Kiel, Germany Laboe Naval Memorial, Laboe Nazi Germany Nazi Germany Type VIIC/41 1943 54°24′45″N 10°13′44″E / 54.4124°N 10.2288°E / 54.4124; 10.2288 (U-995) Formerly Kaura (Norway Norway)
U-2540 U-Boot Type XXI U-2540 ("Wilhelm Bauer") Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum, Bremerhaven Nazi Germany Nazi Germany Type XXI 1945 53°32′29″N 8°34′40″E / 53.5414°N 8.5778°E / 53.5414; 8.5778 (U-2540) Formerly Wilhelm Bauer (West Germany West Germany)
U-9 (S188) Speyer U9 Technik Museum Speyer, Speyer West Germany West Germany Type 205 1966 49°18′42″N 8°26′51″E / 49.3117°N 8.4475°E / 49.3117; 8.4475 (U-9) [2]
U-10 (S189) S189 U-10, Wilhelmshaven, 2016 (01) Deutsches Marinemuseum, Wilhelmshaven West Germany West Germany Type 205 1967 53°30′49″N 8°08′24″E / 53.5135°N 8.1400°E / 53.5135; 8.1400 (U-10)
U-11 (S190) U 11 (Bundeswehr), 2013 U-Boot Museum, Fehmarn West Germany West Germany Type 205 1968 54°25′09″N 11°11′33″E / 54.4191°N 11.1925°E / 54.4191; 11.1925 (U-11) [3]
U-434 Hamburg - U-Bootmuseum mit U-434 (2019) U-Bootmuseum Hamburg, Hamburg Soviet Union Soviet Union Tango class 1976 53°32′42″N 9°57′18″E / 53.5449°N 9.9550°E / 53.5449; 9.9550 (U-434) Formerly B-515[4]
U-461 Submarine U-461 Museum at Peenemünde, Germany Maritim Museum Peenemünde, Peenemuende Soviet Union Soviet Union Juliett class 1962 54°08′05″N 13°45′59″E / 54.1347°N 13.7665°E / 54.1347; 13.7665 (U-461) Formerly K-24[5]
HMS Otus H.M.S Otus in Sassnitz-IMG 2286 Erlebnsiwelt U-Boot, Sassnitz United Kingdom United Kingdom Oberon class 1961 54°30′42″N 13°38′29″E / 54.5118°N 13.6413°E / 54.5118; 13.6413 (HMS Otus) [6]
HMS E24 Cuxhaven 2017 -HMS E24- by-RaBoe 056 Museum Windstärke 10, Cuxhaven United Kingdom United Kingdom E class 1915 53°51′43″N 8°42′25″E / 53.8620°N 8.7069°E / 53.8620; 8.7069 (HMS E24) Conning tower[7]

Greece

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
HS Papanikolis Conning tower of Papanikolis (Y-2) Hellenic Maritime Museum, Athens Greece Greece Katsonis-class submarine 1926 37°55′57″N 23°38′45″E / 37.932498°N 23.645885°E / 37.932498; 23.645885 (HS Papanikolis) Sail
HS Okeanos Memorial of Fallen Submarine Crew Submarine Monument, Palaio Faliro Greece Greece Okeanos-Class 1978 37°55′36″N 23°41′17″E / 37.926733°N 23.688011°E / 37.926733; 23.688011 (HS Okenaos) Sail

India

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
INS Kursura RK Beach, Visakhapatnam, India India India Kalvari class 1969 17°43′02″N 83°19′48″E / 17.7173°N 83.3301°E / 17.7173; 83.3301 (Kursura)

Indonesia

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
KRI Pasopati Indonesian Navy Submarine Monument, Surabaya Indonesia Indonesia Whiskey class 1955 7°15′55″S 112°45′01″E / 7.2654°S 112.7502°E / -7.2654; 112.7502 (KRI Pasopati) Formerly S-290 (Soviet Union USSR)

Israel

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
INS Dakar Clandestine Immigration and Naval Museum, Haifa Israel Israel T class 1943 32°49′49″N 34°58′12″E / 32.8302°N 34.9701°E / 32.8302; 34.9701 (INS Dakar) Conning tower
INS Gal Israel Israel Gal class 1975 32°49′48″N 34°58′17″E / 32.8301°N 34.9714°E / 32.8301; 34.9714 (INS Gal)

Italy

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Andrea Provana Parco del Valentino, Turin Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Italy Barbarigo class 1918 45°02′42″N 7°41′01″E / 45.0450°N 7.6837°E / 45.0450; 7.6837 (Andrea Provana) Conning tower
Enrico Toti Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia, Milan Italy Italy Toti class 1967 45°27′42″N 9°10′16″E / 45.4617°N 9.1710°E / 45.4617; 9.1710 (Enrico Toti)
Nazario Sauro Galata - Museo del mare, Genoa Italy Italy Sauro class 1976 44°24′48″N 8°55′26″E / 44.4134°N 8.9239°E / 44.4134; 8.9239 (Nazario Sauro)

Japan

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
JDS Akishio JMSDF AKISHIO Kure Maritime Museum, Hiroshima, Kure Japan Japan Yushio class 1985 34°14′28″N 132°33′21″E / 34.2412°N 132.5558°E / 34.2412; 132.5558 (JDS Akishio)
Shinkai Japan Japan Deep-submergence vehicle 1970 34°14′29″N 132°33′18″E / 34.241264°N 132.555003°E / 34.241264; 132.555003 (Shinkai) [8]
HA-18 Current midget sub Naval History Museum, Etajima Empire of Japan Empire of Japan Type A Kō-hyōteki class 1938 34°14′45″N 132°28′23″E / 34.2457°N 132.4731°E / 34.2457; 132.4731 (HA-18) [9]
Shinkai 2000 Shin-Enoshima Aquarium, Enoshima Island, Fujisawa, Kanagawa Japan Japan Deep-submergence vehicle 1981 35°18′36″N 139°28′46″E / 35.309997°N 139.479339°E / 35.309997; 139.479339 (DSV Shinkai 2000) [10]

Malaysia

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Ouessant Submarine Museum, Klebang Malaysia Malaysia Agosta class 1976 2°12′37″N 102°11′51″E / 2.2104°N 102.1974°E / 2.2104; 102.1974 (Ouessant)

Monaco

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch Year Coordinates Remarks
Anorep 1 Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, Monaco-Ville Monaco Monaco Bathyscaphe 1966 43°43′52″N 7°25′33″E / 43.7310°N 7.4258°E / 43.7310; 7.4258 (Anorep 1) [11]

Montenegro

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Heroj Naval Heritage Collection 04 Naval Heritage Collection, Tivat Montenegro Montenegro Heroj-class submarine 1967 42°26′14″N 18°41′37″E / 42.437242°N 18.693611°E / 42.437242; 18.693611 (Heroj)

Netherlands

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
HNLMS Tonijn Dutch Navy Museum, Den Helder Netherlands Netherlands Dolfijn class 1965 52°57′49″N 4°46′16″E / 52.9637°N 4.7712°E / 52.9637; 4.7712 (HNLMS Tonijn S805)

Norway

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
HNoMS Utstein (S203) Royal Norwegian Navy Museum, Horten Norway Norway Kobben class 1965 59°25′33″N 10°29′16″E / 59.4257°N 10.4879°E / 59.4257; 10.4879 (HNoMS Utstein S203)

Pakistan

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
PNS Hangor Pakistan Maritime Museum, Karachi Pakistan Pakistan Daphné class 1968 24°53′06″N 67°05′26″E / 24.8850°N 67.0905°E / 24.8850; 67.0905 (PNS Hangor)

Peru

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
BAP Abtao Peruvian Naval Museum, Lima Peru Peru Abtao class 1953 12°03′35″S 77°09′02″W / 12.0596°S 77.1506°W / -12.0596; -77.1506 (BAP Abtao)

Portugal

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
NRP Barracuda (S164) Núcleo museológico da Marinha Portuguesa, Cacilhas Portugal Portugal [1]Albacora class 1968 38°41′12″N 9°08′48″W / 38.6868°N 9.1467°W / 38.6868; -9.1467 (NRP Barracuda)

Russia

Name Image Location State/Territory Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
K-3 K-3 submarine at the Museum of Naval Glory in Kronstadt, Jule 30, 2023 Museum of Naval Glory, Kronstadt Northwestern Soviet Union USSR November-class 1957 59°59′44″N 29°44′13″E / 59.9955°N 29.7369°E / 59.9955; 29.7369 (K-3) First Soviet Nuclear Submarine
S-156 1382. Кронштадт. Мемориал Морякам-подводникам Балтики Baltic Submariners Memorial, Kronstadt Northwestern Soviet Union USSR Whiskey class 1953 59°59′46″N 29°46′43″E / 59.9961°N 29.7787°E / 59.9961; 29.7787 (S-156) Sail
D-2 Narodovolets D-2 Narodovolets Central Naval Museum, Saint Petersburg Northwestern Soviet Union USSR Dekabrist class 1929 59°55′58″N 30°13′59″E / 59.9328°N 30.2331°E / 59.9328; 30.2331 (D-2 Narodovolets) Guided tours
Dzhevetsky's Submarine ПЛ Джевецкого 1 Russian Empire Russian Empire Research submersible 1881 59°55′49″N 30°17′36″E / 59.9302°N 30.2933°E / 59.9302; 30.2933 (Dzhevetsky's Submarine)
S-189 С189 (2) S-189 Submarine Museum, Saint Petersburg Northwestern Soviet Union USSR Whiskey class 1954 59°55′56″N 30°16′31″E / 59.9321°N 30.2754°E / 59.9321; 30.2754 (S-189)
B-107 Marinesko museum 04 Museum of Russian Submarine Forces, Saint Petersburg Northwestern Soviet Union USSR Foxtrot class 1964 59°59′00″N 30°23′57″E / 59.9832°N 30.3991°E / 59.9832; 30.3991 (B-107) Sail
B-413 Submarine B413 in Kaliningrad1 Museum of the World Oceans, Kaliningrad Northwestern Soviet Union USSR Foxtrot class 1968 54°42′23″N 20°29′37″E / 54.7065°N 20.4936°E / 54.7065; 20.4936 (B-413)
Pisces VII Canada Canada Pisces-class DSRV 1976 54°42′23″N 20°30′00″E / 54.706405°N 20.500063°E / 54.706405; 20.500063 (Pisces VII) [12]
K-21 Подводная лодка К-21 Northern Fleet Naval Museum, Severomorsk Northwestern Soviet Union USSR K class 1939 69°04′52″N 33°25′59″E / 69.0810°N 33.4330°E / 69.0810; 33.4330 (K-21)
B-440 B-440 Submarine in Vytegra B-440 Submarine Museum, Vytegra Northwestern Soviet Union USSR Foxtrot class 1970 60°59′54″N 36°26′02″E / 60.9984°N 36.4338°E / 60.9984; 36.4338 (B-440)
S-51 Памятник - panoramio (66) Gremikha Naval base, Ostrovnoy Northwestern Soviet Union USSR S class 1940 68°03′53″N 39°27′37″E / 68.0647°N 39.4603°E / 68.0647; 39.4603 (S-51) Sail
B-319 Рубка ДПЛ Б-319 «Комсомолец Чувашии» в Полярном Victory Square, Polyarny Northwestern Soviet Union USSR Tango class 1981 69°11′48″N 33°26′18″E / 69.1966°N 33.4384°E / 69.1966; 33.4384 (B-319) Sail
K-411 Orenburg KS-411 in Koltushi Defenders of the Fatherland Memorial, Koltushi Northwestern Soviet Union USSR Yankee class 1970 59°55′57″N 30°39′13″E / 59.9325°N 30.6535°E / 59.9325; 30.6535 (K-411 Orenburg) Sail
K-141 Kursk Морякам-подводникам погибшим в мирное время Sailors who died in Peacetime Memorial, Murmansk Northwestern Russia Russia Oscar class 1994 68°59′08″N 33°05′39″E / 68.9855°N 33.0942°E / 68.9855; 33.0942 (K-141 Kursk) Sail
B-396 Tango B-396 Moscow Museum of the Navy, Moscow Central Soviet Union USSR Tango class 1980 55°51′09″N 37°27′23″E / 55.8525°N 37.4563°E / 55.8525; 37.4563 (B-396) [13]
L-3 Frunzenets L-3 Museum Victory Park, Moscow Central Soviet Union USSR Leninets class 1931 55°43′38″N 37°29′56″E / 55.7271°N 37.4989°E / 55.7271; 37.4989 (L-3 Frunzenets) Sail
Shch-307 ShCh-307 Museum Soviet Union USSR Shchuka class 1934 55°43′34″N 37°29′52″E / 55.7261°N 37.4979°E / 55.7261; 37.4979 (Shch-307) Sail
K-14 Памятник атомному подводному флоту Pioneers of the Nuclear Fleet Memorial, Obninsk Central Soviet Union USSR November class 1958 55°05′57″N 36°36′56″E / 55.0992°N 36.6156°E / 55.0992; 36.6156 (K-14) Sail
B-307 B-307, Togliatti. Russia-1 History of Equipment Park Complex, Tolyatti Volga Soviet Union USSR Tango class 1980 53°33′09″N 49°14′48″E / 53.5526°N 49.2467°E / 53.5526; 49.2467 (B-307)
K-306 Рубка К-306 (Парк Победы, Уфа, 2018) Victory Park, Ufa Volga Soviet Union USSR Victor class 1968 54°49′33″N 56°03′18″E / 54.8257°N 56.0550°E / 54.8257; 56.0550 (K-306) Sail
K-403 Kazan K-403 Kazan memorial (2023-07-12) 13 Victory Park, Kazan Volga Soviet Union USSR Yankee class 1970 55°49′53″N 49°06′27″E / 55.8315°N 49.1075°E / 55.8315; 49.1075 (K-403 Kazan) Sail
M-261 Музей военной техники Оружие Победы, Краснодар (07) Weapons of Victory Museum, Krasnodar Southern Soviet Union USSR Quebec class 1955 45°01′16″N 38°57′21″E / 45.0211°N 38.9557°E / 45.0211; 38.9557 (M-261)
Pisces XI Baikal Museum, Listvyanka, Russia Siberian Canada Canada Pisces-class DSRV 1976 51°52′05″N 104°49′56″E / 51.868041°N 104.832351°E / 51.868041; 104.832351 (Pisces XI)
S-56 053 - Wladiwostok 2015 (24130179580) The Museum of Pacific Fleet, Vladivostok Far Eastern Soviet Union USSR S class 1939 43°06′48″N 131°53′28″E / 43.1134°N 131.8911°E / 43.1134; 131.8911 (S-56)
K-430 K-430 Submarine Memorial Project 667AU Vladivostok Russia Submariners of all Generations Memorial, Vladivostok Far Eastern Soviet Union USSR Yankee class 1974 43°06′41″N 131°55′12″E / 43.1113°N 131.9199°E / 43.1113; 131.9199 (K-430) Sail
K-434 Рубка АПЛ К-434 Большой Камень 2015.06.27 The Ruble Monument, Bolshoy Kamen Far Eastern Soviet Union USSR Yankee class 1970 43°06′56″N 132°21′32″E / 43.1155°N 132.3588°E / 43.1155; 132.3588 (K-434) Sail
K-506 Zelenograd K-211 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy and K-506 Zelenograd Exploits of the Nuclear Fleet Memorial, Fokino Far Eastern Soviet Union USSR Delta III class 1978 42°54′33″N 132°21′20″E / 42.9091°N 132.3556°E / 42.9091; 132.3556 (K-506 Zelenograd) Sail

Slovenia

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Zeta (P-913) Pivka Park of Military History, Pivka Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Una class 1987 45°40′01″N 14°11′19″E / 45.6670°N 14.1885°E / 45.6670; 14.1885 (Zeta)

South Africa

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
SAS Assegaai South African Naval Museum, Simon's Town South Africa South Africa Daphné class 1970 34°11′31″S 18°25′40″E / 34.1920°S 18.4279°E / -34.1920; 18.4279 (SAS Assegaai)

South Korea

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Sang-O-class submarine Unification Park, Gangneung North Korea North Korea Sang-O class Unknown 37°43′07″N 129°00′16″E / 37.7187°N 129.0044°E / 37.7187; 129.0044 (Sang-O Submarine)

Spain

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Delfín Torrevieja - Museo Flotante, Submarino S-61 (3) Museo del Mar y de la Sal, Torrevieja Spain Spain Daphné class 1972 37°58′21″N 0°40′52″W / 37.9725°N 0.6812°W / 37.9725; -0.6812 (Delfín)
Peral Cartagena Naval Museum, Cartagena Spain Spain Peral class 1889 37°35′52″N 0°59′14″W / 37.59786°N 0.98725°W / 37.59786; -0.98725 (Peral)
SA-42 Isaac Peral Base, Cartagena Spain Spain Foca class 1963 37°36′05″N 0°59′33″W / 37.6014°N 0.9924°W / 37.6014; -0.9924 (SA-42)
SA-52 Spain Spain Tiburón class 1966 37°36′05″N 0°59′33″W / 37.6014°N 0.9925°W / 37.6014; -0.9925 (SA-52)
SA-51 Submarí Barcelona P1180788 CosmoCaixa, Barcelona Spain Spain Tiburón class 1966 41°24′51″N 2°07′53″E / 41.4141°N 2.1314°E / 41.4141; 2.1314 (SA-51)
SA-41 Submarine (SA 42)-Foca Mahon Naval Station, Mahón Spain Spain Foca class 1963 39°53′38″N 4°16′02″E / 39.8939°N 4.2671°E / 39.8939; 4.2671 (SA-41)

Sweden

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
HSwMS Hajen Marinmuseum, Karlskrona Sweden Sweden Holland class 1904 56°09′40″N 15°35′57″E / 56.1612°N 15.5993°E / 56.1612; 15.5993 (HSwMS Hajen)
HSwMS Neptun Sweden Sweden Nacken class 1979 56°09′40″N 15°35′57″E / 56.1612°N 15.5993°E / 56.1612; 15.5993 (HSwMS Neptun)
HSwMS Nordkaparen Göteborgs Maritima Centrum, Gothenburg Sweden Sweden Draken class 1961 57°42′33″N 11°57′35″E / 57.7092°N 11.9596°E / 57.7092; 11.9596 (HSwMS Nordkaparen)
HSwMS U3 Teknikens och sjöfartens hus, Malmö Sweden Sweden Kustubat 1942 55°36′18″N 12°58′57″E / 55.6051°N 12.9825°E / 55.6051; 12.9825 (HSwMS U3)

Switzerland

Name Image Location Canton Nationality Launch year Coordinates Remarks
Auguste Piccard Swiss Transport Museum, Lucerne Canton of Lucerne Lucerne Switzerland Switzerland 1964 47°03′07″N 8°20′13″E / 47.0520°N 8.3370°E / 47.0520; 8.3370 (Auguste Piccard PX-8)
F.-A. Forel La Maison de la Rivière, Tolochenaz Canton of Vaud Vaud Switzerland Switzerland 1978 46°29′34″N 6°28′45″E / 46.4928°N 6.4792°E / 46.4928; 6.4792 (F.-A. Forel PX-28)

Turkey

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
TCG Uluçalireis Rahmi M. Koç Museum, Istanbul Turkey Turkey Tench class 1944 41°02′29″N 28°56′52″E / 41.0413°N 28.9477°E / 41.0413; 28.9477 (TCG Uluçalireis) Formerly USS Thornback (United States United States)
TCG Hızırreis Gayret Gemi Museum, İzmit Turkey Turkey Tang class 1952 40°45′36″N 29°55′00″E / 40.7601°N 29.9166°E / 40.7601; 29.9166 (TCG Hızırreis) Formerly USS Gudgeon (United States United States)
TCG Pirireis İnciraltı Sea Museum, İzmir Turkey Turkey Tang class 1951 38°24′44″N 27°02′05″E / 38.4123°N 27.03486°E / 38.4123; 27.03486 (TCG Pirireis) Formerly USS Tang (United States United States)
SM UB-46 Dardanelles Naval Museum, Çanakkale German Empire German Empire Type UB II 1916 40°08′50″N 26°23′56″E / 40.1471°N 26.3990°E / 40.1471; 26.3990 (UB-46)

United Kingdom

Name Image Location Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
HMS Alliance HMS Alliance S67 Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport United Kingdom United Kingdom Amphion class 1945 50°47′18″N 1°07′11″W / 50.7884°N 1.1197°W / 50.7884; -1.1197 (HMS Alliance) Guided tours
HMS Holland 1 HMS Holland 1 1991 United Kingdom United Kingdom Holland class 1901 50°47′17″N 1°07′12″W / 50.7880°N 1.1200°W / 50.7880; -1.1200 (HMS Holland 1)
HMS X24 X24 view from side United Kingdom United Kingdom X class 1943 50°47′17″N 1°07′12″W / 50.7880°N 1.1200°W / 50.7880; -1.1200 (HMS X24)
Biber 105 Biberrsm Nazi Germany Nazi Germany Biber 1945 50°47′17″N 1°07′12″W / 50.7880°N 1.1200°W / 50.7880; -1.1200 (Biber 105)
LR3 Miniature submarine IMG 9230 United Kingdom United Kingdom DSRV 1990s 50°47′17″N 1°07′12″W / 50.7880°N 1.1200°W / 50.7880; -1.1200 (LR3)
HMS E17 E-17 conning tower United Kingdom United Kingdom E class 1915 50°47′17″N 1°07′15″W / 50.7881°N 1.1208°W / 50.7881; -1.1208 (HMS E17) Conning tower
HMS Ocelot HMS Ocelot (S17) by Mark.murphy Chatham Historic Dockyard, Chatham United Kingdom United Kingdom Oberon class 1962 51°23′44″N 0°31′36″E / 51.3955°N 0.5266°E / 51.3955; 0.5266 (HMS Ocelot)
HMS XE8 Expunge Submarine XE8 Expunger bow United Kingdom United Kingdom XE class 1944 51°23′48″N 0°31′40″E / 51.3967°N 0.5277°E / 51.3967; 0.5277 (HMS XE8 Expunge)
HMS X51 Stickleback X51 Stickleback duxford Scottish Submarine Center, Helensburgh United Kingdom United Kingdom Stickleback class 1954 56°00′19″N 4°44′01″W / 56.0052°N 4.7335°W / 56.0052; -4.7335 (HMS X51 Stickleback)
HMS Courageous HMS Courageous - geograph.org.uk - 604832 Devonport Naval Heritage Centre, Plymouth United Kingdom United Kingdom Churchill class 1970 50°22′16″N 4°10′53″W / 50.3710°N 4.1814°W / 50.3710; -4.1814 (HMS Courageous)
U-534 U 534 Surfaced u-Boat - geograph.org.uk - 1241994 Woodside, Merseyside, Birkenhead Nazi Germany Nazi Germany Type IXC/40 1941 53°23′42″N 3°00′33″W / 53.3951°N 3.0093°W / 53.3951; -3.0093 (U-534)
Biber 90 Biber Submarine inIWM Imperial War Museum Duxford, Duxford Nazi Germany Nazi Germany Biber 1944 52°05′48″N 0°08′12″E / 52.0967°N 0.1367°E / 52.0967; 0.1367 (Biber 90)
Pisces III Weymouth Sea Life Centre, Weymouth Canada Canada Pisces-class DSRV 1970 50°37′31″N 2°26′38″W / 50.625385°N 2.443843°W / 50.625385; -2.443843 (Pisces III) Deepest rescue ever, saved its two divers in 1973[14]
U-475 Black Widow Russian Submarine, Strood - geograph.org.uk - 195243 River Medway, Strood Soviet Union Soviet Union Foxtrot class 1966 51°23′44″N 0°30′13″E / 51.3955°N 0.5035°E / 51.3955; 0.5035 (U-475 Black Widow) Museum closed

United States

Name Image Location State / Territory Nationality Class Launch year Coordinates Remarks
USS Nautilus USS Nautilus SSN571 Submarine Force Library and Museum, Groton Connecticut Connecticut United States United States Nautilus class 1954 41°23′14″N 72°05′18″W / 41.3871°N 72.0882°W / 41.3871; -72.0882 (USS Nautilus)
X-1 SS X-1 Midget Submarine United States United States Midget submarine 1955 41°23′15″N 72°05′14″W / 41.3876°N 72.0873°W / 41.3876; -72.0873 (SS X1)
HA. 8 HA-8, Japanese midget submarine, Submarine Force Library & Museum, Groton, Connecticut Empire of Japan Empire of Japan Type A Kō-hyōteki class 1938 41°23′15″N 72°05′14″W / 41.3875°N 72.0871°W / 41.3875; -72.0871 (HA. 8)
Siluro San Bartolomeo Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of Italy Human torpedo 1943 41°23′15″N 72°05′14″W / 41.3875°N 72.0871°W / 41.3875; -72.0871 (Siluro San Bartolomeo)
USS George Washington USS George Washington Sail United States United States George Washington class 1959 41°23′17″N 72°05′11″W / 41.3881°N 72.0865°W / 41.3881; -72.0865 (USS George Washington) Sail
NR-1 NR-1 986 United States United States Deep-submergence vehicle 1969 41°23′16″N 72°05′14″W / 41.387661°N 72.087086°W / 41.387661; -72.087086 (NR-1) Sail
USS Flasher USS Flasher Conning Tower National Submarine Memorial, Groton Connecticut Connecticut United States United States Gato class 1943 41°21′45″N 72°05′00″W / 41.3626°N 72.0834°W / 41.3626; -72.0834 (USS Flasher) Conning tower
DSV Turtle Turtle DSV-3 Mystic Aquarium, Mystic Connecticut Connecticut United States United States Research submersible 1968 41°22′24″N 71°57′12″W / 41.3733°N 71.9532°W / 41.3733; -71.9532 (DSV Turtle)
Trieste II Naval Undersea Museum, Keyport Washington (state) Washington United States United States Bathyscaphe 1964 47°42′00″N 122°37′30″W / 47.6999°N 122.6249°W / 47.6999; -122.6249 (Trieste II)
DSRV-1 Mystic United States United States DSRV 1970 47°42′00″N 122°37′30″W / 47.6999°N 122.6249°W / 47.6999; -122.6249 (DSRV-1 Mystic)
USS Sturgeon United States United States Sturgeon class 1966 47°41′59″N 122°37′29″W / 47.6996°N 122.6246°W / 47.6996; -122.6246 (USS Sturgeon) Sail
USS Parche (SSN-683) Harbourside Park, Bremerton Washington (state) Washington United States United States Sturgeon class 1973 47°33′48″N 122°37′36″W / 47.5632°N 122.6268°W / 47.5632; -122.6268 (USS Parche) Sail
USS Triton USS Triton Submarine Memorial Park, Richland Washington (state) Washington United States United States Triton class 1958 46°20′55″N 119°16′11″W / 46.3487°N 119.2696°W / 46.3487; -119.2696 (USS Triton) Sail
USS Woodrow Wilson Naval Base Kitsap, Bangor Washington (state) Washington United States United States Lafayette class 1963 47°41′37″N 122°42′30″W / 47.6936°N 122.7084°W / 47.6936; -122.7084 (USS Woodrow Wilson) Sail
USS Ling New Jersey Naval Museum, Hackensack New Jersey New Jersey United States United States Balao class 1943 40°52′48″N 74°02′23″W / 40.8800°N 74.03971°W / 40.8800; -74.03971 (USS Ling)
USS Halfbeak United States United States Balao class 1946 40°52′48″N 74°02′25″W / 40.8801°N 74.0403°W / 40.8801; -74.0403 (USS Halfbeak) Sail
Holland I Paterson Museum, Paterson New Jersey New Jersey United States United States Research submersible 1878 40°54′48″N 74°10′44″W / 40.9134°N 74.1789°W / 40.9134; -74.1789 (Holland 1)
Fenian Ram United States United States Research submersible 1881 40°54′48″N 74°10′44″W / 40.9134°N 74.1789°W / 40.9134; -74.1789 (Fenian Ram)
Intelligent Whale National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey, Sea Girt New Jersey New Jersey United States United States Research submersible 1863 40°07′45″N 74°02′35″W / 40.1291°N 74.0430°W / 40.1291; -74.0430 (Intelligent Whale)
USS Dolphin Maritime Museum of San Diego, San Diego California California United States United States Research submersible 1968 32°43′16″N 117°10′25″W / 32.7210°N 117.1737°W / 32.7210; -117.1737 (USS Dolphin)
USS Pampanito San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, San Francisco California California United States United States Balao class 1943 37°48′36″N 122°24′59″W / 37.8099°N 122.4164°W / 37.8099; -122.4164 (USS Pampanito)
B-427 (Scorpion) The Russian Scorpion Submarine, Long Beach California California Soviet Union Soviet Union Foxtrot class 1971 33°45′12″N 118°11′29″W / 33.7532°N 118.1914°W / 33.7532; -118.1914 (B-427) Museum permanently closed
USS Mariano G. Vallejo Mare Island Historic Park Foundation, Vallejo CaliforniaCalifornia United States United States Benjamin Franklin class 1965 38°05′56″N 122°16′10″W / 38.0990°N 122.2694°W / 38.0990; -122.2694 (USS Mariano G. Vallejo) Sail
USS Baya Vallejo Naval and Historical Museum, Vallejo California California United States United States Balao class 1944 38°06′10″N 122°15′23″W / 38.1028°N 122.2563°W / 38.1028; -122.2563 (USS Baya) Periscope
DSV-5 Nemo U.S. Navy Seabee Museum, Port Hueneme California California United States United States Research submersible 1970 34°10′12″N 119°11′45″W / 34.1699°N 119.1958°W / 34.1699; -119.1958 (DSV-5 Nemo)
Avalon (DSRV-2)[15] Morro Bay Maritime Museum, Morro Bay California California United States United States DSRV 1971 35°22′12″N 120°51′19″W / 35.37003°N 120.85515°W / 35.37003; -120.85515 (Avalon)
USS Cavalla Seawolf Park, Galveston Texas Texas United States United States Gato class 1943 29°20′03″N 94°46′43″W / 29.3341°N 94.7787°W / 29.3341; -94.7787 (USS Cavalla)
USS Tautog United States United States Sturgeon class 1967 29°20′03″N 94°46′42″W / 29.3342°N 94.7782°W / 29.3342; -94.7782 (USS Tautog) Sail
HA. 19 National Museum of the Pacific War, Fredericksburg Texas Texas Empire of Japan Empire of Japan Type A Kō-hyōteki class 1938 30°16′24″N 98°52′04″W / 30.2732°N 98.8679°W / 30.2732; -98.8679 (HA. 19)
USS Pintado United States United States Balao class 1943 30°16′24″N 98°52′03″W / 30.2733°N 98.8676°W / 30.2733; -98.8676 (USS Pintado) Conning tower
USS Croaker Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, Buffalo New York (state) New York United States United States Gato class 1943 42°52′41″N 78°52′54″W / 42.8781°N 78.8816°W / 42.8781; -78.8816 (USS Croaker)
USS Boston United States United States Los Angeles class 1980 42°52′40″N 78°52′46″W / 42.8777°N 78.8794°W / 42.8777; -78.8794 (USS Boston) Sail
USS Growler Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum, New York City New York (state) New York United States United States Grayback class 1958 40°45′54″N 73°59′59″W / 40.7650°N 73.9998°W / 40.7650; -73.9998 (USS Growler)
USS Clamagore Patriots Point Maritime Museum, Mount Pleasant South Carolina South Carolina United States United States Balao class 1945 32°47′25″N 79°54′27″W / 32.7903°N 79.9075°W / 32.7903; -79.9075 (USS Clamagore) Permanently closed
USS Lewis and Clark United States United States Benjamin Franklin class 1964 32°47′37″N 79°54′16″W / 32.7935°N 79.9044°W / 32.7935; -79.9044 (USS Lewis and Clark) Sail
H. L. Hunley Warren Lasch Conservation Center, North Charleston South Carolina South Carolina Confederate States of America Confederate States Military submarine 1863 32°51′23″N 79°57′31″W / 32.8564°N 79.9587°W / 32.8564; -79.9587 (H. L. Hunley)
USS Becuna Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia Pennsylvania Pennsylvania United States United States Balao class 1944 39°56′36″N 75°08′28″W / 39.9434°N 75.1411°W / 39.9434; -75.1411 (USS Becuna)
USS Requin The Carnegie Science Center, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Pennsylvania United States United States Tench class 1944 40°26′42″N 80°01′06″W / 40.4451°N 80.0184°W / 40.4451; -80.0184 (USS Requin)
USS Bowfin USS Bowfin Submarine Museum, Pearl Harbor Hawaii Hawaii United States United States Balao class 1942 21°22′07″N 157°56′21″W / 21.3687°N 157.9393°W / 21.3687; -157.9393 (USS Bowfin)
USS Parche (SS-384) United States United States Balao class 1943 21°21′18″N 157°56′24″W / 21.3551°N 157.9401°W / 21.3551; -157.9401 (USS Parche) Conning tower
USS Silversides USS Silversides Submarine Museum, Muskegon Michigan Michigan United States United States Gato class 1941 43°13′48″N 86°19′58″W / 43.2299°N 86.3327°W / 43.2299; -86.3327 (USS Silversides)
USS Tambor Dossin Great Lakes Museum, Detroit Michigan Michigan United States United States Tambor class 1939 42°20′05″N 82°59′07″W / 42.3347°N 82.9854°W / 42.3347; -82.9854 (USS Tambor) Periscope only
USS Marlin Freedom Park, Omaha Nebraska Nebraska United States United States T-1 class 1953 41°16′34″N 95°54′04″W / 41.2762°N 95.9011°W / 41.2762; -95.9011 (USS Marlin)
USS Omaha Levi Carter Park, Omaha Nebraska Nebraska United States United States Los Angeles class 1976 Sail (Under construction)
Trieste National Museum of the United States Navy, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. United States United States Bathyscaphe 1953 38°52′23″N 76°59′43″W / 38.8731°N 76.9952°W / 38.8731; -76.9952 (Trieste)
USS Balao Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. United States United States Balao class 1942 38°52′22″N 76°59′55″W / 38.8729°N 76.9986°W / 38.8729; -76.9986 (USS Balao) Sail
USS Grayling Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery Maine Maine United States United States Sturgeon class 1967 39°44′40″N 105°03′08″W / 39.7444°N 105.0522°W / 39.7444; -105.0522 (USS Grayling) Sail
USS Sailfish United States United States Sargo class 1938 43°04′55″N 70°44′19″W / 43.0820°N 70.7385°W / 43.0820; -70.7385 (USS Sailfish) Conning tower
USS Drum Battleship Memorial Park, Mobile Alabama Alabama United States United States Gato class 1941 30°40′53″N 88°01′00″W / 30.6813°N 88.0167°W / 30.6813; -88.0167 (USS Drum)
USS Razorback Arkansas Inland Maritime Museum, North Little Rock Arkansas Arkansas United States United States Balao class 1943 34°45′08″N 92°16′01″W / 34.7521°N 92.2670°W / 34.7521; -92.2670 (USS Razorback) Renamed TCG Muratreis (Turkey)
U-505 Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago Illinois Illinois Nazi Germany Nazi Germany Type IXC 1941 41°47′29″N 87°34′52″W / 41.7913°N 87.5812°W / 41.7913; -87.5812 (U-505) Captured by the US Navy on June 4, 1944.
USS Torsk Historic Ships in Baltimore, Baltimore Maryland Maryland United States United States Tench class 1944 39°17′06″N 76°36′31″W / 39.2850°N 76.6087°W / 39.2850; -76.6087 (USS Torsk)
USS Lionfish Battleship Cove, Fall River Massachusetts Massachusetts United States United States Balao class 1943 41°42′22″N 71°09′46″W / 41.7061°N 71.1629°W / 41.7061; -71.1629 (USS Lionfish)
USS Albacore Albacore Park and Museum, Portsmouth New Hampshire New Hampshire United States United States Research submersible 1953 43°04′56″N 70°46′01″W / 43.0822°N 70.7669°W / 43.0822; -70.7669 (USS Albacore)
USS Cod USS Cod Submarine Memorial, Cleveland Ohio Ohio United States United States Gato class 1943 41°30′36″N 81°41′30″W / 41.5100°N 81.6916°W / 41.5100; -81.6916 (USS Cod)
USS Batfish War Memorial Park, Muskogee Oklahoma Oklahoma United States United States Balao class 1943 35°47′41″N 95°18′39″W / 35.7946°N 95.3107°W / 35.7946; -95.3107 (USS Batfish)
USS Blueback Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, Portland Oregon Oregon United States United States Barbel class 1959 45°30′28″N 122°40′00″W / 45.5078°N 122.6668°W / 45.5078; -122.6668 (USS Blueback)
USS Cobia Wisconsin Maritime Museum, Manitowoc Wisconsin Wisconsin United States United States Gato class 1943 44°05′33″N 87°39′20″W / 44.0924°N 87.6555°W / 44.0924; -87.6555 (USS Cobia)
USS Nathanael Greene 41 for Freedom Memorial, Port Canaveral Florida Florida United States United States James Madison class 1964 28°24′40″N 80°36′09″W / 28.4111°N 80.6025°W / 28.4111; -80.6025 (USS Nathanael Greene) Sail
USS George Bancroft Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, St. Marys Georgia (U.S. state) Georgia United States United States Benjamin Franklin class 1965 30°46′55″N 81°34′33″W / 30.7819°N 81.5757°W / 30.7819; -81.5757 (USS George Bancroft) Sail
USS James K. Polk National Museum of Nuclear Science & History, Albuquerque New Mexico New Mexico United States United States Benjamin Franklin class 1965 35°03′56″N 106°32′04″W / 35.0656°N 106.5345°W / 35.0656; -106.5345 (USS James K. Polk) Sail
USS Hawkbill Idaho Science Center, Arco Idaho Idaho United States United States Sturgeon class 1969 43°38′03″N 113°17′48″W / 43.6341°N 113.2966°W / 43.6341; -113.2966 (USS Hawkbill) Sail
Bayou St. John submarine Louisiana State Museum, Baton Rouge Louisiana Louisiana Confederate States of America Confederate States Military submarine Unknown 30°27′14″N 91°11′11″W / 30.4539°N 91.1865°W / 30.4539; -91.1865 (Bayou St. John Submarine) Hand-crank
USS Indianapolis Indiana Military Museum, Vincennes Indiana Indiana United States United States Los Angeles class 1980 39°46′37″N 86°09′53″W / 39.7770°N 86.1647°W / 39.7770; -86.1647 (USS Indianapolis) Sail
HA. 62-76 T. Stell Newman Visitor Center, Santa Rita Guam Guam Empire of Japan Empire of Japan Type C Kō-hyōteki class 1944 13°25′20″N 144°40′32″E / 13.4223°N 144.6755°E / 13.4223; 144.6755 (HA. 62-76)

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ubåden Springeren - Springeren - Maritimt Oplevelsescenter". springeren-maritimt.dk.
  2. ^ "Technik Museum Speyer – Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland". 13 July 2023.
  3. ^ Fehmarn, U-Boot-Museum. "U11 – U-Boot-Museum Fehmarn".
  4. ^ GmbH, U-Bootmuseum Hamburg. "U-434 – U-Bootmuseum Hamburg ©2013".
  5. ^ "Peenemuende.info".
  6. ^ "HMS Otus- das U-Boot in Sassnitz auf Rügen". hms-otus.com (in German).
  7. ^ "Museum Windstärke 10 - Nordseeheilbad Duhnen". www.duhnen.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-11-25.
  8. ^ "File:Submarine "Shinkai" near Yamato Museum 2.jpg". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  9. ^ PacificWrecks.com. "Pacific Wrecks - HA-18 Type A Midget Submarine (Midget D)". pacificwrecks.com. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  10. ^ "Exhibition". Enoshima Aquarium. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  11. ^ "Yellow Mini-Submarine in Monte Carlo, Monaco". Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  12. ^ "Pisces VII". ShipSpotting. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  13. ^ Музей подводного флота России (Подводная лодка) (Museum of Submarine Navy of Russia)
  14. ^ "Pisces III". Flickr. 15 July 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Morro was invoked but never defined (see the help page).