José de Espronceda

José de Espronceda
El escritor José de Espronceda, portrait by Antonio María Esquivel (c.1845) (Museo del Prado, Madrid)[1]
Born	José Ignacio Javier Oriol Encarnación de Espronceda y Delgado (1808-03-25)25 March 1808 Almendralejo, Province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
Died	23 May 1842(1842-05-23) (aged 34) Madrid, Spain
Resting place	Cementerio de San Justo
Nationality	Spanish
Occupation(s)	Poet, writer and journalist
Movement	Romanticism
Children	Blanca Espronceda de Escosura (1834–1900)
Father	Camilo de Espronceda

José Ignacio Javier Oriol Encarnación de Espronceda y Delgado (25 March 1808 – 23 May 1842)^[2] was a Romantic Spanish poet, one of the most representative authors of the 19th century.^[3] He was influenced by Eugenio de Ochoa, Federico Madrazo, Alfred Tennyson, Richard Chenevix Trench and Diego de Alvear.^[4]

Espronceda was born in Almendralejo, at the Province of Badajoz.^[5] As a youth, he studied at the Colegio San Mateo at Madrid, having Alberto Lista as a teacher. When he was 15 years old, he formed a secret society named "Los Numantinos" alongside his friends Ventura de la Vega and Patricio de la Escosura, conspiring against Ferdinand VII and intending to avenge the death of Rafael del Riego. For this, he was imprisoned in a monastery and exiled.^[6] Afterward, he left Spain and lived in Lisbon, Belgium, France, England and Holland. On his return to Spain in 1833, he became active in the extreme left-wing of Spanish political culture. Espronceda is also known for his affair with Teresa Mancha, for whom he wrote "Canto a Teresa" (from El diablo mundo). He died of diphtheria in 1842.

In 1902, his body was moved to Panteón de Hombres Ilustres, Spain.^[7]

Having been inspired to a literary career by his teacher Alberto Lista, Espronceda began to write the historical poem El Pelayo during his stay in the monastery. The poem was never completed. Later he wrote the novel Sancho Saldaña. His other important works include El estudiante de Salamanca, whose main character is Don Félix de Montemar, El mendigo, ¡Guerra!, Al dos de mayo and El diablo mundo,^[3] long lyric poems, the latter remained unfinished. Also important were A Jarifa en una orgía, El verdugo,^[3] El canto del cosaco, La canción del pirata^[3] and Himno al sol. Many of his works display the tendencies of Romanticism, and along with José Zorrilla he is considered Spain's most important Romantic poet, as well as the most rebellious.^{[citation needed]} In 2006 Diego Martinez Torron has published the first annotated edition of the complete works of José de Espronceda with unpublished text, and with also unpublished text in El otro Espronceda.^[8][9]

• Marrast, Robert (1974). José de Espronceda et son temps. Littérature, societé, politique au temps du romantisme. Paris: Editions Klincksieck.
• "De Gibraltar a Lisboa, viaje histórico". El Pensamiento. LXXII (8). Biblioteca de Autores Españoles: 174–177. 31 August 1841.
• "Un recuerdo". El Pensamiento. LXXII (3). Biblioteca de Autores Españoles: 60–64. 15 June 1841.
• "Política general". El Pensamiento. LXXII (1). Biblioteca de Autores Españoles: 12–15. 15 May 1841.
• de la Escosura, Patricio (1879). Discurso...Madrid. p. 79.
• Casalduero, Joaquín (1967). Espronceda (2nd ed.). Madrid.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Zorrilla, José (1882–1883). Recuerdos del tiempo viejo. Vol. I. Madrid. pp. 46–50.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Geoffrey Brereton, Quelques précisions sur les sources d'Espronceda (Paris, 1933)
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Esrronceda, Jose Ignacio Javier Oriol Encarnacion de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 775.

Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article:

José de Espronceda (original works in Spanish)

• Works by José de Espronceda at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about José de Espronceda at the Internet Archive
• Works by José de Espronceda at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)