Foreign relations of Sudan
![]() |
---|
|
The foreign relations of Sudan are generally in line with the Muslim Arab world, but are also based on Sudan's economic ties with the People's Republic of China and Russia.
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Sudan maintains diplomatic relations with:
![]() | ||
---|---|---|
# | Country | Date |
1 | ![]() |
4 January 1956[1][2] |
2 | ![]() |
5 January 1956[3] |
3 | ![]() |
17 January 1956[4] |
4 | ![]() |
19 January 1956[5] |
5 | ![]() |
24 January 1956[6] |
6 | ![]() |
28 January 1956[7] |
7 | ![]() |
30 January 1956[8] |
8 | ![]() |
15 February 1956[7] |
9 | ![]() |
15 February 1956[9] |
10 | ![]() |
3 March 1956[7] |
11 | ![]() |
7 March 1956[10] |
12 | ![]() |
12 March 1956[11] |
13 | ![]() |
4 April 1956[12] |
14 | ![]() |
21 April 1956[7] |
15 | ![]() |
26 April 1956[7] |
16 | ![]() |
3 May 1956[13] |
17 | ![]() |
7 May 1956[14] |
18 | ![]() |
31 May 1956[15] |
19 | ![]() |
14 June 1956[16] |
20 | ![]() |
27 June 1956[7] |
21 | ![]() |
1 July 1956[17] |
22 | ![]() |
13 September 1956[7] |
23 | ![]() |
14 October 1956[18] |
24 | ![]() |
24 October 1956[19] |
25 | ![]() |
31 October 1956[20] |
26 | ![]() |
1956[21] |
27 | ![]() |
28 January 1957[22] |
42 | ![]() |
10 March 1957[23] |
29 | ![]() |
5 May 1957[24] |
30 | ![]() |
18 May 1957[25] |
31 | ![]() |
25 August 1957[26] |
32 | ![]() |
27 October 1957[27] |
33 | ![]() |
1957[28] |
34 | ![]() |
8 May 1958[29][30] |
35 | ![]() |
27 October 1958[31] |
36 | ![]() |
1958[32] |
37 | ![]() |
4 February 1959[33] |
38 | ![]() |
21 March 1959[34] |
39 | ![]() |
20 September 1959[35] |
40 | ![]() |
9 August 1960[36] |
41 | ![]() |
1 October 1960[37] |
42 | ![]() |
27 December 1960[38] |
43 | ![]() |
27 January 1961[39] |
44 | ![]() |
15 March 1961[40] |
45 | ![]() |
29 May 1961[41] |
46 | ![]() |
24 August 1961[42] |
47 | ![]() |
6 October 1961[43] |
48 | ![]() |
15 May 1962[44] |
49 | ![]() |
23 July 1962[45] |
50 | ![]() |
24 July 1962[46] |
51 | ![]() |
8 August 1962[45] |
52 | ![]() |
19 August 1962[45] |
53 | ![]() |
19 August 1962[45] |
54 | ![]() |
15 October 1962[47] |
55 | ![]() |
1962[48] |
56 | ![]() |
22 January 1963[49] |
57 | ![]() |
12 July 1963[50] |
58 | ![]() |
1963[51] |
59 | ![]() |
1963[52] |
60 | ![]() |
1963[53] |
61 | ![]() |
1963[54] |
62 | ![]() |
1963[55][56] |
63 | ![]() |
13 March 1964[57] |
64 | ![]() |
1964[58] |
65 | ![]() |
1964[59] |
66 | ![]() |
28 January 1965[60] |
67 | ![]() |
22 December 1965[61] |
68 | ![]() |
10 October 1968[62] |
69 | ![]() |
11 June 1969[63] |
70 | ![]() |
21 June 1969[64] |
71 | ![]() |
11 July 1969[65] |
72 | ![]() |
26 August 1969[66] |
— | ![]() |
1969[67] |
73 | ![]() |
7 July 1970[68] |
74 | ![]() |
November 1970[69] |
75 | ![]() |
1970[70] |
76 | ![]() |
23 January 1971[71] |
77 | ![]() |
December 1971[72] |
78 | ![]() |
22 August 1972[73] |
— | ![]() |
29 April 1972[74] |
79 | ![]() |
30 April 1972[75] |
80 | ![]() |
4 December 1972[76] |
81 | ![]() |
24 September 1973[77] |
82 | ![]() |
27 November 1973[78] |
83 | ![]() |
8 February 1974[79] |
84 | ![]() |
1974[80] |
85 | ![]() |
13 April 1975[81] |
86 | ![]() |
7 March 1976[82] |
87 | ![]() |
17 April 1976[83] |
88 | ![]() |
17 March 1977[84] |
89 | ![]() |
13 April 1977[85] |
90 | ![]() |
25 January 1978[86] |
91 | ![]() |
20 June 1979[87] |
92 | ![]() |
1979[88] |
93 | ![]() |
10 June 1981[89] |
94 | ![]() |
11 January 1982[90] |
95 | ![]() |
15 June 1982[91] |
96 | ![]() |
8 July 1982[92] |
97 | ![]() |
19 October 1982[93] |
98 | ![]() |
28 March 1984[94] |
99 | ![]() |
3 May 1984[95] |
100 | ![]() |
13 September 1988[96] |
101 | ![]() |
3 October 1988[97] |
102 | ![]() |
1989[98] |
103 | ![]() |
7 November 1990[99] |
104 | ![]() |
4 June 1992[100] |
105 | ![]() |
17 July 1992[101] |
106 | ![]() |
25 July 1992[102] |
107 | ![]() |
8 December 1992[103] |
— | ![]() |
1992[104] |
108 | ![]() |
10 March 1993[105] |
109 | ![]() |
17 May 1993[106] |
110 | ![]() |
22 May 1993[107] |
111 | ![]() |
27 July 1993[108] |
112 | ![]() |
5 August 1993[109] |
113 | ![]() |
25 August 1994[110] |
114 | ![]() |
10 May 1994[111] |
115 | ![]() |
19 May 1994[112] |
116 | ![]() |
26 April 1996[113] |
117 | ![]() |
August 1998[114] |
118 | ![]() |
15 July 1999[115] |
119 | ![]() |
10 September 1999[116] |
120 | ![]() |
12 April 2000[117] |
121 | ![]() |
21 September 2001[118] |
122 | ![]() |
13 June 2003[119] |
123 | ![]() |
8 October 2003[120] |
124 | ![]() |
15 October 2003[121] |
125 | ![]() |
23 October 2003[122] |
126 | ![]() |
20 May 2004[123] |
127 | ![]() |
6 January 2005[124] |
128 | ![]() |
4 May 2005[125] |
129 | ![]() |
10 May 2005[126] |
130 | ![]() |
17 September 2005[127] |
131 | ![]() |
19 September 2005[128] |
132 | ![]() |
14 October 2005[129] |
133 | ![]() |
31 October 2006[130] |
134 | ![]() |
10 January 2007[131] |
135 | ![]() |
24 September 2007[132] |
136 | ![]() |
13 February 2008[133] |
137 | ![]() |
19 June 2008[134] |
138 | ![]() |
30 May 2010[135] |
139 | ![]() |
18 June 2010[136] |
140 | ![]() |
9 July 2011[137] |
141 | ![]() |
16 August 2011[138] |
142 | ![]() |
22 July 2013[139] |
143 | ![]() |
10 April 2014[140] |
144 | ![]() |
27 June 2014[141] |
145 | ![]() |
24 October 2014[142] |
146 | ![]() |
23 January 2015[143] |
147 | ![]() |
13 March 2015[144] |
148 | ![]() |
15 April 2015[145] |
149 | ![]() |
17 August 2015[146] |
150 | ![]() |
26 September 2015[147] |
151 | ![]() |
19 December 2016[148] |
152 | ![]() |
24 May 2017[149] |
153 | ![]() |
21 June 2017[150] |
154 | ![]() |
25 January 2018[151] |
155 | ![]() |
27 March 2018[152] |
156 | ![]() |
20 April 2018[153] |
157 | ![]() |
13 August 2021[154] |
158 | ![]() |
24 February 2022[155] |
159 | ![]() |
Unknown |
Bilateral relations
Africa
Country | Notes |
---|---|
![]() |
See Algeria–Sudan relations |
![]() |
See Central African Republic–Sudan relations |
![]() |
See Chad–Sudan relations
On 23 December 2005 Chad, Sudan's neighbor to the west, declared a 'state of belligerency' with Sudan and accused the country of being the "common enemy of the nation (Chad)." This happened after the 18 December attack on Adré, which left about 100 people dead. A statement issued by Chadian government on 23 December, accused Sudanese militias of making daily incursions into Chad, stealing cattle, killing innocent people and burning villages on the Chadian border. The statement went on to call for Chadians to form a patriotic front against Sudan.[156] On 11 May 2008 Sudan announced it was cutting diplomatic relations with Chad, claiming that it was helping rebels in Darfur to attack the Sudanese capital Khartoum[157] |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1975 when Ambassador of Sudan Mr. Ibrahim Mohamed Ali has presented his credentials to President of Ivory Coast Houphouet - Boigny.[81] |
![]() |
See Egypt–Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1956 when first ambassador of Egypt to Sudan general Mahmoud Seif El-Yazal Khalifa presented his letters of credentials.[1][2] Egypt and Sudan have enjoyed intimate and longstanding historical ties, seeing as they are each other's closest allies in the North African region. The two countries are connected by various cultural ties and political aspirations. In the late 1970s, Sudan showed great solidarity with Egypt in its Camp David peace initiatives with Israel. In 2008, Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif urged the two countries to focus on two specific projects: the Gezira Scheme which aims to cultivate some two million acres (8,000 km2) of land in Sudan, and a joint project to improve food security in agricultural and meat production. Sudan asserts its claim to the Hala'ib Triangle, a barren area of 20,580 km2 under partial Sudanese administration that is defined by an administrative boundary which supersedes the treaty boundary of 1899. Egypt's policy on Sudan is in favor of a united Sudan. As such Egypt was not directly involved in the Sudan Peace Process which was hosted in Kenya under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development that gave the peoples of south Sudan the right to secede and form an independent state in 2011 after the long and brutal Sudanese civil war that cumulatively lasted 22 years and claimed 2 million lives. |
![]() |
See Eritrea–Sudan relations. |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1956 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Sudan Mr. Ato Mellas M. Andom.[7] As of 2011, good relations between Sudan and Ethiopia continued in spite of Sudan's improved ties with Eritrea.[158] President al-Bashir visited Addis Ababa twice in 2001.[158] During a visit to Khartoum in 2002, Ethiopia's prime minister, Meles Zenawi, hailed Ethiopian–Sudanese ties.[158] The two countries agreed to cancel entry visas and fees on traded commodities, and they stepped up plans to increase trade.[158] Ethiopia began early in 2003 to import oil from Sudan.[158] By 2009 Sudan supplied 80 percent of Ethiopia's demand for oil.[158] The two nations signed an agreement ending a dispute involving their 1,600-kilometer border, and landlocked Ethiopia made plans to make greater use of Port Sudan as a transshipment point.[158] Ethiopia, Sudan, and Yemen formed a regional group early in 2003 that they said was designed to "combat terrorism" in the Horn of Africa.[158] Bilateral relations among countries in the Horn of Africa tended to be fickle.[158] However, Ethiopia and Sudan continued to make progress on settling border issues.[158] The Ethiopian prime minister and Sudanese president inaugurated a major new road link between Ethiopia and Sudan at the end of 2007.[158] There were frequent subsequent exchange visits by Ethiopian and Sudanese leaders.[158] Ethiopia remained wary, however, of any effort by Sudan to return to a policy supporting Islamist militancy in the region.[158] Although Ethiopia preferred a united Sudan, it shored up its relations with South Sudan on the assumption that it would opt for secession.[158] Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea were periodic recipients of refugees from the other countries, another potential cause of friction.[158] Agreement on usage of Nile water reemerged as an important issue between Addis Ababa and Khartoum, while Asmara supported the Sudanese position as another way to irritate Ethiopia.[158] |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1959 when has been accredited Ambassador of Ghana to Sudan Mr. Carl Senage Dey.[35] |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1961 when first Guinean Ambassador to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Seydou Diallo, presented his credentials to Presidenr Abbud.[42] |
![]() |
See Kenya–Sudan relations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1965 when was accredited first ambassador of Sudan to Kenya Sayed Mohammed Mirghani.[60] |
![]() |
Relations between Sudan and Libya deteriorated in the early 1970s and reached a low in October 1981, when Libya began a policy of crossborder raids into western Sudan. Following a 1985 coup, Sudan resumed diplomatic relations with Libya.[159] Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafi ended his aid to the Christian and animist, southern-based, Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) led by Garang and welcomed the incoming government of General Suwar al Dahab.[160] In July 1985, a military protocol was signed between the two countries, and Qaddafi was the first head of state to visit the new Khartoum government. Qaddafi then strongly supported Sudanese opposition leader Sadiq al Mahdi, who became prime minister on 6 May 1986.[160] However, Mahdi soon turned against Gaddafi by declaring Sudan a neutral state in both regional and global conflicts and ordered Libyan troops to leave the country.[160] After Mahdi was overthrown in a 1989 coup d'état, the military government of Omar Al-Bashir resumed diplomatic relations with Libya,[159] as part of a policy of improving relations with neighboring Arab states.[159] In early 1990, Libya and the Sudan announced that they would seek "unity".[159] This unity was never implemented and Sudanese forces ultimately participated in the military intervention that overthrew Qaddafi by securing Kufra.[159] |
![]() |
Sudan, under the National Islamic Font government became one of the very few states in the world that recognise Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara.[161] |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1960 when Nigeria have established an Embassy in Khartoum.[37] |
![]() |
See South Sudan–Sudan relations
Official diplomatic relations commenced on 9 July 2011[137] the day of South Sudan independence when Sudan became the first state to recognise South Sudanese independence. Although cultural and economic relations predate independence and even the civil war between the two entities. |
![]() |
Relations with Uganda are plagued by a number of issues, including the death of former Vice-president Dr John Garang de Mabior whilst on a Ugandan Presidential Helicopter, backing by Sudan of the Lord's Resistance Army, and the historical backing by Uganda of various regional rebellions in Sudan, as well as Uganda's intimate relations with South Sudan (both before and after South Sudanese independence). |
Americas
Country | Notes |
---|---|
![]() |
|
![]() |
|
![]() |
See Sudan–United States relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1956 On 3 November 1997, the U.S. government imposed a trade embargo against Sudan and a total asset freeze against the Government of Sudan under Executive Order 13067. The U.S. believed the Government of Sudan gave support to international terrorism, destabilized neighboring governments, and permitted human rights violations, creating an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States.[162] On 3 June 2008, US - Sudan normalization talks broke down over the issue of conflicts in the oil-producing central region of Abyei.[163] On 17 February 2015 the U.S. government issued a general license to amend US Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions on Sudan. The general license authorizes the exportation and re-exportation to Sudan of "certain software, hardware and services incident to personal communications over the Internet.[164] In mid-January 2017, the United States lifted economic and trade sanctions on Sudan due to the Sudanese government's cooperation in fighting terrorism, reducing conflict, and denying safe havens to South Sudanese rebels.[165] On 16 March 2017, the Trump Administration resumed military relations following the exchange of military attaches. [166] In the following months, the United States Government removed Sudan from the list of Muslim-majority countries on the American travel ban and lifted all 1997 sanctions on Sudan after the Sudanese Government severed relations with North Korea.[167] In addition, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, which supported the lifting of sanctions, established an office in Khartoum.[167][168] Following the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état, the new Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok entered into talks with US officials in September 2019, seeking the removal of Sudan from the US state sponsor of terrorism list.[169] In December 2019, the US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the United States and Sudan would begin exchanging ambassadors after a 23-year period of no diplomatic relations.[170] In October 2020, US President Donald Trump announced that he would remove Sudan from the US state sponsor of terrorism list in return for Sudan paying US$355 million in compensation to American victims of terrorism and their families.[171] In addition, Sudan also established diplomatic relations with Israel with US support.[172] |
Asia
Country | Notes |
---|---|
![]() |
See Bangladesh–Sudan relations |
![]() |
See China–Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 February 1959.[33] China is Sudan's biggest trade partner. China imports oil, from Sudan, and Sudan imports low cost items as well as armaments from China. China and Sudan enjoy a very robust and productive relationship in the fields of diplomacy, economic trade, and political strategic. The two nations established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1959 and have since become strongly close global allies. Education also has close ties, as Sudanese students go to China to learn Chinese, and Chinese students go to Sudan to learn Arabic. |
![]() |
See India-Sudan relations |
![]() |
See Indonesia–Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1960.[23] |
![]() |
See Iran-Sudan relations
Relations between Sudan and Iran have long been cordial due to their opposition to the State of Israel and extensive trade and diplomatic services existed between the two nations. In January 2016, Sudan severed relations with Iran, choosing instead to align itself with Saudi Arabia's isolation of Tehran.[173] |
![]() |
Sudan has an embassy in Baghdad and Iraq's embassy is in Khartoum. During the war between Iraq and Iran in the 1980s, Sudan maintained a careful balancing act, calling for a cessation of hostilities but sympathizing with Iraq.[174] Sudan on several occasions offered to mediate the conflict.[174] By 1988, Sudan called for an end to the war on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 598.[174] Sudan supported Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, leading to a period of close relations with Baghdad.[174] Iraq was believed to have supplied weapons to Sudan and in the mid-1990s agreed to help Sudan exploit its oil wealth.[174] Although Sudan was trying to improve relations with the United States after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, it remained critical of the subsequent American-led invasion of Iraq.[174] Following the overthrow of the Ba'athist regime, however, Sudan's position on Iraq became more nuanced.[174] On the one hand, it was quick to criticize the United States, which harshly condemned Sudan's record on human rights, for its double standard in dealing with prisoners in Iraq.[174] It also advised Sudanese not to work with U.S. contractors in the country.[174] By late 2004, however, Sudan's relations with the new Iraqi government had improved to the point that Iraq's foreign minister visited Khartoum and met with al-Bashir. Subsequently, Sudan generally avoided commenting on Iraq.[174] |
![]() |
See Israel–Sudan relations
When the Arab-Israeli war began in June 1967, Sudan declared war on Israel. However, in the early 1970s, Sudan gradually shifted its stance and was supportive of the Camp David Accords. In January 2016, Sudanese Foreign Minister Ibrahim Ghandour floated normalized ties with Israel provided the U.S. government lifts economic sanctions.[175] Despite official denials from the Sudanese government, it is suspected that Israel and Sudan maintain covert relations along with other moderate Sunni states as Sudan is a member of the "Saudi coalition" and both nations are vehemently opposed to Iran.[176] On 23 October 2020, Sudan agreed to normalise relations with Israel in return for the Trump Administration removing Sudan from the United States' list of state sponsors of terrorism, easing a barrier to economic aid and investment in Sudan.[177][172] |
![]() |
See Malaysia–Sudan relations.
Malaysia has an embassy in Khartoum, while Sudan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[178] Both countries are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Sudan has brotherly relations with Malaysia. In October 2021, bilateral relations with Malaysia were adversely affected by the Sudanese transitional government's seizure of Petronas' Sudanese assets on the allegation that they had been acquired through illegal means during the rule of ousted Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir.[179] In response, the Malaysian Government urged the Sudanese government to honour the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Treaty while Petronas submitted an arbitration request at the World Bank's International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).[180][181][182] Middle East Monitor contributor Nasim Ahmed opined that the transitional Sudanese government's actions were part of a foreign policy to move away from traditional allies like Turkey, Qatar and China and to court Western investors.[183] |
![]() |
See Pakistan–Sudan relations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1956.[19] Relations between Pakistan and Sudan have been characterised as close, warm, brotherly, and cordial.[184] Both Pakistan and Sudan share the same religion as well as historical baggage of colonial rule. Both countries are members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Like Minded Group, and the Group of 77 in the United Nations. Bilateral relations strengthened when Sudan declared its support for Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani wars, and Pakistan stood by Sudan over its integrity and sovereignty, especially on its boundary disputes with both Egypt and South Sudan. Pakistan also contributed to the UN peacekeeping force in Sudan with 1,542 personnel and 92 observers during the Second Sudanese Civil War.[185] Through various memorandums of understanding, the two cooperate in the fields of agriculture, healthcare and education. Pakistan is also supporting Sudan with higher education as more than five hundred students from Sudan study in the universities of Pakistan which is the highest number of Sudanese students to any foreign country.[185] In the past, Pakistan has offered medical training to Sudanese without any tuition fees.[186] Sudan donated generously in the relief efforts during earthquake in 2005 and floods in 2010 in Pakistan. In turn, Pakistan has sent aid to Sudan during drought and famine. UNMIS Pakistani contingent regularly holds free clinics in remote areas of Blue Nile State that are currently inaccessible by land.[187] In 2009, 37th such event was held near Ad-Damazin where over 1,500 patients were treated.[188][189] Pakistan and Sudan regularly engage in collaborative dialogue at OIC summits to improve political stability in the Middle East and the Islamic World.[190] In 2014, President Mamnoon Hussain proposed a third round of Pakistan-Sudan Joint Ministerial Commission (JMC) to enhance cooperation in trade, economic and defence sectors.[191] |
![]() |
See Qatar–Sudan relations
Relations between Qatar and Sudan were first established in 1972, when Qatar inaugurated its embassy in Sudan's capital, Khartoum.[192] In turn, Sudan has an embassy in Doha, Qatar.[193] Qatar remains one of the largest foreign investors in Sudan,[194] and has helped broker peace agreements between the Sudanese government and rebel factions in Darfur.[195] |
![]() |
See Saudi Arabia–Sudan relations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1956 when Minister of the Republic of Sudan to Saudi Arabia, Sayyid Mahjoub Maccawi, presented his credentials to King Saud.[18] Saudi Arabia had been an important source of financial support for Sudan prior to the 1990–91 Gulf War.[196] Sudan's support for Iraq adversely affected its relations with Saudi Arabia, and al-Turabi's brand of Islamism was not in tune with Saudi Wahhabi philosophy.[196] Riyadh suspended grants, project loans, and concessionary oil sales.[196] This action had a devastating impact on Sudan's budget and economy.[196] The relationship normalized by 1995 and continued to improve.[196] The two countries signed an agreement in 2004 to set up a political coordination committee.[196] Al-Bashir visited Saudi Arabia in May 2004, and Saudi leaders subsequently supported Sudan's handling of the crisis in Darfur.[196] In 2005 the two countries signed two security agreements on combating crime, drug trafficking, and terrorism.[196] Saudi Arabia also began providing assistance for development projects in South Sudan.[196] Significant numbers of Sudanese had for many years worked in Saudi Arabia, a factor that increased the importance of the relationship.[196] |
![]() |
The requirement for all other agencies with intelligence-gathering and analysis functions in their charters to coordinate their activities with the ANSP was reaffirmed.[197] |
![]() |
See Sudan–Syria relations
|
![]() |
See Sudan–Turkey relations
Although on opposing sides of the Middle East Peace Process spectrum, Turkey and Sudan have in recent years joined forces to end the ongoing conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Both countries have made repeated plea talks during the offensive in Gaza during the beginning of 2009 to Palestinian officials to be of both economic and political aid to the turmoilic state. |
![]() |
See Sudan–Vietnam relations |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1956 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires a.i. of Legation of the Yemen to Sudan Sayed Salah Ahmed El Masri.[7]
As of 2011, relations between Yemen and Sudan were not particularly strong, but they took on added importance after Yemen, Sudan, and Ethiopia developed an alliance late in 2003.[196] The leaders of the three countries subsequently met frequently; the focus of their concern was often Eritrea.[196] This alliance took an interesting twist at the end of 2004, when Yemeni president Ali Abdallah Salih offered to mediate differences between Sudan and Eritrea.[196] As Sudan–Eritrea relations improved, the tripartite alliance with Ethiopia became dormant.[196] The heads of government of Sudan, Yemen, Ethiopia, and Somalia did meet in Addis Ababa early in 2007, where they focused on the situation in Somalia.[196] Sudan and Yemen also signed 14 cooperative agreements in mid-2007.[196] As of early 2011, Sudan–Yemen relations were cordial but less significant than they had been several years before.[196] |
Europe
Country | Notes |
---|---|
![]() |
The European Union (EU) served as an important barometer of Western political views toward Sudan's policies and sometimes offset more critical American positions.[199] The EU, for example, tended to be more understanding of the problems facing Sudan in resolving the crisis in Darfur.[199] It also declined, unlike the United States, to call the killings in Darfur genocide.[199] It engaged in constructive engagement with Sudan and was reluctant to impose sanctions, but it was willing to decrease or stop development aid in response to Khartoum's crackdowns and had imposed an arms embargo.[199] The EU's principal concern in Sudan was humanitarian assistance, help with conflict resolution, and implementation of the CPA.[199] Formerly, the EU collectively was the largest destination for Sudanese exports, mainly gold and gum arabic, but since at least 2000 Chinese and Japanese imports of petroleum from Sudan had surpassed the value of imports by the EU.[199] Many EU countries had small numbers of military personnel assigned to UNMIS.[199] |
![]() |
See Austria–Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1956[6] On 14 February 1958 has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Austria to Sudan Mr. Erich Hochleither.[200] |
![]() |
Belarus and Sudan have maintained good relations since several decades. Belarus exports weapons and military hardware to Sudan since 1996. In 2003, Belarus supplied Sudan with nine BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles, 39 BRDM-2 armoured reconnaissance vehicles, 16 122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30) howitzer guns, 10 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers and six BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launchers.[201] In 2007, a Sudanese delegation attended a Belarus arms show.[202] In 2013, Belarus exported Su-24 planes to Sudan.[203] In 2017, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko visited Sudan. On this occasion, delegations signed contracts worth $50 million. In the near future Sudan plans to test a Belarusian harvester which was especially designed for the country taking into account its climate.[204] Additionally, Belarus Energy Minister Vladimir Potupchik said Belarus is ready to take part in the construction and reconstruction of energy facilities in Sudan.[205] Also in January 2017, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir and his Belarusian counterpart Alexander Lukashenko signed in Khartoum a Comprehensive Friendship and Cooperation Agreement between the two countries.[206] |
![]() |
See Bulgaria–Sudan relations
In 1967, Bulgaria sent the first Bulgarian ambassador to Khartoum. The activities of the Bulgarian embassy in Khartoum were terminated in April 1990, and later reestablished in March 2005. In 2006 the General Consulate of the Sudan, in Sofia, Bulgaria has been upgraded to the rank of embassy.[207] |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1962 and the first Sudanese Ambassador Sayed Husseini presented his credentials to President Makarios.[46] |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1958 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Eggert Holten[29][30] Danish-Sudanese relations are extremely poor. On 27 February 2008, Sudan decided to boycott Danish goods after the controversial Muhammad cartoons have been reprinted by a series of newspapers in Denmark and other European countries. Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir has backed up the country and other Muslim states, requiring them to boycott Danish products just as Sudan did. He even stated that "No Danes shall ever again be able to set foot in Sudan." Due to the tensions, the two countries have closed their embassies. |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1956 when has been accredited Ambassador of France to Sudan Mr. Christian Auboyneau.[7]
France has had a long history as one of Sudan's principal commercial partners.[199] A French company was one of the prime contractors on the ill-fated Jonglei Canal.[199] In the early 1980s, Sudan awarded a concession to the French oil company, TotalFinaElf, for development of the oil reserves in Block Five in South Sudan.[199] Although the company stopped work there following the resumption of civil war, it retained the concession and initiated steps in 2004 to return.[199] France also sided with the government of Sudan in 2004 when it asserted that the situation in Darfur should not be described as genocide.[199] Chad, a former French colony and in recent years a country with which it had close relations, tended to influence France's view of the situation in Darfur.[199] French policy on Darfur became more critical following the election in 2007 of President Nicolas Sarkozy.[199] France hosted in June 2007 the United States, China, and some 15 other countries at a major conference intended to launch a new international effort to end the atrocities in Darfur.[199] The government of Sudan, angry that it was not consulted, boycotted the conference.[199] In recent years, France has shown less interest in Sudan while its policy seemed to depend on which official was speaking.[199] France is hosting an international conference on Sudan on April 15, 2024, leading to a humanitarian and political crisis.[208] |
![]() |
See Germany–Sudan relations |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1956 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Legation of the Greece to Sudan Mr. P. Calogeras.[7] |
![]() |
See Netherlands–Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1956 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires a.i. of Legation of the Netherlands to Sudan Mr. W. A. Frowein.[7] |
![]() |
See Norway–Sudan relations. |
![]() |
See Russia–Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 January 1956.[3] Russia has an embassy in Khartoum and Sudan has an embassy in Moscow. For decades, Russia and Sudan have maintained a strong economic and politically strategic partnership. Due to solidarity with both the United States and with the Soviet Union and with the allies of the two nations, Sudan declared neutrality and instead chose membership in the Non-Aligned Movement throughout the Cold War. Russo-Sudanese relations were minorly damaged when, in 1971 members of the Sudanese Communist Party attempted to assassinate then-president Gaafar Nimeiry, and Nimeiry pegged the blame on the USSR, thus enhancing Sudanese relations with the West, and were damaged again when Sudan supported the Mujahadeen in Afghanistan when the USSR invaded in 1979. Due to a common enemy, diplomatic cooperation between the two countries dramatically got back on track during the late 1990s and early 2000s, when Vladimir Putin was elected the President, and then the Prime Minister of Russia, and along with Chinese leader Hu Jintao opposed UN Peacekeepers in Darfur. Russia strongly supports Sudan's territorial integrity and opposes the creation of an independent Darfurian state. Also, Russia is Sudan's strongest investment partner in Europe and political ally in Europe, and Russia has repeatedly and significantly regarded Sudan as an important global ally in the African continent. For decades there have been Sudanese collegians studying in Russian universities. |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 1956 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Yugoslavia to Sudan Mr. Zivadin Simic.[7] |
![]() |
See Spain–Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 June 1956 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to Sudan (Resident in Cairo) Don Jose Castano y Cardona.[16] |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1957 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Sudan (Resident in Addis Ababa) Dr. Bjorn Axel Eyvind Bratt.[27] |
![]() |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1960 when has been accredited Ambassador of Switzerland to Sudan (Resident in Cairo) Dr. Jean-Louis Pahud.[38] |
![]() |
See Sudan-Ukraine relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1992.[100] |
![]() |
See Sudan–United Kingdom relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 March 1956 when has been accredited Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Sudan Sir Edwin A. Chapman-Andrews.[7] In March 2009, Sudan expelled several major foreign aid agencies including Oxfam[209][210][211] and Save the Children from Darfur in response to the extradition request of Omar al-Bashir to answer ICC charges. President al-Bashir accused foreign aid workers of being "spies" and "thieves".[211][212] Penny Lawrence, Oxfam's international director, said of the ban "It will affect more than 600,000 Sudanese people whom we provide with vital humanitarian and development aid, including clean water and sanitation on a daily basis."[213] Gordon Brown said in response "The humanitarian agencies that are working in Sudan should be allowed to stay there and continue their work."[214] In April 2009, Oxfam and other aid agencies appealed their ban[215] saying that "The expulsion is already affecting the lives of hundreds of thousands of the very poorest and most vulnerable Sudanese people".[216] Oxfam have denied working for the ICC saying that "We don't have an agreement with the ICC, we are a humanitarian organisation and we are impartial," and "We don't have anything to do with the ICC and we don't have a position on its decision."[217] |
African regional organizations
Sudan is an active member of all pertinent African organizations and is a charter member of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), established in 1963 and headquartered in Addis Ababa.[174] During most of its time as a member of the OAU, it used its membership to keep the OAU out of the civil war.[174] Even so, in 1994, the OAU mandated that negotiations toward ending the civil war be undertaken.[174] Sudan consistently made its presence known in the OAU and continued to do so in its successor forum, the African Union (AU), created in 2002.[174] In contrast to its policy of keeping the OAU out of the war in the South, Sudan accepted 8,000 AU troops in troubled Darfur (see War in Darfur), concluding that it was preferable to have an AU peacekeeping mission than one from the United Nations.[174] However, Sudan both limited the number of AU troops and confined their role to monitoring the situation rather than engaging in more proactive peacekeeping.[174] In mid-2007, al-Bashir finally agreed to allow UN forces to join AU peacekeeping operations in Darfur.[174] The crisis in Darfur prevented Sudan from taking its turn in 2006 to assume the chairmanship of the AU; most AU members wanted Sudan to make more progress in ending the Darfur conflict.[174] Subsequent indictment by the International Criminal Court further complicated al-Bashir's situation, and the AU continued to pass over his name in selecting a chairman.[174]
Sudan is a charter member of Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), established in 1996 as the successor to an earlier regional grouping.[174] The focus of IGAD in the early 2000s was regional cooperation among its seven member states.[174] IGAD played a critical role in ending the war between Khartoum and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Sudan People's Liberation Army but otherwise was not effective in mediating regional conflicts because of serious differences among its members, especially Ethiopia and Eritrea.[174] Sudan is a member of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and is one of 11 COMESA nations that had joined in a free-trade area and agreed to eliminate tariffs on goods originating in member countries.[174] Sudan is a member of the economic union led by Libya known as the Community of Sahel-Saharan States.[174] Sudan also belongs to the African Development Bank (ADB) and receives significant assistance from that organization.[174] As of 2011, it had been in arrears to the ADB since 1995 but had begun making payments in order to pay down the debt.[174] Sudan is an active member of the Nile Basin Initiative, which brought the riparian states together to discuss technical and political cooperation related to Nile water issues.[174]
Multilateral relations
Arab and Islamic organizations
Sudan joined the Arab League at independence in 1956 and used the organization over the years at every possible opportunity to support its policies.[174] Following the outbreak of conflict in Darfur in 2003 and sharp criticism of its policies by Western countries, Sudan relied on strong support from the Arab League.[174] The Arab League opposed sanctions against Sudan, and several members provided humanitarian aid to refugees fleeing the fighting.[174] By the end of 2004, the Arab League joined the cease-fire monitoring committee for Darfur.[174] Al-Bashir served as the Arab League chairman in 2006.[174] Sudan joined the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in 1969.[174] It sought support in the organization for activities such as the reconstruction of war-ravaged South Sudan.[174] Like the Arab League, the OIC supported Khartoum's actions in Darfur.[174] Sudan is also a member of a number of other Arab or Islamic regional organizations, including the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa, the Arab Monetary Fund, and the Islamic Development Bank.[174]
United Nations
Sudan joined the United Nations in 1956, and its various institutions began almost immediately to assist Sudan.[174] UN refugee assistance during Sudan's first civil war began in the early 1960s.[174] In 1965 one of the South Sudanese exile organizations unsuccessfully demanded the intervention of the United Nations to end atrocities.[174] Sudan experienced frequent criticism in UN bodies throughout the first civil war that ended in 1972.[174] Khartoum showed great skill in using the United Nations in pursuit of its own interests.[174] One example occurred in 1976, when Sudan accused Libya at the United Nations of supporting a failed coup attempt.[174]
Because the country was engaged continuously in a civil war in the South until 2005 except for the period 1972–83, Sudan was the subject of many UN resolutions.[174] The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Food Programme created Operation Lifeline Sudan in 1989 to deal with the problems created in the South by drought and the civil war.[174] The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a series of reports critical of the human-rights situation in Sudan.[174] The Security Council imposed sanctions on Sudan in May 1996 after Khartoum refused to extradite three Egyptians to Ethiopia for their alleged involvement in the attempted assassination of President Mubarak in Addis Ababa in 1995.[174] The mild sanctions reduced the number and level of Sudanese diplomats stationed abroad.[174] The Security Council, with the United States abstaining, removed these sanctions in August 2001.[174] In 2005, the UN Security Council agreed to a travel ban and asset freeze on persons suspected of committing human-rights abuses in Darfur and in 2006 imposed sanctions against four Sudanese involved in Darfur atrocities.[174] Much to the consternation of the United States, Sudan in 2004 filled an African regional seat on the United Nations Human Rights Commission.[174] A UN commission investigating atrocities in Darfur concluded in 2005 that genocide had not occurred.[174] It did find, however, that Khartoum and government-sponsored militias engaged in "widespread and systematic" abuse that might constitute crimes against humanity.[174] By late 2010, the UN had two of its largest peacekeeping operations—UNMIS and UNAMID—in Sudan.[174]
See also
References
- ^ a b Chronologie Internationale (in French). France. Direction de la documentation. 1956. p. 37.
- ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 32.
- ^ a b "Bilateral relations". Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of Sudan. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Pavol Petruf. "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992" (PDF) (in Slovak). p. 102. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b Michael Th Neugebauer (1992). Die österreichisch-afrikanischen Beziehungen seit 1955 Wirtschaft, Politik, Entwicklungspolitik, Kultur (in German). Böhlau. p. 107.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 27.
- ^ Belgisch staatsblad Issues 1-91 (in French and Dutch). 1956. p. 1999. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Sudan". history.state.gov. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 99.
- ^ "Sudan: Überblick". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ Bogdan Grzeloński (2006). Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku (in Polish). Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. p. 128.
- ^ Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 40.
- ^ Hsinhua News Agency Release Issue 2261, Part 2383. Xin hua tong xun she. 1956. p. v. 86. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 49.
- ^ "Bulgarian-Sudanese Diplomatic Relations". Embassy of the Republic of Sudan in Sofia. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ a b U.S. Records on Saudi Affairs, 1945-1959: Internal affairs, 1955-1958. Archive Editions Limited. 1997. pp. 407, 582.
- ^ a b Asian Recorder - Volume 2. 1956. p. 1105.
- ^ "Presidenza Giovanni Gronchi. Omer Abedel Hanid Adeel, Ministro del Sudan: presentazione lettere credenziali". Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica (in Italian). 31 October 1956. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "من نحن". Embassy of Lebanon in Republic of Sudan - Khartoum (in Arabic). Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 50.
- ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Egypt. Maṣlaḥat al-Misāḥah. 1959. p. 36.
- ^ Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1959. p. 39.
- ^ Hsinhua News Agency Release. 1957. p. 163.
- ^ a b Sudan Almanac. 1958. p. 26.
9.TURKEY H.E. Shams El Din Arif Mardin ... 25.8.57
- ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Egypt. Maṣlaḥat al-Misāḥah. 1959. p. 49.
- ^ Directory of Albanian officials. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Intelligence. 1988. p. 46. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ a b Udenrigsministeriets kalender (in Danish). Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. 1962. p. 169.
- ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1960. p. 32.
- ^ Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1961. p. 44.
- ^ "Relations bilatérales: Soudan". République Tunisienne Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (in French). Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ a b "60-Year Fruitful Partnership Paves the Way to a Brighter Future". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Sudan. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ News from Hsinhua News Agency Daily bulletin · Issues 441-455. 1959. p. 28.
- ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1960. p. 36.
- ^ Yitzhak Oron (1960). Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1. Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. p. 34.
- ^ a b Parliamentary Debates. Nigeria. House of Representatives. 1961. p. 433.
- ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1961. p. 57.
- ^ "Sudan". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ The Middle East Journal Spring 1961: Vol 15 Iss 2. Middle East Institute. Spring 1961. p. 204. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
- ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ a b Yitzhak Oron (1961). Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961, Volume 2. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 477.
- ^ News from Hsinhua News Agency. Daily bulletin Issues 1357-1371. 1961. p. 16.
- ^ "Comunicado Conjunto estableciendo Relaciones Diplomáticas". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d Cahiers de l'Institut d'études de l'Orient contemporain Volumes 48-50 (in French). G. P. Maisonneuve. 1962. p. 267.
- ^ a b Mideast Mirror Volume 14. Arab News Agency. 1962. p. 20.
- ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 201-202. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. pp. I 20.
- ^ Europe, France outremer Issues 393-404 (in French). 1962. p. 62.
M. Mahomet Shendi est nommé chargé d'affaires du Soudan en République centrafricaine .
- ^ "Today in Kuwait's history". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 22 January 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 137-138. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1963.
- ^ The Statesman's year-book 1963. New York : St. Martin's Press. p. 1443. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ The Middle East Volume 10. Europa Publications Limited. 1963. p. 293.
- ^ The Statesman's year-book 1963. New York : St. Martin's Press. p. 1444. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Ferguson's Directory 1963". p. 287. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1963. p. 40.
... 20. Tanganyika H.E. Sayed El Amin Mohamed El Amin . Ambassador
- ^ The Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book Volume 12. Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations. 1963. p. 358. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Relaciones político-económicas entre Chile y el continente africano" (in Spanish). p. 14. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ Steinberg, S. H. The Statesmans Year Book 1964-1965. p. 1427. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Steinberg, S. H. The Statesmans Year Book 1964-1965. p. 1427. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ a b Kenya Directory of the Diplomatic Corps of High Commissions, Embassies, Consulate-generals, Consuls, Trade Commissions, Holy See, International Organizations. Kenya Ministry of External Affairs. 1967. p. 101.
- ^ Mideast Mirror. 1965. p. 19.
... Abdu-Bakr Othman Mohammed Salah, Sudanese first ambassador to Algeria presented his credentials to Colonel Houari Boumedienne , chairman of the Revoluticnary Council which acts as a collective head of state , on December 22 ...
- ^ Brazil. Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Brazil (in Portuguese). Secretaria Geral Adjunta para o Planejamento Político. 1967. p. 85. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 3041-3117. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969.
- ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK The National Committee On North Korea. August 2016. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- ^ "Nepal–Sudan Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (as April 2010)". Ministry of Foreign affairs Viet Nam. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "سفارة دولة فلسطين – جمهورية السودان | وزارة الخارجية الفلسطينية". 12 September 2018. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. March 2020. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1971. Выпуск пятнадцатый. Зарубежные страны" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 376. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ Europe, France outremer Issues 489-500 (in French). 1970. p. 44.
BURUNDI ... Soudan : Ambassadeur ( résidant à Kampala ) M. Mahgoub Osman
- ^ ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1971. p. 116.
... Relations with Argentina and Malaysia It was announced in Khartoum on 23 February that Sudan had decided to establish diplomatic relations with Argentina and Malaysia at ambassadorial level.
- ^ "Bilateral Relationship". United Arab Emirates Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Record of the Arab World: Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics, Volume 1. Research and Publishing House. 1972. p. 599.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Africa. Agence France Presse. 1972. p. 28.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Kingdom of Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Far East · Part 3. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1973. p. A-17.
- ^ "Sudan – Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Malta and Sudan". foreign.gov.mt. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Diplomatic Relations with the Sudan. Australian foreign affairs record.Vol. 45 No. 2 (February 1974). p. 117. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ A Year Book of the Commonwealth. Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 1974. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-11-580141-9. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1975. p. 3587.
- ^ "Philippines and Sudan". The Philippines Today. 7 March 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1642-1654. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1976. p. 46. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
- ^ ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1977. p. 212.
- ^ "Sudan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1885-1892. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1978. p. 169. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Memoria Anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ The Europa year book : a world survey. 1979. Vol. 2. London : Europa. 1979. p. 920.
- ^ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
- ^ "Sudão". Portal Diplomatico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "สาธารณรัฐซูดาน (Sudan)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Le Mois en Afrique Issues 200-202 (in French). 1982. p. 166.
Lome, 8 juillet. - Trois nouveaux ambassadeurs au Togo , MM . Farouk Shelbaya , d'Egypte , Al Racheed Ab Shama , du Soudan , et Vasile Chivu Lescu de Roumanie , ont présenté leurs lettres de créances au chef de l'Etat , le général Gnassingbe Eyadema .
- ^ "México y Sudán" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 4. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 7607-7630. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1984. p. 10.
- ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa Issues 7631-7657. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1984. p. 17.
- ^ "Relaciones diplomaticas de la Republica de Panama" (PDF). Memoria 2011-2012 (in Spanish). p. 199. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Colombia and Sudan as of 3 Oct. 1988". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ Zimbabwe National Chamber of Commerce Directory. Thomson Publs. Zimbabwe (Pvt.) Limited. 1989. p. 41.
SUDAN Embassy of the Democratic Republic of Sudan 163 Second Street Harare H.E. Mr El Fatih Abdalla Yousif
- ^ Daily Report, Near East & South Asia. Vol. 4. NewsBank. 1992. p. 908.
- ^ a b "Legal basis of Ukraine and Sudan". Embassy of Ukraine to Arab Republic of Egypt. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European affairs. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "The Republic of the Sudan". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. pp. 302–309.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations between Georgia and Sudan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Republica Sudan". mfa.gov.md (in Romanian). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Eritrea Update. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. 1992. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
- ^ "Sudán: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Mojca Pristavec Đogić (2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). p. 6. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Transition (1990 - 1994) - Chronologies: 1994". omalley.nelsonmandela.org. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Sudan and Cambodia as of 19 May 1994". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Bilateral Relations". Republic of North Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Brunei Darussalam Newsletter. Department of Information, Prime Minister's Office. 31 May 1999. pp. 2–3.
- ^ "Political cooperation". Embassy of the Republic of Belarus to the Arab Republic of Egypt. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Sudan and Suriname as of 10 Sept. 1999". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ Diplomatic and Consular Directory - Issue 33. Malawi. Ministry of External Affairs, Malawi. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. June 2002. p. 17.
12-4-2000 H.E. Mr. Abdalla K. Bashir Ambassador of Sudan
- ^ "Diplomatic relations between Seychelles and Sudan as of 21 Sep. 2001". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations between Iceland and Sudan as of 13 June 2003". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Sudan and Singapore as of 8 Oct. 2003". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ Ismāʻīl, Muṣṭafá ʻUthmān (2006). Le Soudan vers un rôle de guide à l'ombre de la paix (in French). Dar-Alassalah. p. 99.
- ^ "Angola: Sudan to Open Embassy in Angola". allAfrica. 23 October 2003. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Sudan and Myanmar as of 20 May 2004". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Uzbekistan. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) and Sudan as of 4 May 2005". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Paraguay y Sudán entablan relaciones diplomáticas". abc.com.py (in Spanish). 11 May 2005. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "List of states with which the Republic of Tajikistan established diplomatic relations" (PDF). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Jamaica and Sudan as of 19 Sept. 2005". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Sudan and Lao People's Democratic Republic as of 14 Oct. 2005". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Sudan". Government of Montenegro. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Sudan and Botswana as of 10 Jan. 2007". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomaticas" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Gambia: 4 Ambassadors Present Credence". allAfrica. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Countries which has established Diplomatic Relations with Kazakhstan". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Sudan, Cape Verde to Establish Diplomatic Relations". Sudan News Agency. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Fiji and Sudan as of 18 June 2010". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Sudan's Bashir inaugurates North's embassy in South, calls on US to lift sanctions". Sudantribune.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
- ^ "Le nouvel ambassadeur de la République du Soudan a présenté ses lettres de créance au Chef de l'Etat". beit-salam.km (in French). Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ "Memoria Institucional de 15 de mayo de 2013 al 24 de junio de 2014" (PDF). gob.pe (in Spanish). June 2014. p. 66. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ "Diplomatie - Accréditations d'Ambassadeurs Soudan, Chine et Rwanda". Monaco Channel (in French). 10 April 2014. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Nicaragua and Sudan as of 27 June 2014". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Embajadores de Sudan, Georgia, Nueva Zelandia, y Angola presentaron sus Cartas Credenciales ante el Presidente Evo Morales". Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores Bolivia (in Spanish). 24 October 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Sudan and Latvia as of 23 Jan. 2015". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Ecuador and Sudan as of 13 Mar. 2015". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatie : Les ambassadeurs belge et soudanais à Iavoloha". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 16 April 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Kyrgyzstan and Sudan as of 26 Sept. 2015". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Sudan: Al-Basher Receives Credentials of New Ambassadors". allAfrica. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatische Vertretungen beim Fürstentum Liechtenstein" (PDF) (in German). 24 May 2017. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Estonia and Sudan establish diplomatic relations". Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 25 January 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ "Sudan: New Sudan Ambassador Hands Over His Credentials to King of Swaziland". allAfrica. 27 March 2018. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ "Presidente são-tomense acredita novos embaixadores dos EUA, Reino Unido e do Sudão" (in Portuguese). 20 April 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "السودان و كومنولث دومينيكا يوقعان بيانا مشتركا لاقامة علاقات دبلوماسية". mininfo.gov.sd (in Arabic). 13 August 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Saint Kitts and Nevis and Sudan as of 24 Feb. 2022". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
- ^ "Chad in 'state of war' with Sudan". BBC News. 23 December 2005. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Sudan cuts Chad ties over attack". BBC News. 11 May 2008. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Shinn, David H. (2015). "Ethiopia and Eritrea" (PDF). In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). Sudan: a country study (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 280–282. ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ a b c d e "Sudan". Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ a b c "Libya - Sub-Saharan Africa". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "アダルトまとめ 風俗・エロニュース". moroccotimes.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ U.S. Treasury - Sudan sanctions Archived 25 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "U.S. Suspends Talks With Sudan Over Oil Town Row". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 November 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "US Government Eases Sanctions to Allow Export of Personal Communications Tools to Sudan · Global Voices". 22 February 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Obama to ease Sudan sanctions on way out". Associated Press. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ^ "US, Sudan resume military ties after 24-year hiatus". Anadolu Agency. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
- ^ a b T.G. (10 October 2017). "Why America has lifted sanctions on Sudan". The Economist.
- ^ "Sudanese official defends decision to have CIA office in Khartoum". Middle East Monitor. 11 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ "After U.S. talks, Sudan sees path to lifting sanctions soon". Reuters. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ "U.S. to exchange ambassadors with Sudan, ending 23-year gap". Reuters. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ^ Spetalnick, Matt; Eltahir, Nafisa; Abdelaziz, Khalid; Williams, Dan (19 October 2020). Chang, Richard; Osterman, Cynthia; Goller, Howard (eds.). "Trump: U.S. to remove Sudan from state terrorism sponsors list after payment to victims". Reuters. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
- ^ a b Steinhauser, Gabriele; Bariyo, Nicholas (23 October 2020). "Israel-Sudan Deal: Sudan Removed From U.S. Terrorism List". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ "Sudan severs diplomatic ties with Iran - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune. 15 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Shinn, David H. (2015). "Foreign relations" (PDF). In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). Sudan: a country study (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 275–296. ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ "Sudan said willing to consider normalizing ties with Israel". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Time for Arab states to publicize their Israel ties, Netanyahu says". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Sudan-Israel relations agreed, Donald Trump announces". BBC News. 24 October 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ^ "Sudan Embassy in Kuala Lumpur". Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ Aslan, Dilara (5 October 2021). "Sudanese government seeks confiscation of Malaysia's Petronas' assets". Daily Sabah. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "Issue of Petronas Sudan Complex in Khartoum". Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 13 October 2021. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "Malaysia urges Sudan to honour bilateral treaty, observe sanctity of a diplomatic premise over Petronas Sudan Complex". Malay Mail. 13 October 2021. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ Tan, Siew Mung (13 October 2021). "Petronas pursuing legal action to cancel arrest warrant issued against ex-officers". The Edge. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ Ahmed, Nasim (28 September 2021). "Sudan is turning on former allies under the pretext of fighting corruption". Middle East Monitor. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "Pakistan, Sudan enjoy cordial relations: Badar". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ a b "Republic of Sudan (History and future of a country battered by Civil Wars) - MUSLIM Institute". muslim-institute.org. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/12296/pak-sudan-relations-thank-you-pakistan/ Archived 28 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine From Sudan: Thank you Pakistan!
- ^ "Pakistanis assisting with DDR". 12 July 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Pakistanis hold free medical camp in Kadala". 23 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Sudan: Pakistanis hold free medical camp in Kadala". Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Pakistan, Sudan agree to enhance bilateral cooperation_English_Xinhua". Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- ^ "Pakistan keen to strengthen trade, defence ties with Sudan:Mamnoon". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
- ^ "Qatar–Sudan relations". Qatari Embassy in Khartoum. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
- ^ "Sudanese Embassy in Doha, Qatar". embassypages.com. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
- ^ "Qatari-Sudanese ties – years of co-operation and excellence". Gulf Times. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
- ^ "Sudan, Darfur rebels sign ceasefire in Qatar: media". Reuters. 11 February 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Shinn, David H. (2015). "Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen" (PDF). In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). Sudan: a country study (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 287–288. ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ 세계각국소개: 수단 (in Korean). National Intelligence Service. Retrieved 8 July 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Sudan".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Shinn, David H. (2015). "European Union, Britain, and France" (PDF). In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). Sudan: a country study (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 291–292. ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Sudan Almanac. Egypt. Maṣlaḥat al-Misāḥah. 1958. p. 28.
- ^ "Belarus reports arms sales to Sudan - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Sudan, Central Asia to attend Belarus arms show - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Sudan gets second hand Belarusian Su-24 Fencer attack planes. And here are some photos". 19 August 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Belarus, Sudan sign $50m worth of contracts in Khartoum". 18 January 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Belarus ready to take part in Sudan's construction projects". 17 January 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Sudan, Belarus sign landmark deal highlighting economic boost - Xinhua - English.news.cn". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Bulgarian-Sudanese Diplomatic Relations". Sudan Embassy in Bulgaria. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ "France hosts conference on aid to war-torn Sudan". Le Monde.fr. 15 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ Sanders, Edmund (6 March 2009). "Sudan president dismisses international court's war crimes charges". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ Hendricks, Faatimah (5 March 2009). "Sudan: Govt Bans Aid Agencies From Darfur". Retrieved 24 November 2017 – via AllAfrica.
- ^ a b Crilly, Rob (16 March 2009). "Leave your aid at the airport and go President alBashir tells foreign workers". The Times. London. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "CTV.ca".
- ^ Sudan expels Oxfam and Médecins Sans Frontières from Darfur over war crimes threat to Omar al-Bashir The Daily Telegraph. 4 March 2009
- ^ "Britain's PM asks 'whole world' to pressure Sudan".
- ^ "Aid agencies appealing eviction order by Sudan - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan". Sudan Tribune. 16 March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ Foundation, Thomson Reuters. "Humanitarian - Thomson Reuters Foundation News". alertnet.org. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
{{cite web}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Arab leaders snub al-Bashir warrant". english.aljazeera.net. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
External links
- North/South Sudan Abyei Boundary Tribunal, including H.E. Former ICJ President Stephen M. Schwebel and H.E. Vice-president Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh and Final Abyei Boundary Award of 22 July 2009 and UNSG Ban Ki-Moon's Statement Commends the Abyei Award and Hague Final Abyei Ruling Raises Big Peace Hopes in Sudan Archived 14 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine and BBC and GAR and Justice Portal Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine and SPLM-NPC Joint Statement on the Abyei Award's Implementation[usurped] and USA, EU and Others Welcome PCA Verdict on Abyei[usurped] and Ruling on Oil Region Boilsters Peace in Sudan[permanent dead link] and GOSS[usurped] and Abyei Boundary Arbitration Homepage Archived 2 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- 3 July 2008
- UN SRSG for Sudan Praises Abyei Progress of 11 September 2008 Archived 23 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- Parties Deposit Abyei Arbitration Agreement and Designate Agents of 2 October 2008
- 31 October 2008
- Norway's Contribution to the PCA Fund for North and South Sudan of 18 December 2008
- Sudan Applauds U.S. President Obama of 22 January 2009 Archived 23 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine and the White House
- the Abyei Tribunal's Schedule for the Written Pleadings and Oral Hearing
- Abyei Hearing Schedule, 18-23 April 2009
- Live Webstream
- Abyei Hearing Proceeds Following Expense Row of 17 April 2009
- Oral Hearing of Abyei Arbitration Begin on 18 April 2009 Archived 23 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- Anniversary of Comprehensive Peace Agreement Between North and South Sudan of 7 January 2009
- FCO
- Sudanese-U.S. Foreign Relations from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- BBC of 9 January 2009