2020 Massachusetts Democratic presidential primary
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114 delegates (91 pledged, 23 unpledged) to the Democratic National Convention The number of pledged delegates won is determined by the popular vote | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Municipality results
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Elections in Massachusetts |
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The 2020 Massachusetts Democratic presidential primary took place on March 3, as one of 15 contests scheduled on Super Tuesday in the Democratic Party primaries for the 2020 presidential election, following the South Carolina primary the weekend before. The Massachusetts primary was a semi-closed primary, with the state awarding 114 delegates towards the 2020 Democratic National Convention, of which 91 were pledged delegates allocated on the basis of the results of the primary.
While senators Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren had been thoroughly projected in all pre-election polls and forecasts to compete for victory till the last day, former vice president Joe Biden, who had barely polled over 15% in the state, made an enormous surge and won by a large margin with over 33% of the vote and 37 delegates, continuing his string of Super Tuesday victories.[1][2][3] One of the greatest upsets of the night, Biden almost certainly owed his success to the last minute endorsements from former Democratic opponents Pete Buttigieg, Amy Klobuchar and Beto O'Rourke after his South Carolina win.[4][5] Sanders finished behind in second place with nearly 27% and 30 delegates, while Warren's third-place finish in her home state with around 21% of the vote and 24 delegates was regarded the final crush to her candidacy.[6][7] Former mayor Michael Bloomberg did not manage to win any delegates.
Procedure
Massachusetts was one of 14 states and one territory holding primaries on March 3, 2020, also known as "Super Tuesday".[8] Voting took place throughout the state from 7:00 a.m. until 8:00 p.m. in much of the state, with some precincts opening at 5:45 a.m. In the semi-closed primary, candidates had to meet a threshold of 15 percent at the congressional district or statewide level to be considered viable. The 91 pledged delegates to the 2020 Democratic National Convention were allocated proportionally on the basis of the results of the primary. Of these, between 6 and 8 were allocated to each of the state's 9 congressional districts and another 12 were allocated to party leaders and elected officials (PLEO delegates), in addition to 20 at-large delegates.[9]).[10] The Super Tuesday primary as part of Stage I on the primary timetable received no bonus delegates, in order to disperse the primaries between more different date clusters and keep too many states from hoarding on the first shared date or on a March date in general.[11]
After congressional district caucuses on April 25, 2020, during which national convention district delegates were selected, the state party committee met on May 16, 2020, and voted on the 20 at-large and 12 pledged PLEO delegates for the Democratic National Convention. The delegation was joined by 23 unpledged PLEO delegates: 9 members of the Democratic National Committee, 11 members of Congress (both senators, notably Elizabeth Warren, and 9 representatives, including former candidate Seth Moulton), as well as former DNC chairs Steven Grossman, Debra DeLee, and Paul G. Kirk.[10]
Pledged national convention delegates | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | Del. | Type | Del. |
CD1 | 6 | CD6 | 6 |
CD2 | 6 | CD7 | 8 |
CD3 | 6 | CD8 | 7 |
CD4 | 6 | CD9 | 6 |
CD5 | 8 | ||
PLEO | 12 | At-large | 20 |
Total pledged delegates | 91 |
Candidates
The Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth released the following list of candidates on the ballot:[12]
Running
Withdrawn
There were also a write-in option and a "no preference" option on the ballot.[12]
Polling
Polling Aggregation | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Source of poll aggregation | Date updated |
Dates polled |
Bernie Sanders |
Elizabeth Warren |
Joe Biden |
Michael Bloomberg |
Tulsi Gabbard |
Others/ Undecided[b] | |
270 to Win[13] | March 3, 2020 | Until March 3, 2020 | 22.4% | 21.0% | 15.0% | 13.6% | 1.8% | 26.2% | |
FiveThirtyEight[14] | March 3, 2020 | until March 3, 2020 [c] | 24.4% | 21.0% | 18.1% | 14.5% | 0.4% | 21.6% | |
Average | 23.4% | 21.0% | 16.6% | 14.0% | 1.1% | 23.9% | |||
Massachusetts primary results (March 3, 2020) | 26.6% | 21.4% | 33.4% | 11.7% | 0.7% | 6.1% |
Tabulation of individual polls of the 2020 Massachusetts Democratic Primary | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poll source | Date(s) administered |
Sample size[d] |
Margin of error |
Joe Biden |
Michael Bloomberg |
Cory Booker |
Pete Buttigieg |
Kamala Harris |
Amy Klobuchar |
Beto O'Rourke |
Deval Patrick |
Bernie Sanders |
Elizabeth Warren |
Other | Undecided | |
Klobuchar withdraws from the race; endorses Biden | ||||||||||||||||
Swayable[15] | Mar 1–2, 2020 | 917 (LV) | ± 4.0% | 17% | 18% | – | 11% | – | 5% | – | – | 27% | 15% | 8%[e] | – | |
Data for Progress[16] | Feb 28–Mar 2, 2020 | 301 (LV) | ± 5.6% | 26% | 15% | – | 2% | – | 1% | – | – | 26% | 28% | 2%[f] | – | |
Buttigieg withdraws from the race; endorses Biden | ||||||||||||||||
Suffolk University/Boston Globe/WBZ-TV[17] | Feb 26–29, 2020 | 500 (LV) | - | 11.0% | 13.0% | – | 12.4% | – | 5.0% | – | – | 24.2% | 22.2% | 3.6%[g] | 8.6% | |
WBUR/MassINC[18] | Feb 23–26, 2020 | 426 (LV) | ± 4.9% | 9% | 13% | - | 14% | - | 6% | - | - | 25% | 17% | 9%[h] | 8% | |
UMass Amherst[19] | Feb 18–24, 2020 | 400 (LV) | ± 5.9% | 12% | 9% | - | 14% | - | 7% | - | - | 25% | 23% | 8%[i] | 3% | |
Falchuk & DiNatale[20] | Feb 16–18, 2020 | 453 (LV) | – | 13% | 13% | – | 13% | – | 14% | – | – | 17% | 16% | 5%[j] | 8% | |
University of Massachusetts Lowell[21] | Feb 12–19, 2020 | 450 (LV) | ± 6.1% | 14% | 12% | – | 15% | – | 9% | – | – | 21% | 20% | 6%[k] | 4% | |
Patrick withdraws from the race | ||||||||||||||||
Falchuk & DiNatale[22] | Jan 27–30, 2020 | 334 (LV) | – | 16% | 8% | – | 6% | – | 7% | – | 3% | 12% | 23% | 7%[l] | – | |
Booker withdraws from the race | ||||||||||||||||
Harris withdraws from the race | ||||||||||||||||
Bloomberg announces his candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
Patrick announces his candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
O'Rourke withdraws from the race | ||||||||||||||||
WBUR[23] | Oct 16–20, 2019 | 456 | ± 4.6% | 18% | – | 0% | 7% | 3% | 1% | 0% | – | 13% | 33% | 7%[m] | 15% | |
Suffolk University[24] | Sep 3–5, 2019 | 500 | - | 26% | – | 1% | 5% | 3% | 0% | 1% | – | 8% | 24% | 6%[n] | 25% | |
Moulton withdraws from the race | ||||||||||||||||
Suffolk University[25] | Jun 5–9, 2019 | 370 | ± 5.1% | 22% | – | 1% | 8% | 5% | 0% | 1% | – | 6% | 10% | 5%[o] | 42% | |
Biden announces his candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
Moulton announces his candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
Buttigieg announces his candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
Emerson College[26] | Apr 4–7, 2019 | 371 | ± 5.0% | 23% | – | 2% | 11% | 7% | 2% | 8% | – | 26% | 14% | 8%[p] | – | |
O'Rourke announces his candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
Sanders announces his candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
Klobuchar announces her candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
Warren announces her candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
Booker announces his candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
Harris announces her candidacy | ||||||||||||||||
YouGov/UMass Amherst[27] | Nov 7–14, 2018 | 655 | – | 19% | – | 3% | – | 6% | 3% | 10% | 6% | 14% | 11% | 1%[q] | 27% |
Hypothetical polling with only Biden, Sanders and Warren | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poll source | Date(s) administered |
Sample size[d] |
Margin of error |
Joe Biden |
Bernie Sanders |
Elizabeth Warren |
Undecided |
Evan Falchuk and Lou DiNatalie/Commonwealth Magazine[28] | Oct 23–25, 2019 | 443 (LV) | – | 35% | 13% | 41% | 11% |
Results
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Massachusetts_Democratic_presidential_primary_election_results_by_county%2C_2020_%28margins%29.svg/300px-Massachusetts_Democratic_presidential_primary_election_results_by_county%2C_2020_%28margins%29.svg.png)
Candidate | Votes | % | Delegates[30] |
---|---|---|---|
Joe Biden | 473,861 | 33.41 | 37 |
Bernie Sanders | 376,990 | 26.58 | 30 |
Elizabeth Warren | 303,864 | 21.43 | 24 |
Michael Bloomberg | 166,200 | 11.72 | |
Pete Buttigieg (withdrawn)[a] | 38,400 | 2.71 | |
Amy Klobuchar (withdrawn)[a] | 17,297 | 1.22 | |
Tulsi Gabbard | 10,548 | 0.74 | |
Deval Patrick (withdrawn) | 6,923 | 0.49 | |
Tom Steyer (withdrawn)[a] | 6,762 | 0.48 | |
Andrew Yang (withdrawn) | 2,708 | 0.19 | |
Michael Bennet (withdrawn) | 1,257 | 0.09 | |
John Delaney (withdrawn) | 675 | 0.05 | |
Marianne Williamson (withdrawn) | 617 | 0.04 | |
Cory Booker (withdrawn) | 426 | 0.03 | |
Julian Castro (withdrawn) | 305 | 0.02 | |
All Others | 1,941 | 0.14 | |
No Preference | 5,345 | 0.38 | |
Blank ballots | 4,061 | 0.29 | |
Total | 1,418,180 | 100% | 91 |
Results by county
2020 Massachusetts Democratic primary
(results per county)[29] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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County | Joe Biden | Bernie Sanders | Elizabeth Warren | Michael Bloomberg | Pete Buttigieg | Amy Klobuchar | Tulsi Gabbard | Deval Patrick | Tom Steyer | Andrew Yang | Michael Bennet | John Delaney | Marianne Williamson | Cory Booker | Julian Castro | No Preference | Blank ballots | All Others | Total votes cast | ||||||||||||||||||
Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | ||
Barnstable | 21,423 | 38.44 | 12,106 | 21.72 | 9,399 | 16.86 | 8,011 | 14.37 | 2,177 | 3.91 | 1,056 | 1.89 | 388 | 0.70 | 213 | 0.38 | 426 | 0.76 | 86 | 0.15 | 45 | 0.08 | 18 | 0.03 | 31 | 0.06 | 13 | 0.02 | 2 | 0.00 | 186 | 0.33 | 103 | 0.18 | 51 | 0.09 | 55,734 |
Berkshire | 10,978 | 38.35 | 8,196 | 28.63 | 5,549 | 19.38 | 2,634 | 9.20 | 461 | 1.61 | 227 | 0.79 | 115 | 0.40 | 210 | 0.73 | 28 | 0.10 | 26 | 0.09 | 15 | 0.05 | 11 | 0.04 | 13 | 0.05 | 6 | 0.02 | 11 | 0.04 | 80 | 0.28 | 44 | 0.15 | 22 | 0.08 | 28,626 |
Bristol | 29,181 | 36.91 | 22,885 | 28.94 | 10,606 | 13.41 | 10,350 | 13.09 | 2,196 | 2.78 | 818 | 1.03 | 635 | 0.80 | 547 | 0.69 | 488 | 0.62 | 120 | 0.15 | 88 | 0.11 | 46 | 0.06 | 44 | 0.06 | 37 | 0.05 | 25 | 0.03 | 504 | 0.64 | 307 | 0.39 | 189 | 0.24 | 79,066 |
Dukes | 1,962 | 32.63 | 1,632 | 27.15 | 1,287 | 21.41 | 718 | 11.94 | 192 | 3.19 | 99 | 1.65 | 36 | 0.60 | 19 | 0.32 | 30 | 0.50 | 8 | 0.13 | 5 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.00 | 3 | 0.05 | 2 | 0.03 | 1 | 0.02 | 7 | 0.12 | 6 | 0.10 | 5 | 0.08 | 6,012 |
Essex | 52,900 | 33.97 | 41,877 | 26.89 | 28,220 | 18.12 | 20,661 | 13.27 | 4,761 | 3.06 | 2,111 | 1.36 | 1,482 | 0.95 | 852 | 0.55 | 890 | 0.57 | 264 | 0.17 | 167 | 0.11 | 79 | 0.05 | 67 | 0.04 | 49 | 0.03 | 48 | 0.03 | 586 | 0.38 | 445 | 0.29 | 268 | 0.17 | 155,727 |
Franklin | 4,804 | 23.54 | 8,185 | 40.11 | 5,159 | 25.28 | 1,274 | 6.24 | 305 | 1.49 | 159 | 0.78 | 161 | 0.79 | 84 | 0.41 | 66 | 0.32 | 42 | 0.21 | 8 | 0.04 | 47 | 0.23 | 10 | 0.05 | 2 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.00 | 44 | 0.22 | 44 | 0.22 | 13 | 0.06 | 20,408 |
Hampden | 23,009 | 36.60 | 19,260 | 30.63 | 8,599 | 13.68 | 7,860 | 12.50 | 1,170 | 1.86 | 599 | 0.95 | 484 | 0.77 | 537 | 0.85 | 141 | 0.22 | 118 | 0.19 | 165 | 0.26 | 62 | 0.10 | 30 | 0.05 | 28 | 0.04 | 44 | 0.07 | 319 | 0.51 | 257 | 0.41 | 189 | 0.30 | 62,871 |
Hampshire | 10,722 | 24.35 | 15,318 | 34.78 | 12,986 | 29.49 | 3,052 | 6.93 | 721 | 1.64 | 426 | 0.97 | 231 | 0.52 | 141 | 0.32 | 57 | 0.13 | 58 | 0.13 | 17 | 0.04 | 9 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.04 | 8 | 0.02 | 6 | 0.01 | 146 | 0.33 | 86 | 0.20 | 41 | 0.09 | 44,041 |
Middlesex | 123,553 | 30.54 | 99,704 | 24.64 | 109,318 | 27.02 | 45,727 | 11.30 | 11,302 | 2.79 | 5,328 | 1.32 | 2,733 | 0.68 | 1,374 | 0.34 | 1,517 | 0.37 | 895 | 0.22 | 255 | 0.06 | 136 | 0.03 | 124 | 0.03 | 102 | 0.03 | 49 | 0.01 | 1,269 | 0.31 | 827 | 0.20 | 404 | 0.10 | 404,617 |
Nantucket | 1,055 | 40.56 | 624 | 23.99 | 384 | 14.76 | 373 | 14.34 | 66 | 2.54 | 35 | 1.35 | 15 | 0.58 | 9 | 0.35 | 17 | 0.65 | 4 | 0.15 | 2 | 0.08 | 4 | 0.15 | 1 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 9 | 0.35 | 2 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.04 | 2,601 |
Norfolk | 61,914 | 37.02 | 36,074 | 21.57 | 34,126 | 20.40 | 23,101 | 13.81 | 4,791 | 2.86 | 2,317 | 1.39 | 1,352 | 0.81 | 658 | 0.39 | 862 | 0.52 | 345 | 0.21 | 102 | 0.06 | 55 | 0.03 | 68 | 0.04 | 42 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.01 | 694 | 0.41 | 467 | 0.28 | 275 | 0.16 | 167,254 |
Plymouth | 37,270 | 38.64 | 23,254 | 24.11 | 14,214 | 14.74 | 13,390 | 13.88 | 3,352 | 3.48 | 1,400 | 1.45 | 933 | 0.97 | 566 | 0.59 | 789 | 0.82 | 164 | 0.17 | 60 | 0.06 | 53 | 0.05 | 59 | 0.06 | 33 | 0.03 | 19 | 0.02 | 468 | 0.49 | 306 | 0.32 | 127 | 0.13 | 96,457 |
Suffolk | 47,608 | 29.79 | 48,636 | 30.43 | 41,885 | 26.21 | 13,745 | 8.60 | 2,513 | 1.57 | 965 | 0.60 | 819 | 0.51 | 974 | 0.61 | 377 | 0.24 | 312 | 0.20 | 213 | 0.13 | 103 | 0.06 | 70 | 0.04 | 59 | 0.04 | 52 | 0.03 | 464 | 0.29 | 818 | 0.51 | 196 | 0.12 | 159,809 |
Worcester | 47,482 | 35.18 | 39,239 | 29.08 | 22,132 | 16.40 | 15,304 | 11.34 | 4,393 | 3.26 | 1,757 | 1.30 | 1,164 | 0.86 | 739 | 0.55 | 1,074 | 0.80 | 266 | 0.20 | 115 | 0.09 | 52 | 0.04 | 81 | 0.06 | 45 | 0.03 | 36 | 0.03 | 569 | 0.42 | 349 | 0.26 | 160 | 0.12 | 134,957 |
Total | 473,861 | 33.41 | 376,990 | 26.58 | 303,864 | 21.43 | 166,200 | 11.72 | 38,400 | 2.71 | 17,297 | 1.22 | 10,548 | 0.74 | 6,923 | 0.49 | 6,762 | 0.48 | 2,708 | 0.19 | 1,257 | 0.09 | 675 | 0.05 | 617 | 0.04 | 426 | 0.03 | 305 | 0.02 | 5,345 | 0.38 | 4,061 | 0.29 | 1,941 | 0.14 | 1,418,180 |
Analysis
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/2020_Democratic_Presidential_primary_election_in_Massachusetts_by_municipalities.svg/300px-2020_Democratic_Presidential_primary_election_in_Massachusetts_by_municipalities.svg.png)
According to exit polls, Biden overwhelmingly won voters over 50, followed by Warren, while Sanders did the same with voters under 40. Voters between the ages of 40 and 49 years old were split between Biden (32%) and Sanders (31%). Biden also won white voters by 8 points over Sanders and African-American voters by 7 points, while Sanders won the Hispanic/Latino vote over Biden by 13 points. Sanders also won the LGBTQ+ voters over Warren and Biden by 12 and 23 points respectively.[31]
Biden carried 7 of the state's 9 congressional districts: the 1st, 3rd, 4th (where Biden got his widest margin of victory), 5th, 6th, 8th, and the 9th. Sanders carried the remaining districts.[32] The one comprised by the Boston-Metro Area showed the best performance for Sanders, and was the only district where Warren finished second.[33] This was a change from the pre-election prediction that Biden would do better in this district and Sanders worse.[34]
Notes
Polling Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Candidate withdrew after early voting started, but before the date of the election.
- ^ Calculated by subtracting polled candidates from 100%
- ^ FiveThirtyEight aggregates polls with a trendline regression of polls rather than a strict average of recent polls.
- ^ a b Key:
A – all adults
RV – registered voters
LV – likely voters
V – unclear - ^ Steyer with 4%; Gabbard with 1%; "Other" with 3%
- ^ Gabbard with 2%
- ^ Steyer with 2.4%; Gabbard with 0.8%; refused with 0.4%
- ^ Gabbard with 1%; Steyer with 2%; Would not vote with 2%
- ^ Gabbard with 4%; Steyer with 3%
- ^ Gabbard with 3%; Steyer with 2%
- ^ Gabbard with 3%; Steyer with 2%; "Another candidate" with 1%
- ^ Steyer with 4%; Yang with 3%; Booker with 0%
- ^ Gabbard with 2%; Delaney, Steyer and Yang with 1%; Bennet, Bullock, Castro, Messam, Ryan, Sestak, and Williamson with 0%; others with 2%; would not vote with 2%
- ^ Gabbard with 2%; Bennet, Bullock and Yang with 1%; de Blasio, Castro, Delaney, Messam, Ryan, Sestak, Steyer and Williamson with 0%; refused with 1%
- ^ Gabbard, Moulton, and Yang with 1%; Bennet, Bullock, Castro, de Blasio, Delaney, Gillibrand, Gravel, Hickenlooper, Inslee, Klobuchar, Messam, Ryan, Swalwell, and Williamson with 0%; others with 1%
- ^ Castro, Delaney, Gabbard, and Yang with 1%; Gillibrand and Inslee with 0%; others with 5%
- ^ Moulton with 1%
See also
References
- ^ "Biden defeats Warren in her home state of Massachusetts". Associated Press. March 3, 2020.
- ^ Conradis, Brandon (March 3, 2020). "Biden wins major upset in Massachusetts". TheHill.
- ^ Murray, Stephanie (March 4, 2020). "BIDEN wins Bay State SHOCKER — WARREN comes in THIRD at home — Mass. GOP rallies around TRUMP". POLITICO.
- ^ Rakich, Nathaniel (February 28, 2020). "What Our Forecast Says In Massachusetts, Maine And Vermont". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- ^ Breuninger, Kevin (March 4, 2020). "Joe Biden wins Massachusetts primary, NBC News projects, a crushing blow to Elizabeth Warren". CNBC. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- ^ "Massachusetts Democratic Delegation 2020". www.thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ "MA District Delegate Allocation Documents.pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
- ^ Putnam, Josh. "The 2020 Presidential Primary Calendar". Frontloading HQ. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
- ^ "2020 Democratic National Convention". Massachusetts Democratic Party. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
- ^ a b "Massachusetts Democratic Delegation 2020". The Green Papers. May 5, 2019. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
- ^ "Democratic Timing Penalties and Bonuses". The Green Papers. November 24, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
- ^ a b Mass. Elections [@VotingInMass] (December 20, 2019). "These are your 2020 Presidential Primary ballots, Massachusetts" (Tweet). Retrieved December 20, 2019 – via Twitter.
- ^ 270 to Win
- ^ FiveThirtyEight
- ^ Swayable Archived 2020-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Data for Progress
- ^ Suffolk University/Boston Globe/WBZ-TV
- ^ WBUR/MassINC
- ^ UMass Amherst
- ^ Falchuk & DiNatale
- ^ University of Massachusetts Lowell
- ^ Falchuk & DiNatale
- ^ WBUR
- ^ Suffolk University
- ^ Suffolk University
- ^ Emerson College Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ YouGov/UMass Amherst
- ^ Evan Falchuk and Lou DiNatalie/Commonwealth Magazine
- ^ a b "2020 President Democratic Primary". Mass.gov. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
- ^ "2020 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions: Massachusetts Democrat". Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ^ "Exit and entrance polls from the 2020 primaries and caucuses". www.cnn.com. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ "MA District Delegate Allocation Documents.pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ "Massachusetts Democratic Delegation 2020". www.thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
- ^ Rakich, Nathaniel (February 28, 2020). "What Our Forecast Says In Massachusetts, Maine And Vermont". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved April 19, 2020.