User:Nhiêu Lộc/Human muscles
Appearance
![On the anterior and posterior views of the muscular system above, superficial muscles (those at the surface) are shown on the right side of the body while deep muscles (those underneath the superficial muscles) are shown on the left half of the body. For the legs, superficial muscles are shown in the anterior view while the posterior view shows both superficial and deep muscles.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1105_Anterior_and_Posterior_Views_of_Muscles.jpg/550px-1105_Anterior_and_Posterior_Views_of_Muscles.jpg)
Head
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
occipitofrontalis | 2 occipital bellies and 2 frontal bellies. | galea aponeurotica | facial nerve | raises the eyebrows | ||
occipitalis | superior nuchal line of the occipital bone mastoid part of the temporal bone |
galea aponeurotica | occipital artery | posterior auricular nerve (facial nerve) | ||
frontalis | galea aponeurotica | mastoid process | ophthalmic artery | facial nerve | wrinkles eyebrow | |
orbicularis oculi | frontal bone; medial palpebral ligament; lacrimal bone | lateral palpebral raphe | ophthalmic, zygomatico-orbital, angular | zygomatic branch of facial | closes eyelids | levator palpebrae superioris |
corrugator supercilii | superciliary arches | forehead skin, near eyebrow | facial nerve | wrinkles forehead | ||
depressor supercilii | medial orbital rim | medial aspect of bony orbit | facial nerve | Depresses the eyebrow |
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masseter | zygomatic arch and maxilla | coronoid process and ramus of mandible | masseteric artery | masseteric nerve (V3) | elevation (as in closing of the mouth) and retraction of mandible | platysma muscle |
temporalis | temporal lines on the parietal bone of the skull | coronoid process of the mandible | deep temporal | third branch (mandibular nerve) of the trigeminal nerve | elevation and retraction of mandible | |
Pterygoid muscles | ||||||
lateral | great wing of sphenoid and pterygoid plate | condyle of mandible | pterygoid branches of maxillary artery | external pterygoid nerve from the mandibular nerve | depresses mandible | |
medial | deep head: medial side of lateral pterygoid plate behind the upper teeth superficial head: pyramidal process of palatine bone and maxillary tuberosity |
medial angle of the mandible | mandibular nerve via nerve to medial pterygoid | elevates mandible, closes jaw, helps lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw from side to side |
Cervical
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
platysma | inferior clavicle and fascia of chest | mandible | branches of the submental artery and suprascapular artery | cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) | Draws the corners of the mouth inferiorly and widens it (as in expressions of sadness and fright). Also draws the skin of the neck superiorly when teeth are clenched | Masseter, Temporalis |
sternocleidomastoid | manubrium sterni, medial portion of the clavicle | mastoid process of the temporal bone, superior nuchal line | occipital artery and the superior thyroid artery | motor: accessory nerve sensory: cervical plexus |
Acting alone, tilts head to its own side and rotates it so the face is turned towards the opposite side.
Acting together, flexes the neck, raises the sternum and assists in forced inspiration. || |
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
digastric | anterior belly – digastric fossa (mandible); posterior belly - mastoid process of temporal bone | Intermediate tendon (hyoid bone) | anterior belly - mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V) via the mylohyoid nerve; posterior belly - facial nerve (CN VII) | Opens the jaw when the masseter and the temporalis are relaxed. | ||
stylohyoid | styloid process (temporal) | greater cornu of hyoid bone | facial nerve (CN VII) | Elevate the hyoid during swallowing | ||
mylohyoid | Mylohyoid line (mandible) | Median raphé | mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery | mylohyoid nerve, from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve [V3] | Raises oral cavity floor, elevates hyoid, depresses mandible | |
geniohyoid | Symphysis menti | hyoid bone | C1 via hypoglossal nerve | carry hyoid bone and the tongue upward during deglutition |
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sternohyoid | manubrium of sternum | hyoid bone | ansa cervicalis | depress hyoid bone | ||
sternothyroid | manubrium | thyroid cartilage | Ansa cervicalis | Elevates larynx, may slightly depress hyoid bone | ||
thyrohyoid | thyroid cartilage | hyoid bone | first cervical nerve | depress hyoid bone | ||
omohyoid | Upper border of the scapula | Hyoid bone | Ansa cervicalis | Depresses the larynx and hyoid bone. Carries hyoid bone backward and to the side |
Neck
Anterior
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
longus colli | Transverse processes of C-3 - C-6 | Anterior arch of atlas | C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 | Flexes the neck and head | ||
longus capitis | anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae | basilar part of the occipital bone | C1, C2, C3/C4 | flexion of neck at atlanto-occipital joint | ||
rectus capitis anterior | atlas | occipital bone | C1 | flexion of neck at atlanto-occipital joint | ||
rectus capitis lateralis | upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas | under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone | C1 | Sidebend at atlanto-occipital joint |
Lateral
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
scalene muscles | cervical vertebrae | first and second ribs | ascending cervical artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery) | cervical nerves (C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 | elevation of ribs I&II | |
anterior | C3-C6 | first rib | ascending cervical artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery) | ventral ramus of C5, C6 | When the neck is fixed, elevates the first rib to aid in breathing or when the rib is fixed, bends the neck forward and sideways and rotates it to the opposite side | |
medius | C2-C6 | first rib | ascending cervical artery (branch of inferior thyroid artery) | ventral rami of the third to eighth cervical spinal nerves | Elevate 1st rib, rotate the neck to the opposite side | |
posterior | transverse processes of C4 - C6 | 2nd rib | ascending cervical artery, superficial cervical artery | C6, C7, C8 | Elevate 2nd rib, tilt the neck to the same side | |
levator scapulae | Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 | Superior part of medial border of scapula | dorsal scapular artery | cervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5) | Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula | |
rectus capitis lateralis | upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas (C1) | under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone | C1 | |||
obliquus capitis superior | lateral mass of atlas | lateral half of the inferior nuchal line | suboccipital nerve | |||
inferior | spinous process of the axis | lateral mass of atlas | suboccipital nerve |
Posterior
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rectus capitis posterior minor | the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas (C1) | the medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum | a branch of the dorsal primary division of the suboccipital nerve | extends the head at the neck, but is now considered to be more of a sensory organ than a muscle | ||
rectus capitis posterior major | spinous process of the axis (C2) | inferior nucheal line of the occipital bone | Dorsal ramus of C1 (suboccipital nerve) | |||
semispinalis capitis | articular processes of C4-C6; transverse processes of C7 and T1-T7 | occipital bone between the superior and inferior nuchal lines | greater occipital nerve | Extension of the head | ||
longissimus capitis | articular processes of C4-C7; transverse processes ot T1-T5 | posterior margin of the mastoid process | lateral sacral artery | posterior branch of spinal nerve | Laterally: Flex the head and neck to the same side. Bilaterally: Extend the vertebral column. | |
splenius capitis | ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T6 | Mastoid process | C3, C4 | Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head | ||
obliquus capitis superior | lateral mass of atlas | lateral half of the inferior nuchal line | suboccipital nerve | |||
obliquus capitis inferior | spinous process of the axis | lateral mass of atlas | suboccipital nerve |
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
intercostales | ribs 1-11 | ribs 2-12 | intercostal arteries | intercostal nerves | ||
external | intercostal arteries | intercostal nerves | Inhalation | internal | ||
internal | rib - inferior border | rib - superior border | intercostal arteries | intercostal nerves | hold ribs steady | external |
innermost | intercostal arteries | intercostal nerves | Elevate ribs | |||
subcostales | inner surface of one rib | inner surface of the second or third rib above, near its angle | intercostal nerves | |||
transversus thoracis | costal cartilages of last 3-4 ribs, body of sternum, xiphoid process | ribs/costal cartilages 2-6 | intercostal arteries | intercostal nerves | depresses ribs | |
levatores costarum | transverse processes of C7 to T12 vertebrae | superior surfaces of the ribs immediately inferior to the preceding vertebrae | dorsal rami - C8, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11 | Assists in elevation of the thoracic rib cage | ||
Serratus posterior muscles | ||||||
inferior | vertebrae T11 - L3 | the inferior borders of the 9th through 12th ribs | intercostal arteries | intercostal nerves | depress the lower ribs, aiding in expiration | |
superior | nuchal ligament (or ligamentum nuchae) and the spinous processes of the vertebrae C7 through T3 | the upper borders of the 2nd through 5th ribs | intercostal arteries | 2nd through 5th intercostal nerves | elevate the ribs which aids in inspiration | |
diaphragm | pericardiacophrenic artery, musculophrenic artery, inferior phrenic arteries | phrenic and lower intercostal nerves | respiration |
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pectoralis major | anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle. Sternocostal head: anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages |
intertubercular groove of the humerus | pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk | lateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerve Clavicular head: C5 and C6 Sternocostal head: C7, C8 and T1 |
Clavicular head: flexes the humerus Sternocostal head: extends the humerus As a whole, adducts and medially rotates the humerus. It also draws the scapula anteriorly and inferiorly. |
|
pectoralis minor | 3rd to 5th ribs, near their costal cartilages | medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula | Pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk | Medial pectoral nerves (C8, T1) | stabilizes the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall | |
subclavius | first rib | subclavian groove of clavicle | thoracoacromial artery, clavicular branch | nerve to subclavius | Depresses the clavicle | |
serratus anterior | fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs | costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula | lateral thoracic artery (upper part), thoracodorsal artery (lower part) | long thoracic nerve (from roots of brachial plexus C5, C6, C7) | protract and stabilize scapula, assists in upward rotation | Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Trapezius |
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
coracobrachialis | coracoid process of scapula | medial humerus | brachial artery | musculocutaneous nerve | flexes at shoulder joint | |
biceps brachii | short head: coracoid process of the scapula. long head: supraglenoid tubercle | radial tuberosity | brachial artery | Musculocutaneous nerve (Lateral cord: C5, C6, C7) | flexes elbow and supinates forearm | Triceps brachii muscle |
brachialis | anterior surface of the humerus, particularly the distal half of this bone | coronoid process and the tuberosity of the ulna | radial recurrent artery | musculocutaneous nerve | flexion at elbow joint |
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
triceps brachii | long head:Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula lateral head: posterior humerus - above radial grove medial head: posterior humerus-under radial groove |
olecranon process of ulna | Profunda brachii | radial nerve | extends forearm, caput longum adducts shoulder | Biceps brachii muscle |
anconeus | Lateral epicondyle of the humerus | lateral surface of the olecranon process and the superior part of the posterior ulna | Profunda brachii, recurrent interosseous artery | radial nerve (C7, C8, and T1) | partly blended in with the triceps, which it assists in extension of the forearm. Stabilises the elbow and abducts the ulna during pronation. |
Superficial
Deep
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pronator quadratus | medial, anterior surface of the ulna | lateral, anterior surface of the radius | anterior interosseous artery | median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve) | pronates the forearm | Supinator muscle |
flexor digitorum profundus | ulna | distal phalanges | anterior interosseous artery | median (anterior interosseous), muscular branches of ulnar | flex hand, interphalangeal joints | Extensor digitorum muscle |
flexor pollicis longus | The middle 2/4 of the volar [disambiguation needed] surface of the radius and the adjacent interosseus membrane. (Also occasionally a small origin slightly on the medial epicondyle of the ulna.) | The base of the distal phalanx of the thumb | Anterior interosseous artery | Anterior interosseous nerve (branch of median nerve) (C8, T1) | Flexion of the thumb | Extensor pollicis longus muscle, Extensor pollicis brevis muscle |
Superficial
Deep
Lateral volar
Medial volar
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
palmaris brevis | flexor retinaculum (medial), palmar aponeurosis | palm | superficial branch of ulnar nerve | wrinkle skin of palm | ||
Hypothenar | ||||||
abductor digiti minimi | pisiform | base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th digit on the ulnar or medial side | ulnar artery | deep branch of ulnar nerve | Abduction of little finger | |
flexor digiti minimi brevis | hamate bone | little finger | ulnar artery | deep branch of ulnar nerve | flexes little finger | extensor digiti minimi muscle |
opponens digiti minimi | Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum | Medial border of 5th metacarpal | ulnar artery | deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8 and T1) | Draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing little finger (5th digit) into opposition with thumb |
Intermediate
Lower limb
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
biceps femoris | long head: tuberosity of the ischium, short head: linea aspera, femur[5] | the head of the fibula[5] which articulates with the back of the lateral tibial condyle | inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries, popliteal artery | long head: medial (tibial) part of sciatic nerve, short head: lateral (common fibular) part of sciatic nerve[5] | flexes knee joint, laterally rotates leg at knee (when knee is flexed), extends hip joint (long head only)[5] | Quadriceps muscle |
semitendinosus | tuberosity of the ischium[5] | pes anserinus | inferior gluteal artery, perforating arteries | sciatic[5] (tibial, L5, S1, S2) | flexes knee, extends hip joint, medially rotates leg at knee[5] | Quadriceps muscle |
semimembranosus | tuberosity of the ischium[5] | Medial surface of tibia[5] | profunda femoris, gluteal artery | sciatic nerve[5] | flexes knee, extends hip joint, medially rotates leg at knee[5] | Quadriceps muscle |
Superficial
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
triceps surae | achilles tendon, calcaneus | posterior tibial artery | tibial nerve | plantarflexion | ||
gastrocnemius | medial and Lateral condyle of the femur | calcaneus | sural arteries | tibial nerve from the sciatic, specifically, nerve roots S1, S2 | plantarflexion, flexion of knee (minor) | Tibialis anterior muscle |
soleus | fibula, medial border of tibia (soleal line) | tendo calcaneus | sural arteries | tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2 | plantarflexion | tibialis anterior muscle |
plantaris | lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius | tendo calcaneus (medial side, deep to gastrocnemius tendon) | sural arteries | tibial nerve | Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee | Tibialis anterior muscle |
Deep
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
popliteus | middle facet of the lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle | posterior tibia under the tibial condyles | popliteal artery | tibial nerve | Medial rotation and flexion of knee | |
tarsal tunnel | ||||||
flexor hallucis longus | fibula, posterior aspect of upper 1/3 | base of distal phalanx of hallux | Peroneal artery (peroneal branch of the posterior tibial artery | tibial nerve, S1, S2 nerve roots | flexes all joints of the Hallux, plantar flexion of the ankle joint | Extensor hallucis longus muscle |
flexor digitorum longus | medial tibia | distal phalanges of lateral four digits | posterior tibial artery | Tibial nerve | Primary action is Flex digits | Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor digitorum brevis |
tibialis posterior | tibia, fibula | navicular, medial cuneiform | posterior tibial artery | tibial nerve | inversion of the foot, plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle | Tibialis anterior muscle |
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
longus | fibula | first metatarsal, medial cuneiform | fibular (peroneal) artery | superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve | plantarflexion, eversion | Tibialis anterior muscle | |
brevis | fibula | fifth metatarsal | fibular (peroneal) artery | superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve | plantarflexion, eversion |
Dorsal
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
extensor digitorum brevis | calcaneus | toes | deep peroneal nerve | extends digits 2, 3, and 4 | Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor digitorum brevis | |
extensor hallucis brevis | calcaneus | base of proximal phalanx of hallux | deep peroneal nerve | Extension of hallux | Flexor hallucis brevis muscle |
Plantar
1st layer
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
abductor hallucis | medial process of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, plantar aponeurosis | medial side of base of proximal phalanx of first digit | medial plantar nerve | abducts hallux | Adductor hallucis muscle | |
flexor digitorum brevis | medial process of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, intermuscular septa | middle phalanges of digits 2-5 | medial plantar nerve | flexes lateral four toes | Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor digitorum brevis | |
abductor digiti minimi | Plantar aponeurosis | Fifth toe or Phalanges | lateral plantar artery | lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2) | flex and abduct the fifth toe | Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle |
2nd layer
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
quadratus plantae | Calcaneus | Tendons of Flexor Digitorum Longus | lateral plantar nerve (S1, S2) | Assists Flexor Digitorum Longus in flexion of DIP joints | ||
lumbrical muscle | tendons of flexor digitorum longus | medial aspect of extensor expansion of proximal phalanges of lateral four digits | lateral plantar artery and plantar arch, and four plantar metatarsal arteries | lateral plantar nerve (lateral three lumbricals) and medial plantar nerve (first lumbrical) | maintain extension of digits at interphalangeal joints |
3rd layer
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
flexor hallucis brevis | medial plantar nerve | flex hallux | Extensor hallucis longus muscle | |||
adductor hallucis | Plantar nerve | adducts hallux | Abductor hallucis muscle | |||
flexor digiti minimi brevis | fifth metatarsal bone | phalanx of the fifth toe | lateral plantar nerve (superficial branch) | extend and adduct the fifth toe | Abductor digiti minimi muscle |
4th layer
Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Artery | Nerve | Action | Antagonist |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dorsal interossei | plantar nerve [disambiguation needed] | abduct toes | Plantar interossei muscles | |||
plantar interossei | metatarsals | proximal phalanges | plantar nerve [disambiguation needed] | adduct toes | Dorsal interossei of the foot |
Innervation overview
- ^ a b exrx.net
- ^ a b Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 193
- ^ Gosling et al. 2008, p. 200
- ^ Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 217
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gosling 2008, p. 273
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gosling et al. 2008, p. 266
- ^ MedicalMnemonics.com: 255