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This is a list of megaprojects. "Megaprojects are temporary endeavours (i.e. projects) characterized by: large investment commitment, vast complexity (especially in organizational terms), and long-lasting impact on the economy, the environment, and society".^[1] The number of such projects is so large that the list may never be fully completed.

Definitions

Megaprojects may be defined as:

Projects that cost more than US$1 billion and attract a lot of public attention because of substantial impacts on communities, environment, and budgets
Projects can also be "initiatives that are physical, very expensive, and public".^[2]

Megaprojects require care in the project development process to reduce any possible optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation. Examples of megaprojects include bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and weapons systems.

This list identifies a wide variety of examples of major historic and contemporary projects that meet one or both megaproject criteria identified above.

Aerospace projects

Airbus A380, a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by Airbus.
Antonov An-225 is the longest and heaviest aircraft in service. Only one unit was ever completed.
Boeing B-29 Superfortress, the first nuclear bomber, which cost 50% more than the development of the bombs in the Manhattan Project.
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, with 6 decades of service as a strategic nuclear bomber, it is one of the largest military aircraft ever built. Every other bomber produced in the US after the B-52 have been megaprojects; however, it has not been replaced nor will it be in the foreseeable future.
Boeing 2707 and Lockheed L-2000 supersonic aircraft projects, initiated in 1963 via a US government-funded competition to build the United States' first Supersonic Transport (SST), prototypes never built, ultimately canceled due to political, environmental and economic reasons in 1971.
Boeing 747, a wide-body commercial airliner first produced in 1970, often referred to by the nickname Jumbo Jet,^[3]^[4] is among the world's most recognizable aircraft with uses for long distance passenger transport, cargo, the US President's official shuttle plane, and as NASA's Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.
Boeing 787, made in the United States with local and globally sourced parts, is the first major aircraft to be made largely out of composite materials^[5]
Concorde, a supersonic passenger airliner, a product of an Anglo-French government treaty that combined the manufacturing efforts of Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation, first flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued commercial flights for twenty-seven years.
Convair B-58 Hustler, an all-weather, high altitude supersonic bomber with a fixed delta wing and 4 engines. The Hustler was operational from 1960 to 1970 in the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command for the deployment of up to 5 gravity nuclear weapons.
Eurofighter Typhoon, a twin-engine canard–delta wing multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by a consortium of three separate partner companies -- Alenia Aeronautica, BAE Systems, and Airbus Defence and Space—working through a holding company, Eurofighter GmbH, that was formed in 1986.^[6]
General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, a twin turbofan, multi-role supersonic fighter-bomber. It was active from 1967 to 2010 in the US and Australia with various roles, including nuclear deterrence and electronic warfare. Initially, it was meant to replace a wide breadth of aircraft in the US Navy and Air Force, but due to cost and suitability issues, it only was ever used as a bomber and jammer aircraft, though it performed very well in these roles.
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, a single seat, single turbofan, high performance, multi-role fighter. It is by far one of the most popular and most common jet fighters in the world, active from 1978 to present with operators in 26 countries.
Lockheed C-5 Galaxy was the largest and heaviest aircraft of any kind for over a decade (1970 to 1982). This military cargo plane has the dubious distinction of being the first development program with a billion dollar cost overrun.^[7]^[8]
F-22 Raptor, a single seat, twin-engine fifth-generation fighter manufactured by Lockheed Martin that uses stealth technology.
Rafale, a French twin-engine delta-wing fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation. The Rafale is a multirole combat aircraft capable of undertaking air supremacy, interdiction, reconnaissance, and the airborne nuclear deterrent missions.
Sukhoi Su-57/HAL FGFA, two variants of fifth-generation stealth fighters jointly being developed by Sukhoi and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for the Russian and the Indian Air Forces as a combined effort by Russia and India.
F-35 Lightning II, a fifth-generation, single-seat, single-engine stealth multirole fighter manufactured by Lockheed Martin. Variants of the F-35 are planned to replace five classes of combat aircraft that are presently in use with roles as varied as close air support, tactical bombing, and air defense missions.
Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also known as the Stealth Bomber, a US heavy bomber with "low observable" stealth. Total program cost including development, engineering, and testing averaged $2.1 billion per aircraft in 1997.^[9]
McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, a twin-engine supersonic, all-weather carrier-capable multirole fighter jet, designed to intercept air threats and attack ground targets.
KH-11 reconnaissance satellite, manufactured by Lockheed Corporation and launched between 1976 and 1990.
Rockwell B-1 Lancer, a supersonic bomber with a variable-sweep wing built in the 1980s as a strategic bomber. It has since acquired conventional and multi-role capabilities.
Saab JAS 39 Gripen, a Swedish 4.5 generation Multirole jet fighter developed by Saab since 1978. Estimated project cost is US$19 billion.^[10]
Tupolev Tu-144, the first supersonic transport aircraft, made by the Russian aircraft company Tupolev, first flown on 31 December 1968 and entered service on 26 December 1970.
Tupolev Tu-160, the world's largest and heaviest combat aircraft, the world's largest supersonic aircraft, and the largest variable-sweep aircraft ever built. (The North American XB-70 Valkyrie had a higher empty weight and maximum speed but never entered production.)
Chengdu J-20, a fifth-generation, stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).

Disaster cleanup

While most megaprojects are planned and undertaken with careful forethought, some are undertaken out of necessity after a natural disaster occurs. There have also been a few man-made disasters.

The Chernobyl New Safe Confinement is being built to enclose the #4 reactor that was destroyed in the Chernobyl disaster of 1986.
The Fukushima disaster cleanup is ongoing, and includes the removal of spent nuclear fuel stored at the site of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
Cleaning up the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Exxon Valdez oil spill, and AZF chemical factory explosion were megaprojects.
Storing nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository is designed to prevent a disaster from leaking nuclear waste.
Many hurricanes and typhoons have caused extensive damage and required large cleanup efforts, the largest of which included projects that targeted the damaged infrastructure. The list of costliest Atlantic hurricanes covers the ones in the Atlantic region, including Hurricane Katrina from 2005.
Many earthquakes (and resultant tsunamis) have caused enough damage to infrastructure that enormous projects were undertaken. The 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami are some of the most notorious and recent events that led to a megaproject.
Flooding is the cause of many disasters. Some have caused enough damage that a megaproject would be used to recover. The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and the 2011 Mississippi River floods are examples.
Volcano eruptions rarely affect major industrial area, but the cleanup and recovery from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in rural Washington State was of megaproject proportions.
The rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.
Major restoration was necessary after the destruction caused by World War I and II, some of which was paid for by German reparations for World War I and for World War II.

Energy projects

Three Gorges Dam, the largest hydro-electric facility in the world, China.
China will spend $370 billion in 2015-25 on atomic energy^[13]
Kemper Project, or Kemper County Energy Facility, is the world's first construction attempt of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plant with Carbon Capture & Sequestration.^[14] However, after significant delays and cost overruns, the gasification process is currently suspended and the power plant runs just on regular natural gas.
Boundary Dam Power Station, the world's first large-scale, coal-fired Carbon Capture & Storage plant.^[15]
Tres Amigas SuperStation, a superconducting interconnection to connect the Eastern Interconnection to the Western Interconnection and the Texas Interconnection, planned to be completed in late 2010s. This will effectively connect nearly all electrical grids in North America.
Olkiluoto 3, a nuclear power-plant in Eurajoki, Finland, planned to be completed in 2019.
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station, is a project to construct some of the first new nuclear units in the United States in over 30 years, at an existing nuclear power plant in Jenkinsville, South Carolina.
Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, is a project to construct two new nuclear units at an existing nuclear power plant in Waynesboro, Georgia.

**World's largest photovoltaic power stations as of 2017**
Name	Capacity (MW)	Location	Year Completed Info
Longyangxia Dam Solar Park	850	Qinghai, China	2015^[16]
Kamuthi Solar Power Project	648	Kamuthi, India	2016^[17]
Solar Star I and II	579	USA	2015^[18]
Topaz Solar Farm	550	California, USA	2014
Desert Sunlight Solar Farm	550	California, USA	2015
California Valley Solar Ranch	292	California, USA	2013
Agua Caliente Solar Project	290	Arizona, USA	2014

Largest operational solar thermal power stations
Name	Capacity (MW)	Location	Notes
Ivanpah Solar Power Facility	392	Mojave Desert, California, USA	Operational since February 2014. Located southwest of Las Vegas.
Solar Energy Generating Systems	354	Mojave Desert, California, USA	Commissioned between 1984 and 1991. Collection of 9 units.
Mojave Solar Project	280	Barstow, California, USA	Completed December 2014
Solana Generating Station	280	Gila Bend, Arizona, USA	Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage
Genesis Solar Energy Project	250	Blythe, California, USA	Completed April 2014

Science projects

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (in work) Long Baseline Neutrino Facility [1]
Atacama Large Millimeter Array
Compact Linear Collider (plan)
Copernicus programme, €8.4 Billion European satellite project for global, total and permanent earth observations.
Envisat, an Earth observation satellite of European Space Agency (2002–2012)
Extremely Large Telescope, worlds largest optical to mid infrared telescope.
European Spallation Source, strongest ever spallation source for advanced and new material research development.
European x-ray free electron laser, in Germany, plan operating in 2017 and used for material research.
Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research, in Germany (2012–)^[19]
Human Genome Project, investigation to determine human genetic sequence (1990-2003) - cost $14.5bn, but generated an output of $965bn, personal income exceeding $293bn and more than 4.3 million job-years of employment^[20]
India-based Neutrino Observatory (plan)
International Linear Collider (plan)
ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France (2008-ongoing)
Large Hadron Collider, a 14 TeV CERN particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2000-ongoing)
Ocean Networks Canada cabled Observatories. Largest underwater observatories, providing 24/7 access to hundreds of instruments in the Pacific Ocean and the Salish Sea (2005-)
Advanced LIGO, a large-scale physics experiment and observatory to detect gravitational waves, with total cost more than US$1 billion.^[21]
Manhattan Project, in the United States (1945) - 30bn in 2012 dollars^[22]
National Ignition Facility, United States nuclear fusion project (1997-ongoing)
Neutrino Factory (plan)^[23]
Square Kilometre Array in South Africa
Superconducting Super Collider, canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator in Texas (1991–1993)
Tevatron 1 TeV particle accelerator, in the United States (1983)
Thirty Meter Telescope,
Very Large Array, a radio astronomy observatory in the US
Materials Genome Initiative and advanced manufacturing partnership
Wendelstein 7-X, an experimental stellarator (nuclear fusion reactor) built in Greifswald, Germany.

Spaceflight projects

Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, a $2 billion particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station (2011– )^[24]
Apollo program (1960–1975), as a centerpiece of the US Space Program, culminated in manned exploratory missions to the Moon, $203.4 billion in 2015 dollars^[25]
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics, a planned X-ray telescope being developed by ESA which will launch in 2028.
Ariane, a family of European launch vehicles; the most recent development is Ariane 6
Avatar RLV, Indian version of the Space Shuttle, being developed by the DRDO and ISRO.
Buran program, canceled Soviet space shuttle program (1980–1993)
Cassini–Huygens, a joint NASA/ESA/ASI spacecraft mission studying the planet Saturn and its many natural satellites since 2004. The total cost of this project is about $3.26 billion.^[26]
Chandrayaan program, a lunar exploration program of ISRO of India.
Compass navigation system, an independent system of satellite navigation by People's Republic of China (Est. 2015–2017)
Constellation program, cancelled planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement, part lives on as future Crew Escape Vehicle for ISS (2005–2010)
Europa Clipper, an interplanetary mission in development by NASA to study Jupiter's moon Europa. (2022-)
Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, a L3 class mission by ESA designed to detect and accurately measure gravitational waves.
Gaia (spacecraft), an ESA mission to create a 3D map of local Milky Way. ($1 billion^[27])
Galileo (spacecraft), a mission to Jupiter (1989–2003) ($1.5 billion as 2003.^[28]^[29])
Galileo Navigation Satellite System, a European Union and European Space Agency global satellite navigation system (Est. 2014)
Global Positioning System, a global satellite navigation system created by the United States Department of Defense, $21.7 billion or more^[30] (1973–present)
GLONASS, the Russian equivalent of GPS (1995)
Herschel Space Observatory, ESA space observatory sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre bands (€1,1 billion^[31])
Hubble Space Telescope, an optical telescope orbiting in low earth orbit, $10 billion (1978-)
International Space Station, multinational space station in low Earth orbit (1998–), 150bn in 2010 dollars^[32]
Interplanetary Transport System, a privately funded spaceflight system capable of enabling human settlements on Mars (2016- )
NAVIC, the Indian equivalent of GPS developed by ISRO.
James Webb Space Telescope (under construction, cost $8.8 billion in 2013^[33])
Juno (spacecraft), a NASA New Frontiers mission to the planet Jupiter (2011– )
Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer, a planned mission to Jupiter (Est. 2022)
Kennedy Space Center, the main spaceport for US manned space flight, located in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Mangalyaan, a Mars mission from ISRO of India. It is the first nation to reach Mars orbit on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so.
Mars Science Laboratory, $2.5 billion^[34]
Mars 2020, a Mars rover mission by NASA's Mars Exploration Program with a planned launch in 2020.
Mir, Russian space station in low earth orbit (1986–2001)
Orion (spacecraft), a planned spacecraft that is being built by Lockheed Martin for NASA
Planck (spacecraft), an ESA's mission to observing cosmic microwave background
Soviet Moonshot, canceled moon landing program (1962–1969)
Space Launch System, an American Space Shuttle-derived heavy expendable launch vehicle (2011– )
Space Shuttle program (1972–2011), low earth orbiters designed as manned cargo vessels that could be reused after each spaceflight and landed like a glider, $203.6 billion in 2015 dollars^[35]
Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope, a planned wide field infrared space telescope by NASA.

Sports and culture projects

1976 Summer Olympics, Canada, C$1.6 billion total cost
2008 Summer Olympics, China, $40 billion
2012 Summer Olympics, United Kingdom, $15.2 billion
2014 Winter Olympics, Russia, $51 billion
2016 Summer Olympics, Brazil, $16.3 billion
2010 Commonwealth Games, India, $9.7 billion. Most expensive Commonwealth Games ever, held in Delhi, India.
Every Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup in the 21st century has cost more than $1 billion in arenas, hotels etc., usually several billions.
The current Yankee Stadium in New York City cost approximately $2.3 billion.
The four newest National Football League stadiums—MetLife Stadium near New York City, AT&T Stadium in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area, and U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis—each cost over US$1 billion. Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, set to open in 2017, is projected to cost about $1.6 billion. The upcoming Las Vegas Stadium, set to open in 2020, is estimated to cost at least $1.9 billion, and Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, also scheduled to open in 2020, is estimated to cost nearly $2.7 billion.
The only cultural arena known to have exceeded $1 billion is Elbe Philharmonic Hall. Some of the most expensive are Copenhagen Opera House and Philharmonie de Paris, both at $500 million.

Transport infrastructure

Ground transportation systems like roads, tunnels, bridges, terminals, railways, and mass transit systems are often megaprojects. Numerous large airports and terminals used for airborne passenger and cargo transportation are built as megaprojects.

Africa

West Africa

The Third Mainland Bridge is currently the longest of three bridges connecting the island of island of Lagos to the mainland.

Nigeria

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Abuja Light Rail	Abuja, FCT	Under Construction	$2,650,000,000	The Abuja Light Rail project is a light rail transport system that is underway in Abuja in Federal Capital Territory. The first phase of the project will connect the city centre to Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport, stopping at the Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway station in Idu. The project is 84% complete as of January 2017,^[36] and is expected to open in December 2017.^[37] The first phase of the project cost $824 million,^[36] while the second phase will be costing $1.79 billion.^[38]
Fourth Mainland Bridge	Ikorodu to Lekki, Lagos State	Under Development	$4,200,000,000	The fourth mainland bridge will join three other bridges connecting the Island of Lagos to the mainland. The 38 km bridge and expressway will become the longest bridge and expressway in the world when completed.^[39]
Lagos–Calabar Railway	From Lagos, Lagos to Calabar, Cross River	Under Development	$11,920,000,000	The Lagos–Calabar Railway is a planned standard gauge railway that will run from Lagos through to Calabar. The first phase of the project (Calabar-Port Harcourt) is expected to be completed by 2018. The total length of the rail will be 1,402 kilometres.^[40]
Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway	From Lagos, Lagos to Kano, Kano State	Under Construction	$8,300,000,000	The Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway is a standard gauge railway across Nigeria, from the port of Lagos to Kano, near the Niger border. The railway will run parallel to the British-built Cape gauge line, which has a lower design capacity and is in a deteriorated condition. The Abuja-Kaduna route is completed and operational, whilst the Lagos-Ibadan route is underconstruction, and several other routes are underdevelopment. The total length of the rail will be 2,733 kilometres.^[41]
Lagos Rail Mass Transit	Lagos, Lagos	Under Construction	$3,600,000,000	The Lagos Rail Mass Transit is an urban rail system being developed and under construction in Lagos. The system is envisioned to consist eventually of seven lines.^[42] The railway equipment including electric power, signalling, rolling stock, and fare collection equipment will be provided by the private sector under a Concession Contract, while LAMATA is responsible for policy direction, regulation, and infrastructure for the network. The first section of the network, Phase I of the Blue Line, was originally planned to be completed in 2011. After many delays caused by funding shortfalls, the opening date was revised to 2017.^[43]^[44]
Lekki Port	Lekki, Lagos State	Under Construction	$1,650,000,000	The Port at Lekki is a new seaport in Lekki, and construction commenced in 2015. The port is planned to be developed in phases to meet the growing demand; phase one is expected to be operational by 2018.^[45] The port is financed by private investors and a consortium of banks who have funded the project with $1.65 billion so far.^[46]
Third Mainland Bridge	Lagos, Lagos State	Completed		The Third Mainland Bridge is currently the longest of three bridges connecting the island of Lagos to the mainland. It was completed in 1990 and became the longest bridge in Africa. The bridge was built by Julius Berger Nigeria PLC and it measures about 11.8 km in length.

Asia

East Asia

China

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)	Area from Kashgar, China to South coast of Pakistan	Under Development	$46,000,000,000	The project aims to connect Gwadar Port in southwestern Pakistan (Central Asia/South Asia) to China’s northwestern (East Asia) autonomous region of Xinjiang, via a network of highways, railways and pipelines to transport oil and gas.^[47] The economic corridor is considered central to China–Pakistan relations and will run about 3,000 km from Gwadar to Kashgar. Other than transport infrastructure, the economic corridor will provide Pakistan with telecommunications and energy infrastructure. The project also aims to improve intelligence sharing between the countries.
Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HKZMB)	Pearl River Delta, China	Under Construction	$10,600,000,000	Due to Open in late 2017.

Japan

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Japan's Maglev High-Speed Rail (Chūō Shinkansen)	Tokyo-Nagoya-Kyoto, Japan	Under Construction	$85,000,000,000	JR Central aims to begin commercial service between Tokyo and Nagoya in 2027, with the Nagoya-Osaka section to be completed by 2045.

South Asia

India

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Hyderabad Metro Rail	Hyderabad, Telangana	Under Construction	$2,500,000,000	To respond to the rising public transport need and mitigate escalating vehicular traffic and is set to be Completed/Operational by November 2018.
Navi Mumbai International Airport	Navi Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra	Under Construction	$2,500,000,000	The airport project, aimed at easing air traffic congestion at CSIA is expected to be completed by 2019.

Pakistan

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Ravi Riverfront Development Project	Lahore	Under Development	$7,000,000,000	Sprawling over an area of 70,000 acres, the RRDZ project entails high-quality residential, commercial, institutional, cultural and recreational zones along both sides of the river at a stretch of 33 km.^[48] The riverfront will be dotted with highrise condominiums, modern piers, boardwalks and 70 per cent area dedicated to trees to make it environment friendly.^[49] Around 25,000 acres of riverfront would be sold to investors for business, cultural and lifestyle activities.^[50]

Southeast Asia

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Project	Malaysia	Under Development	$50,000,000,000	A part of another mega project to transform Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur into one big Megapolis called as Greater Kuala Lumpur.

Southwest Asia (a.k.a. the Middle East)

Saudi Arabia

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Riyadh Metro	Riyadh	Under Construction	$23,500,000,000	Its 109 miles of railway will revolutionize how residents of Riyadh get around. It's set to begin operation by 2019.

United Arab Emirates

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Al Maktoum International Airport	Dubai	Under Construction	$80,000,000,000	Upon completion it will be the fourth largest airport in the world.^[51]

Europe

European Union (AS A WHOLE)

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
TEN-T Core Network	Europe	Under Construction	$550,000,000,000	The purpose of the project is connect nine European Corridors, east-west and north-south. The nine corridors are the Baltic-Adriatic Corridor, the North Sea-Baltic Corridor, the Mediterranean Corridor, the Orient/East-Med Corridor, the Scandinavian-Mediterranean Corridor,^[52] the Rhine-Alpine Corridor, the Atlantic Corridor, the North Sea-Mediterranean Corridor, and the Rhine-Danube Corridor.^[53]

Czech Republic

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Blanka tunnel complex	Prague	Completed	$1,970,000,000	The longest city tunnel in Europe at 5.5km. The three continuous tunnels improve traffic in the northern part of Prague as well as reducing the load on the main transit route through the city center.

Norway

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Coastal Highway E39	Trondheim to Kristiansand	Proposed	$25,000,000,000	The purpose of the project is replace all the ferry links along the route with fixed connections in order to reduce travel time from 21 hours to 11 hours.

Portugal

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Vasco da Gama Bridge	Lisbon	Completed	$1,100,000,000	Construction began in February 1995; the bridge was opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, just in time for Expo 98, the World's Fair that celebrated the 500th anniversary of the discovery by Vasco da Gama of the sea route from Europe to India. It is the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of 12.3 kilometres (7.6 mi), including 0.8 kilometres (0.50 mi) for the main bridge and 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) in viaducts. The Bridge is served by 4.8 kilometres (3.0 mi) of dedicated access roads. It was built to alleviate the congestion on Lisbon's 25 de Abril Bridge, and eliminate the need for traffic between the country's northern and southern regions to pass through the capital city.

Switzerland

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Gotthard Base Tunnel		Completed	CHF 9.560 billion	At 57 km, the World's longest and deepest rail tunnel.

United Kingdom

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
High Speed 2	England	Under Construction	$71,830,000,000	Completion planned for 2026 (phase 1), 2033 (phase 2)
London Crossrail Project	London, England	Under Construction	$23,000,000,000	Entire project to be completed by 2020.

North America

Canada

Project	City/Province	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Southwest Calgary Ring Road	Calgary, Alberta	Under Construction	$5,000,000,000+	"...extend from Lott Creek Boulevard on Glenmore Trail/Highway 8 south to Macleod Trail (Highway 2A) and is approximately 21 kilometres long."^[54] Set for Completion in Fall 2022.
New Champlain Bridge Corridor Project	Montréal to Brossard, Québec	Under Construction	$4,239,000,000	Set for Completion in 2019.^[54]
Réseau électrique métropolitain	Montréal, Québec	Under Construction	$5,900,000,000	Set for Completion in 2020.^[54]
Eglinton Crosstown LRT	Toronto, Ontario	Under Construction	$9,100,000,000	Set for Completion in 2021.^[54]
Port Mann Bridge	Vancouver, British Columbia	Completed	$1,930,000,000	The widest bridge in the world (until the Bay Bridge's east span recently opened), the bridge east of Vancouver, B.C., which opened in 2012, remains the second-longest bridge in North America. The cable-stay bridge uses an impressive 288 cables to reach a total bridge length of 6,866 feet.
Confederation Bridge	Prince Edward Island	Completed	$1,300,000,000	The 12.9 km bridge is the longest bridge in the world crossing ice-covered water.

The completed replacement and the old bridge (2013)

United States

Project	City/State	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Big Dig	Boston, Massachusetts	Completed	$14,600,000,000	Estimated to cost $22 billion after interest.
Crescent Corridor Expansion	Eastern Coast States-East South Central States-Gulf Coast States	Under Construction	$2,500,000,000	Freight rail company Norfolk Southern will utilize special intermodal trains on its freight rail network running from New York to Louisiana. This project covers 2,500 miles & and 13 States, which "is expected to be fully developed by 2020."^[55]
Ohio River Bridges Project	Louisville, Kentucky	Completed	$2,300,000,000^[56]	A Louisville metropolitan area transportation project involving the reconstruction of the Kennedy Interchange (locally known as "Spaghetti Junction"), the completion of two new Ohio River bridges and the reconstruction of ramps on Interstate 65 between Muhammad Ali Boulevard and downtown.
Second Avenue Subway Project	Manhattan, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$17,000,000,000	The Proposed full line would be 8.5 miles (13.7 km) long with 16 stations and a projected ridership of 560,000 people. Phase 1 of the project, which runs from 125th Street to 57th Street and 7th Avenue, opened 1 January 2017. Other Phases of the project are either under development or are under construction.
LaGuardia Airport Project	Queens, New York City, New York	Under Construction	$4,000,000,000	A Complete retrofit of the entire Airport slated to be Completed by 2022.
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge Eastern Span	San Francisco-Oakland, California	Completed	$6,400,000,000	The Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge began in 2002 and was Completed in 2013. Currently the Old East Span is being deconstructed and removed for recycling while the foundations are being demolished with explosives or converted for other uses.
California High-Speed Rail	San Francisco-Los Angeles, California	Under Construction	$70,000,000,000	An 808 mile high-speed rail system is expected to be Completed in phases up to 2030. Currently some of the funding is being held up in Congress by lack of agreement between Democrats and Republicans.
Alaskan Way Viaduct	Seattle, Washington	Under Construction	$3,100,000,000	South-End Viaduct Replacement Started 2008 and Completed 2014. SR 99 Tunnel started 2011 set for Completion in 2021. Mitigation Projects started 2008 set for Completion in 2019. Other Miscellaneous Projects started 2007 and set for Completion in 2023.
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge (2016)	Seattle, Washington	Completed	$2,000,000,000	Concrete floats quite nicely in Seattle, where engineers have devised a 7,710-foot-long floating bridge, the longest in the world. The new State Route 520 bridge replaced the previous world's longest Evergreen Point Floating Bridge across Lake Washington, connecting Seattle to points east. The new structure, rising 20 feet above the water, opened to traffic in spring 2016.
Sound Transit 3	Seattle, Washington	Under Construction	$50,000,000,000	This project is to expand the current Light Rail and Bus system currently in use in Seattle, which is to be Completed in Stages from 2020 till ?.
Silver Line (Washington Metro)	Washington, D.C.	Under Construction	$6,800,000,000	Phase 1 on the project is to link the Capital to Dulles International Airport and to four edge cities Tysons Corner, Reston, Herndon, and Ashburn, which opened 26 July 2014. Phase 2 is to help with urban development of Tysons Corner and reduce overall reliance on highway traffic in the business district, Virginia's largest and 12th-largest in the country, which is to be Completed by 2020.

Oceania

Australia

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Central Station to Eveleigh Redevelopment	Sydney, New South Wales	Proposed	$10,000,000,000	Extension of Sydney's CBD. The renewal corridor approximately 3 km in length.^[57]
Cross River Rail	Brisbane, Queensland	Under Construction	$5,400,000,000	To be completed in 2024. The crossing will be a tunnel under the river, and the first rail-only Brisbane River crossing since the completion of the Merivale Bridge in 1978.^[58]

Planned cities and urban renewal projects

Infrastructure systems that include electricity, sewer, telecommunications, and transportation. Building cities that include Skyscrapers, housing, etc. requires concrete, steel, glass, and most especially that workers in all the trades to undertaker the massive scale of these megaprojects.

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Madinaty	Egypt	Under Development	$10,000,000,000	Expected to open by 2014, "houses 600,000 population."^[59]
Proposed new capital of Egypt	Egypt	Under Construction	$45,000,000,000	Construction began in 2015 and is Expected to open by 2022, houses 250,000 population

Southern Africa

Project	City/Country	Status	Cost	Special Notes
Modderfontein New City — New Gauteng City	South Africa	Under Development	$7,800,000,000	Modderfontein infrastructure development of residential, industrial and commercial space by Chinese developer Shanghai Zendai. Start dated 2015 completion dated 15 to 20 years later.^[60]^[61]