Chinese government response to COVID-19: Difference between revisions

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Next edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
(No difference)

Revision as of 21:48, 10 December 2021

National response

The first person known to have fallen ill due to the new virus was in Wuhan on 1 December 2019. A public notice on the outbreak was released by Wuhan health authority on 31 December; the initial notice informed Wuhan residents that there was no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission of the virus, that the disease is preventable and controllable, and that people can wear masks when going out. WHO was informed of the outbreak on the same day. On 7 January 2020, the Chinese Communist Party Politburo Standing Committee discussed COVID-19 prevention and control.

The Wuhan government, which announced a number of new measures such as cancelling the Chinese New Year celebrations, in addition to measures such as checking the temperature of passengers at transport terminals first introduced on 14 January. A quarantine was announced on 23 January 2020 stopping travel in and out of Wuhan. A group tasked with the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic was established on 26 January, led by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang. The leading group decided to extend the Spring Festival holiday to contain the outbreak.

China Customs started requiring that all passengers entering and exiting China fill in an extra health declaration form from 26 January. The health declaration form was mentioned in China's Frontier Health and Quarantine Law, granting the customs rights to require it if needed. On 27 January, the General Office of the State Council of China, declared a nationwide extension on the New Year holiday and the postponement of the coming spring semester. The office extended the previously scheduled public holiday from 30 January, to 2 February, while it said school openings for the spring semester would be announced in the future.

Hong Kong's Chief Executive Carrie Lam declared an emergency at a press conference on 25 January, saying the government would close primary and secondary schools for two more weeks on top of the previously scheduled New Year holiday, pushing the date for school reopening to 17 February. Macau closed several museums and libraries, and prolonged the New Year holiday break to 11 February for higher education institutions and 10 February for others.

A screen display in Hefei showing "early detection, early reporting, early quarantine, early diagnosis, early treatment" during the COVID-19 pandemic

On 1 February 2020, Xinhua News reported that China's Supreme People's Procuratorate (SPP) had "asked procuratorates nationwide to fully play their role to create a favourable judicial environment in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic." This included severe punishments for those found guilty of dereliction of duty and the withholding of information for officials. Tougher charges were proscribed for commercial criminal activities such as increasing prices, profiteering along with the "production and sale of fake and shoddy protective equipment and medicines." Prosecuting actions against patients who deliberately spread the infection or refuse examination or compulsory isolation along with threats of violence against medical personnel were also urged. The statement also included urging to prosecute those found fabricating and spreading COVID-19-related information and also stressed "harshly punishing the illegal hunting of wildlife under state protection, as well as improving inspection and quarantine measures for fresh food and meat products."

Quarantine

On 23 January 2020, a quarantine on travel in and out of Wuhan was imposed in an effort to stop the spread of the virus out of Wuhan. Flights, trains, public buses, the metro system, and long-distance coaches were suspended indefinitely. Large-scale gatherings and group tours were also suspended. By 24 January 2020, a total of 15 cities in Hubei, including Wuhan, were placed under similar quarantine measures.

Before the quarantine began, some in Wuhan questioned the reliability of the figures from the Chinese government as well as the government response, with some calling for quarantine, and a post also showed sick people and three dead bodies covered in white sheets on the floor of a hospital on 24 January, although many such posts in Weibo about the epidemic have since been deleted. Due to quarantine measures, Wuhan residents rushed to stockpile essential goods, food, and fuel; prices rose significantly. 5,000,000 people left Wuhan, with 9,000,000 left in the city. The city of Shantou in Guangdong declared a partial lockdown on 26 January, though this was reversed two hours later. Local authorities in Beijing and several other major cities, including Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenzhen, announced on the same day that these cities will not impose a lockdown similar to those in Hubei province.

By 6 February 2020, a total of four Zhejiang cities—Wenzhou, Hangzhou, Ningbo, and Taizhou—were under the "passport" system, allowing only one person per household to leave their home every two days. These restrictions apply to over 30 million people.

Speciality hospitals

Construction site of Huoshenshan Hospital as it appeared on 24 January.

A speciality hospital named Huoshenshan Hospital has been constructed as a countermeasure against the outbreak and to better quarantine the patients. Wuhan City government had demanded that a state-owned enterprise construct such a hospital "at the fastest speed" comparable to that of the SARS outbreak in 2003. Upon opening, the speciality hospital had 1,000 beds and took up 30,000 square metres. The hospital is modelled after the Xiaotangshan Hospital [zh], which was fabricated for the SARS outbreak of 2003, itself built in only seven days.

On 24 January 2020, the authority announced that they would convert an empty building in Huangzhou District, Huanggang to a 1,000-bed hospital named Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre. Works began the next day by 500 personnel and the building began accepting patients on 28 January 2020 at 10:30 pm. In Wuhan, authorities seized dormitories, offices and hospitals to create more beds for patients. On 25 January authorities announced plans for Leishenshan Hospital, a second speciality hospital, with a capacity of 1,600 beds; operations are scheduled to start by 6 February. The hospital opened on 8 February.

By 16 February 2020, 217 teams of a total of 25,633 medical workers from across China went to Wuhan and other cities in Hubei to help open up more facilities and treat patients. A total of 14 temporary hospitals were constructed in China in total, but all were reported to have closed after the crisis was determined be under control on 10 March 2020.[1]

Censorship and police responses

See also: Censorship in China, Internet censorship in China, and Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic § Censorship
Document issued by the Wuhan Police ordering Li Wenliang to stop "spreading rumours" about a possible 'SARS virus' dated 3 January.

The early response by city authorities was criticised as prioritising a control of information that might be unfavorable for local officials over public safety, and China was also criticised for cover-ups and downplaying the initial discovery and severity of the outbreak. By the time China had informed the WHO of the new coronavirus on 31 December 2019, The New York Times reported that the government was still keeping "its own citizens in the dark".[2][3] Observers have attributed this to the censorship institutional structure of the country's press and Internet, exacerbated by China's paramount leader Xi Jinping's crackdown on independent oversight such as journalism and social media that left senior officials with inaccurate information on the outbreak and "contributed to a prolonged period of inaction that allowed the virus to spread".[2][3][4][5]

A group of eight medical personnel, including Li Wenliang, an ophthalmologist from Wuhan Central Hospital who in late December posted warnings on a new coronavirus strain akin to SARS, were taken into custody by Wuhan police and threatened with prosecution for "spreading rumours" for likening it to SARS.[6][7] Li Wenliang later died of the disease on 7 February, and was widely hailed as a whistleblower in China, but some of the trending hashtags on Weibo such as "Wuhan government owes Dr Li Wenliang an apology" and "We want freedom of speech" were blocked.[8][9][10] His death widespread public anger in the aftermath, in what has been described as "one of the biggest outpourings of online criticism of the government in years," was not a topic that was permitted for coverage.[11]

On 20 January, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping made his first public remark on the outbreak and spoke of "the need for the timely release of information".[12] One day later, the CPC Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, the most powerful political organ in China overseeing legal enforcement and the police, wrote "self-deception will only make the epidemic worse and turn a natural disaster that was controllable into a man-made disaster at great cost," and "only openness can minimise panic to the greatest extent." The commission then added, "anyone who deliberately delays and hides the reporting of cases out of self-interest will be nailed on a pillar of shame for eternity."[13][14] Xi Jinping later also instructed authorities "to strengthen the guidance of public opinions", language which some viewed as a call for censorship after social media users became increasingly critical and angry at the government.[15] On 30 January, China's Supreme Court, delivered a rare rebuke against the country's police forces, calling the "unreasonably harsh crackdown on online rumours" as undermining public trust.[16]

As part of the central government's "bifurcated approach to diffuse discontent", citizens were permitted to criticise local officials so long as they did not "question the basic legitimacy of the party".[17] The Cyberspace Administration (CAC) declared its intent to foster a "good online atmosphere," with CAC notices sent to video platforms encouraging them to "not to push any negative story, and not to conduct non-official livestreaming on the virus."[18] Censorship has been observed being applied on news articles and social media posts deemed to hold negative tones about COVID-19 and the governmental response, including posts mocking Xi Jinping for not visiting areas of the epidemic,[19] an article that predicted negative effects of the epidemic on the economy, and calls to remove local government officials.[5][8][20][21] While censorship had been briefly relaxed giving a "window of about two weeks in which Chinese journalists were able to publish hard-hitting stories exposing the mishandling of the novel coronavirus by officials", since then private news outlets were reportedly required to use "planned and controlled publicity" with the authorities' consent.[8][22]

Approval of Chinese responses

On 29 January, President Trump received a briefing on the COVID-19 in China.

China's response to the virus, in comparison to the 2003 SARS outbreak, has been praised by some foreign leaders[23] and analysts.[24] UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres stated on February that it was clear "there is a massive effort that is made by China in order to contain the disease and avoid its propagation" and added the effort was "remarkable".[25][26] U.S. President Trump thanked Chinese leader Xi Jinping "on behalf of the American People" on 24 January on Twitter, stating that "China has been working very hard to contain Coronavirus. The United States greatly appreciates their efforts and transparency."[27] Germany's health minister Jens Spahn, in an interview on Bloomberg TV, said with comparison to the Chinese response to SARS in 2003: "There's a big difference to SARS. We have a much more transparent China. The action of China is much more effective in the first days already." He also praised the international co-operation and communication in dealing with the virus.[28][29] In a letter to Xi, Singaporean president Halimah Yacob applauded China's "swift, decisive and comprehensive measures" in safeguarding the health of the Chinese people, while prime minister Lee Hsien Loong remarked of "China's firm and decisive response" in communities affected by the virus.[30] Similar sentiments were expressed by Russian president Vladimir Putin.[31]

At a Sunday mass at St. Peter's Square in Vatican City on 26 January, Pope Francis praised "the great commitment by the Chinese community that has already been put in place to combat the epidemic" and commenced a closing prayer for "the people who are sick because of the virus that has spread through China".[32] Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates defended the nation's COVID-19 response amidst criticism from the Trump administration, saying "China did a lot of things right at the beginning"[33] and that "they got to zero" with "an effective lockdown".[34]

Papers from academic journals and publishers such as Science Magazine,[35] Nature,[36] The Lancet,[37][38] and Karger[39] have regarded China's measures to contain COVID-19 in its own country to be effective. A study in March published in Science Magazine concluded that the Wuhan travel ban and national emergency response there may have prevented more than 700,000 COVID-19 cases outside the city.[40]

COVID-19 origin cover-up

China COVID-19 cover-up refers to the efforts of the Government of China and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to hide information about the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the origins of SARS-CoV-2. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the Chinese government has made efforts to clamp down on discussion and reporting about it, fund and control further research into the virus's origins, and promote fringe theories about the virus.[41] The Chinese government has stated that no cover-up regarding the COVID-19 outbreak has taken place.[42]

Cover-up of the initial Wuhan outbreak

As COVID-19 began spreading within China between December 2019 - February 2020, Chinese authorities prevented doctors and laboratories from sharing information about the outbreak, including admonishing frontline healthcare professionals and perceived whistleblowers, most notably, Li Wenliang.[43][44] By 27 December 2019, the local government knew there was an outbreak of pneumonia. At least one healthcare worker had already been infected, which, under international healthcare regulations, requires a country to report an outbreak to the World Health Organization (WHO), as it is considered proof of person-to-person spread. However, China did not report the outbreak to the WHO at that time. Instead, the WHO noticed a media report of the outbreak on 31 December. On 3 January, when China acknowledged the outbreak to the WHO, it called it "viral pneumonia of unknown cause", even though they had the complete genetic sequence at that time. It also said that there was no evidence of human-to-human transmission, even though 20 cases had already been confirmed among medical workers.[45]

Release of the genetic sequence

By 27 December 2019, a lab called Vision Medicals had most of the sequence of the new virus. On 2 January 2020, Shi Zhengli of the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV) decoded the entire sequence. By 5 January, two more labs had obtained the sequence, including the Shanghai Public Clinical Health Center led by Zhang Yongzhen, who submitted the sequence to the United States government's GenBank database. On 11 January, Zhang's lab published the sequence on virological.org. Three people stated that this angered the Chinese CDC, and the Shanghai government temporarily closed Zhang's lab.[46][47] Zhang said that the closure was not retaliation for publishing the genome, but instead was to improve the lab's biosafety protocols.[48] On 24 January the lab was accredited to research the novel coronavirus.[49] On 12 January, the WIV and the other labs released their sequences.

Silencing of medical workers

Li Wenliang was an ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital. On 30 December 2019, he had seen seven cases of a virus he thought looked like SARS. He sent a message to fellow doctors in a chat group warning them to wear protective clothing to avoid infection. He and seven other doctors were later told to come to the Public Security Bureau and told to sign a letter. The letter accused them of "making false comments" that would "disturb the social order". Wang Guangbao, who is a Chinese surgeon and science writer, later said that by 1 January, people in medical circles thought that a SARS-like virus might be spreading, but the police warning discouraged them from talking openly about it.[50] Wenliang later died of the virus, and China later apologized to his family and overturned the warning in the letter.[51][52]

A nurse said that by early January, doctors and nurses had noticed that they too were getting sick. Hospital administrators made long calls to the City Government and Health Commission. However, medical personnel were not allowed to wear protective gear, because it would cause panic. Health and governance experts place much of the blame on higher-level officials, as local authorities in China can be punished for reporting bad news.[53]

Arrest or disappearance of citizen journalists

As of December 2020, around a year after the outbreak, at least 47 journalists were currently in detention in China for their reporting on the initial coronavirus outbreak.[54]

Chinese citizen journalist Chen Qiushi started reporting on the outbreak from Wuhan on 23 January 2020. He disappeared on 6 February. On 24 September, a friend said he had been found. He was being supervised by "a certain government department", but would not face prosecution for the moment because he had not contacted opposition groups.[55][56]

Fang Bin is a Chinese citizen journalist who broadcast images of Wuhan during the outbreak several times on social media. He was arrested several times during February 2020. The last arrest was on 9 February, and as of September 2020, he had not been seen in public since.[56]

Li Zehua was reporting on the outbreak from Wuhan in February 2020. On 26 February, he was caught by the authorities after livestreaming part of the chase. On 22 April, he returned to social media with a brief statement in which he quoted a proverb that the human mind was "prone to err." A friend said he may have been told by authorities to make the statement.[57][58]

Another citizen journalist, Zhang Zhan, stopped sharing information on social media in May 2020. On 28 December, she was sentenced to 4 years in prison. According to one of her attorneys, she was convicted of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble".[59]

Doubts on official statistics

Timothy P.H. Lin and his collaborators said in May 2020 that there are doubts on some statistics from China (i.e. death tallies) because of alleged political censorship; however, come to the conclusion that due to the lack of any known deaths of Hong Kong or Taiwan residents in Mainland China, which would be newsworthy, that the official numbers do not form a particularly large discrepancy from the actual death numbers.[60]

Actions that inhibit research on the origin of COVID-19

Two universities in China published and then removed pages saying that papers about COVID-19 needed extra scrutiny before publication, in what British newspaper The Guardian suggested might be "part of a wider attempt to control the narrative surrounding the pandemic".[61] A preprint from the American Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center stated that scientists in China published and then took down COVID-19 sequences; some scientists said that this suggested "China has something to hide about the origins of the pandemic", but others countered that the information was later republished.[62] David Robertson, a virologist from the University of Glasgow UK, said he thinks the Chinese Communist Party wants the origin of SARS-CoV-2 to be a location outside of China.[63]

Control of domestic research

In January 2020, Chinese biomechanics researcher Botao Xiao released a paper saying that the virus probably came from a lab leak. He withdrew the paper after Chinese officials insisted that no lab accident had taken place.[64] In February 2021, the head of an international WHO team investigating the origins of COVID-19 said the disease is “extremely unlikely” to have come from a laboratory.[65]

According to CNN, Fudan University in China published a document describing how research into COVID-19 should be vetted. All research needs approval, and research into its origin needs extra scrutiny, with the document stating that "academic papers about tracing the origin of the virus must be strictly and tightly managed." After CNN contacted the China Education ministry's science and technology department about the notice, it was taken down. A Chinese researcher, who insisted on anonymity for fear of retaliation, said he thought the document was part of a "coordinated attempt to control the narrative" about the virus. According to The Guardian, which also described the episode, research on other medical topics is not subject to similar scrutiny.[66][67]

On 30 December 2020, the Associated Press reported that China was still controlling domestic research into the virus under direct orders from Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping. Researchers who are authorized to investigate the virus often work closely with the military, and their research must be approved by a task force under the management of China's State Council. An order by the State Council, marked "not to be made public", said that scientific publication should be orchestrated like "a game of chess", and people who do not comply shall be held accountable.[41][68]

Actions against foreign research

See also: Investigations into the origin of COVID-19 § World Health Organization

The World Health Organization investigation into the source of COVID-19 was delayed over a year by negotiations over the arrangements. When the WHO-convened study was conducted during 14 January – 10 February 2021, the Chinese authorities only provided limited access.[69][70] The Chinese authorities did not share a specific list of early cases with the international team. Instead, this information was shared with a Chinese team. The Chinese team then gave the international team a summary.[71] With the line-by-line list of individual cases, the team could have contacted each person and tried to determine where they might have become infected.[72][73][74] Members of the WHO team have reiterated that the Chinese team "was and still is reluctant to share raw data (for instance, on the 174 cases identified in December 2019), citing concerns over patient confidentiality".[75]

China has closed access to an abandoned mine shaft which once contained bats who were infected by RaTG13, the closest known viral relative of COVID-19. Two researchers managed to get samples from the shaft, but their samples were confiscated. Three teams from the Associated Press were followed by Chinese security agents.[41][76]

In June 2021, a researcher at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center found 13 genome sequences that were deleted from the Sequence Read Archive following a request by researchers at Wuhan University. They were originally published by a Chinese researcher and represent samples collected near the start of the pandemic. The sequences are more distantly related to bats than the active variants of COVID-19. Researchers do not believe this finding supports either a natural or lab origin.[77][78][79]

China has refused to allow an independent investigation into the Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Wuhan Institute of Virology.[80]

Disputes with other countries over proposed inquiries

After the Australian government called for an independent inquiry into the origins of COVID-19, Chinese ambassador Cheng Jingye said that Australia was treading a "dangerous path". Shortly afterwards, the Chinese government banned beef imports from Australia's four biggest abattoirs. It also put a tariff of over 80% on Australian barley and informally banned imports of Australian coal.[81][82] The Chinese government later agreed to an inquiry. An article in The Economist speculated that an inquiry "might reveal China doing more to suppress information about early infections than to quash the outbreak itself".[81]

On 25 August 2021, a US intelligence review of the source of covid was pending. China warned of a "counterattack" against any country that "baselessly accuses China" of being responsible for the origin of COVID-19.[83]

Refusal to cooperate with second phase of WHO investigation

On 15 July 2021, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that the COVID-19 lab leak hypothesis had been prematurely discarded by the World Health Organization. He proposed a second phase of WHO investigation, which he said should take a closer look at the lab leak idea, and asked China to be "transparent" and release relevant data.[84] On 22 July 2021, Zeng Yixin of China's National Health Commission (NHC) said that China would not cooperate with the second phase, denouncing it as "shocking" and "arrogant".[85][84] The United States criticised China's position on the follow-up origin probe as "irresponsible" and "dangerous".[86] Science journalist Jon Cohen said that "[China's] relative openness to collaboration during the joint mission seems to have evaporated".[87]

  1. ^ "Coronavirus: China says disease 'curbed' in Wuhan and Hubei". BBC. 10 March 2020.
  2. ^ a b "The true cost of China's coronavirus cover-up: How state censorship let the outbreak spread". Financial Times. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020 – via Nationalpost.com.
  3. ^ a b Griffiths, James. "Wuhan is the latest crisis to face China's Xi, and it's exposing major flaws in his model of control". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  4. ^ Kristof, Nicholas (29 January 2020). "Coronavirus Spreads, and the World Pays for China's Dictatorship". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  5. ^ a b "China's slow response to coronavirus has shown the weakness of its centralised model". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  6. ^ "新冠肺炎吹哨醫師 李文亮病逝 民眾激憤". 世界新聞網 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  7. ^ "Coronavirus kills Chinese whistleblower doctor". BBC News. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Zhong, Raymond (27 January 2020). "As Virus Spreads, Anger Floods Chinese Social Media". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  9. ^ "Li Wenliang: Coronavirus death of Wuhan doctor sparks outpouring of anger". BBC News. 7 February 2020. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  10. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (6 February 2020). "'Hero who told the truth': Chinese rage over coronavirus death of whistleblower doctor". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  11. ^ "Li Wenliang's death is a new crisis for China's rulers". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  12. ^ "Xi orders resolute efforts to curb virus spread". Xinhua News Agency. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  13. ^ Fifield, Anna; Sun, Lina H.; Bernstein, Lenny (22 January 2020). "Chinese officials try to contain virus outbreak as first case confirmed in U.S." The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  14. ^ Zheng, William; Lau, Mimi (21 January 2020). "China's credibility on the line as it tries to dispels fears it will cover up spread of Wuhan virus". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
  15. ^ Wei, Lingling (28 January 2020). "China Strains to Stamp Out Coronavirus Criticisms at Home". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  16. ^ Rourke, Alison; Blackall, Molly; Gayle, Damien; Weaver, Matthew; Murray, Jessica; Doherty, Ben (31 January 2020). "Virus death toll reaches 213 in China – as it happened". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  17. ^ "In coronavirus pandemic, China's leaders scramble to avert a Chernobyl moment". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  18. ^ "China's online censors tighten grip after brief coronavirus respite". Reuters. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  19. ^ Kuo, Lily (4 February 2020). "Taking credit, avoiding blame? Xi Jinping's absence from coronavirus frontline". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  20. ^ Griffiths, James. "China is waking up to the dangers of knee-jerk censorship in a crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  21. ^ Gilbert, David (30 January 2020). "You Can Now Go to Jail in China for Criticizing Beijing's Coronavirus Response". Vice. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  22. ^ "China's online censors tighten grip after brief coronavirus respite". Reuters. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  23. ^ AFP (25 January 2020). "Trump praises China 'efforts and transparency' on virus". Business Standard India. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  24. ^ Donald McNeil Jr. (25 March 2020). "The Virus Can Be Stopped, but Only With Harsh Steps, Experts Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  25. ^ "UN's Guterres praises China's 'remarkable' coronavirus response". ABS-CBN, Agence France-Presse. 8 February 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Guterres praises China's response to coronavirus". RTHK. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  27. ^ "Trump praises China 'efforts and transparency' on Wuhan virus". The Straits Times. 25 January 2020. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  28. ^ "Coronavirus reaches Europe as France confirms 3 cases". Deutsche Welle. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  29. ^ "China Doing Good Job in Combating Virus, German Minister Says". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  30. ^ "Singapore leaders stand in solidarity with China over COVID-19 outbreak". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  31. ^ "Russia and China pledge to maintain special relationship despite Moscow's slow response to coronavirus". South China Morning Post. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  32. ^ "Pope Francis praises China's efforts to contain coronavirus". Reuters. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  33. ^ "Bill Gates defends China's COVID-19 response, says it did 'lot of things right'". The Week. April 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  34. ^ Feuer, Will (6 October 2020). "Bill Gates says U.S. coronavirus testing is still 'truly a sad thing'". CNBC. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  35. ^ Maier, Benjamin; Brockmann, Dirk (15 May 2020). "Effective containment explains subexponential growth in recent confirmed COVID-19 cases in China". Science. 368 (6492): 742–746. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..742M. doi:10.1126/science.abb4557. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 7164388. PMID 32269067.
  36. ^ Cyranoski, David (17 March 2020). "What China's coronavirus response can teach the rest of the world". Nature. 579 (7800): 479–480. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..479C. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00741-x. PMID 32203360. S2CID 214628991.
  37. ^ Burki, Talha (1 November 2020). "China's successful control of COVID-19". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 20 (11): 1240–1241. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8. ISSN 1473-3099. PMC 7544475. PMID 33038941.
  38. ^ Lancet, The (25 July 2020). "COVID-19 and China: lessons and the way forward". The Lancet. 396 (10246): 213. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31637-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 7377676. PMID 32711779.
  39. ^ AlTakarli, Nourah S. (2020). "China's Response to the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Model for Epidemic Preparedness and Management". Dubai Medical Journal. 3 (2): 44–49. doi:10.1159/000508448. ISSN 2571-726X. S2CID 219505913.
  40. ^ "China's Controls May Have Headed Off 700,000 COVID-19 Cases: Study". U.S. News & World Report. April 2020.
  41. ^ a b c "China clamps down in hidden hunt for coronavirus origins". AP NEWS. 30 December 2020.
  42. ^ Reuters Staff (17 April 2020). "China says there has never been a cover-up on coronavirus outbreak". Reuters. Retrieved 29 June 2021. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  43. ^ Tan, Jianxing (31 January 2020). 新冠肺炎"吹哨人"李文亮：真相最重要. Caixin (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  44. ^ "Wuhan pneumonia: a "whistleblower" Li Wenliang who dared to make the epidemic public" 武汉肺炎：一个敢于公开疫情的"吹哨人"李文亮. BBC News 中文 (in Chinese). 4 February 2020. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  45. ^ "Timeline: WHO's COVID-19 response". www.who.int.
  46. ^ "China delayed releasing coronavirus info, frustrating WHO". AP NEWS. 20 April 2021.
  47. ^ "Lab that first shared coronavirus sequence closed for 'rectification'". South China Morning Post. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  48. ^ "Nature's 10: ten people who helped shape science in 2020". www.nature.com. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  49. ^ "Lab that first shared coronavirus sequence closed for 'rectification'". South China Morning Post. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  50. ^ Shih, Gerry; Rauhala, Emily; Sun, Lena H. (1 February 2020). "Early missteps and state secrecy in China probably allowed the coronavirus to spread farther and faster". Washington Post.
  51. ^ "Li Wenliang: Coronavirus kills Chinese whistleblower doctor". BBC News. 7 February 2020.
  52. ^ "Chinese inquiry exonerates coronavirus whistleblower doctor". The Guardian. 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
  53. ^ "Wuhan officials face questions, anger over virus response". AP NEWS. 29 April 2021.
  54. ^ Nectar Gan and James Griffiths. "Chinese journalist who documented Wuhan coronavirus outbreak jailed for 4 years". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  55. ^ "Coronavirus: journalist missing in Wuhan as anger towards Chinese authorities grows". the Guardian. 10 February 2020.
  56. ^ a b "Wuhan Covid journalist missing since February found, says friend". the Guardian. 24 September 2020.
  57. ^ "Missing Wuhan citizen journalist reappears after two months". the Guardian. 22 April 2020.
  58. ^ "Missing citizen journalist Li Zehua back online after 'quarantine'". South China Morning Post. 23 April 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  59. ^ Oxner, Reese (29 December 2020). "U.S. And EU Condemn Jailing Of Lawyer Who Reported On Coronavirus In Wuhan". NPR.
  60. ^ Lin, Timothy P. H.; Wan, Kelvin H.; Huang, Suber S.; Jonas, Jost B.; Hui, David S. C.; Lam, Dennis S. C. (2 October 2020). "Death tolls of COVID-19: Where come the fallacies and ways to make them more accurate". Global Public Health. 15 (10): 1582–1587. doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1808040.
  61. ^ "China clamping down on coronavirus research, deleted pages suggest". the Guardian. 11 April 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  62. ^ CohenJun. 23, Jon; 2021; Pm, 7:45 (23 June 2021). "Claim that Chinese team hid early SARS-CoV-2 sequences to stymie origin hunt sparks furor". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 1 July 2021. {{cite web}}: |last2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ Lawton, Graham (June 2021). "Did covid-19 come from a lab?". New Scientist. 250 (3337): 10–11. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00938-6. PMC 8177866. PMID 34108789.
  64. ^ "Analysis | Timeline: How the Wuhan lab-leak theory suddenly became credible". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  65. ^ "COVID-19 'extremely unlikely' to have come from a lab, experts say". United Nations. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  66. ^ Nectar Gan, Caitlin Hu and Ivan Watson (12 April 2020). "China imposes restrictions on research into origins of coronavirus". CNN.
  67. ^ "China clamping down on coronavirus research, deleted pages suggest". the Guardian. 11 April 2020.
  68. ^ "DocumentCloud". www.documentcloud.org.
  69. ^ Goh, Goh (13 February 2021). "China refused to provide WHO team with raw data on early COVID cases, team member says". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Reuters. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  70. ^ "Covid-19 pandemic: China 'refused to give data' to WHO team". BBC. BBC. 14 February 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  71. ^ "WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part". World Health Organisation. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
  72. ^ Hernández, Javier C.; Gorman, James (12 February 2021). "On W.H.O. Trip, China Refused to Hand Over Important Data". The New York Times.
  73. ^ "A scientist adventurer and China's 'Bat Woman' are under scrutiny as coronavirus lab-leak theory gets another look". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  74. ^ "U.S. intel agencies still haven't ruled out lab accident origin for Covid". NBC News.
  75. ^ Koopmans, Marion; Daszak, Peter; Dedkov, Vladimir G.; Dwyer, Dominic E.; Farag, Elmoubasher; Fischer, Thea K.; Hayman, David T. S.; Leendertz, Fabian; Maeda, Ken; Nguyen-Viet, Hung; Watson, John (26 August 2021). "Origins of SARS-CoV-2: window is closing for key scientific studies". Nature. 596 (7873): 482–485. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02263-6. PMID 34433937. S2CID 237306971.
  76. ^ "How China's Response to the COVID-19 Lab Leak Theory Means It Will Rumble On and On". Time.
  77. ^ Callaway, Ewen (24 June 2021). "Deleted coronavirus genome sequences trigger scientific intrigue". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01731-3. PMID 34168363. S2CID 235634064.
  78. ^ Zimmer, Carl (23 June 2021). "Scientist Finds Early Virus Sequences That Had Been Mysteriously Deleted". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  79. ^ Maggie Fox. "Scientist says early coronavirus samples were deleted from NIH database". CNN. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  80. ^ Bollyky, Thomas J.; Huang, Yanzhong (15 August 2021). "The Right Way to Investigate the Origins of COVID-19". {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
  81. ^ a b "China punishes Australia for promoting an inquiry into covid-19". The Economist. 21 May 2020.
  82. ^ Yap, Chuin-Wei (10 February 2021). "China's Coal War With Australia Fuels Shortage at Home". Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
  83. ^ "China Warns of Retaliation Ahead of U.S. Report on Virus Origins". Bloomberg News. August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  84. ^ a b Ben Westcott, Isaac Yee and Yong Xiong. "Chinese government rejects WHO plan for second phase of Covid-19 origins study". CNN. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  85. ^ Buckley, Chris (22 July 2021). "China denounces the W.H.O.'s call for another look at the Wuhan lab as 'shocking' and 'arrogant.'". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  86. ^ "Covid: China rejects WHO plan for second phase of virus origin probe". BBC News. 23 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  87. ^ "Why many scientists say it's unlikely that SARS-CoV-2 originated from a 'lab leak'". www.science.org.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19&oldid=1059672202"