Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
Part of the LGBT rights series |
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Many countries in the Americas grant legal recognition to same-sex unions, with almost 85 percent of people in both North America and South America living in jurisdictions providing marriage rights to same-sex couples.
In North America, same-sex marriages are recognized and performed without restrictions in Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, and the United States.[nb 1]
Same-sex marriages are also performed in the Dutch territories of Aruba, Curacao, Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, the Danish autonomous territory of Greenland, and in all French overseas departments and collectivities (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon). Furthermore, Sint Maarten recognizes same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands. The British Territories of Bermuda and the Cayman Islands also perform civil partnerships.
In South America, same-sex marriages are recognized and performed without restrictions in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Uruguay as well as the jurisdictions of French Guiana, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Free unions that are equivalent to marriage have begun to be recognized in Bolivia.
Maps
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/State_recognition_of_same-sex_relationships_%28South_America%29.svg/250px-State_recognition_of_same-sex_relationships_%28South_America%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Homosexuality_laws_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_Islands.svg/250px-Homosexuality_laws_in_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_Islands.svg.png)
Current situation
National level
Status | Country | Legal since | Country population (Last count, 2015 est.) |
---|---|---|---|
Marriage (11 countries) |
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2010[1] | 43,590,400 |
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2013[2] | 205,574,000 | |
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2005[3] | 35,819,000 | |
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2022[4][5] | 18,191,900 | |
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2016[6] | 48,509,200 | |
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2020[7] | 4,851,000 | |
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2022[8] | 11,252,000 | |
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2019[9] | 16,278,844 | |
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2022[10] | 121,006,000 | |
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2015[11][12] | 321,234,000 | |
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2013[13] | 3,480,222 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 829,786,566 (84.62% of the American population) |
Other form of recognition | ![]() |
2023[14] | 10,985,059 |
Subtotal | — | — | 10,985,059
(1.12% of the American population) |
Total | — | — | 840,771,625 (85.74% of the American population) |
No recognition (19 countries) |
Homosexuality is legal | ||
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— | 89,000 | |
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— | 379,000 | |
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— | 283,000 | |
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— | 369,000 | |
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— | 71,000 | |
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— | 6,460,000 | |
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— | 16,176,000 | |
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— | 10,994,000 | |
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— | 6,514,000 | |
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— | 3,764,000 | |
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— | 31,488,700 | |
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— | 46,000 | |
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— | 534,189 | |
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— | 1,357,000 | |
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— | 31,648,930 | |
Homosexuality is illegal but legislation is not enforced | |||
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— | 746,900 | |
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— | 172,000 | |
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— | 110,000 | |
Homosexuality is illegal | |||
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— | 104,000 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 111,306,719 (11.35% of the American population) |
Constitutional ban on marriage (5 countries) ** Homosexuality is illegal |
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2010[15] | 9,980,000 |
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2005[16][17] | 8,950,000 | |
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2011[18] | 2,729,000 | |
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1992[19] | 6,854,536 | |
Subtotal | — | — | 28,513,536 (2.91% of the American population) |
Total | — | — | 139,820,255 (14.26% of the American population) |
Sub-national level
2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights advisory opinion
On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that states party to the American Convention on Human Rights should grant same-sex couples accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage. The opinion was issued after the Government of Costa Rica sought clarification of its obligations to LGBT people under the convention.[76] The opinion sets precedent for all 23 member states, 19 of which did not recognize same-sex marriage at the time of the ruling: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname. Of these, all but Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica recognize the jurisdiction of the Court.[77] The Supreme Courts of Honduras,[78] Panama,[79] Peru[80] and Suriname[81] have rejected the IACHR advisory opinion, while the Supreme Courts of Costa Rica and Ecuador adhered to it.
Future legislation
Marriage
Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority
Venezuela: In October 2020, President Nicolás Maduro called on Congress to debate a same-sex marriage bill.[82] On 24 February 2022, Vanessa Robertazzo, deputy of the opposition Cambiemos Movimiento Ciudadano party, introduced a same-sex marriage bill to the National Assembly.[83]
Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority
British Overseas Territories: In July 2022, Labour Party Peer Lord Michael Cashman introduced a private member's bill in the House of Lords that would compel governors of each of the six British Overseas Territories where same-sex marriage is not currently legal (Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and Turks and Caicos) to pass laws legalizing it. The territories are also bound by the European Convention on Human Rights to pass laws legalizing some form of same-sex union, although to date only Bermuda and Cayman Islands have done so.[84]
Honduras: In May 2022, the deputy of the Libertad y Refundación Party, Manuel Rodríguez, presented a bill in congress to legalize same-sex marriage.[85]
Sint Maarten: Following the December 2022 court ruling that Aruba's and Curaçao's same-sex marriage bans were unconstitutional, Melissa Gumbs, a member of the Parliament of Sint Maarten, said her party was planning on introducing a same-sex marriage bill to Parliament, noting that "there is precedent now within the Caribbean part of the kingdom (of the Netherlands) that it's not right to withhold same-sex marriage rights from people."
Other forms of partnership
Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority
Peru: Congressman Alejandro Cavero has introduced a bill to allow same-sex civil unions that will not allow adoption, but it has not been brought up for debate in the justice committee.[86]
Public opinion
Country | Pollster | Year | For | Against | Neutral[a] | Margin of error |
Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 12% | - | - | [87] | |
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Ipsos | 2023 | 70% |
16% [8% support some rights] |
14% not sure | ±3.5% | [88] |
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2021 | 46% | [89] | ||||
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AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 11% | - | - | [90] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 8% | - | - | [90] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 35% | - | - | [87] | |
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Ipsos | 2023 | 51% |
29% [15% support some rights] |
20% not sure | ±3.5% [b] | [88] |
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Ipsos | 2023 | 69% |
17% [7% support some rights] |
15% not sure | ±3.5% | [88] |
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Ipsos | 2023 | 65% |
24% [18% support some rights] |
12% | ±3.5% | [88] |
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Ipsos | 2023 | 49% | 33% [21% support some rights] |
18% | [88] | |
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CIEP | 2018 | 35% | 64% | 1% | [91] | |
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Gallup | 2019 | 63.1% | 36.9% | [92] | ||
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 10% | - | - | [87] | |
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CDN 37 | 2018 | 45% | 55% | - | [93] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2019 | 22.9% | 51.3% | 25.8% | [94] | |
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Universidad Francisco Gavidia | 2021 | 82.5% | [95] | |||
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 12% | - | - | [87] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 23% | - | - | [87] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 21% | - | - | [90] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 5% | - | - | [87] | |
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CID Gallup | 2018 | 17% | 75% | 8% | [96] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 16% | - | - | [87] | |
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Ipsos | 2023 | 58% |
28% [17% support some rights] |
14% not sure | ±4.8% [b] | [88] |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 25% | - | - | [87] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 22% | - | - | [87] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 26% | - | - | [87] | |
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Ipsos | 2023 | 41% | 40% [24% support some rights] |
19% | ±3.5% [b] | [88] |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 9% | - | - | [87] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 11% | - | - | [87] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 4% | - | - | [87] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 18% | - | - | [90] | |
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AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 16% | - | - | [90] | |
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Marquette | 2022 | 72% |
28% |
– | [97] | |
Selzer | 2022 | 74% (83%) |
13% (17%) |
13% not sure | [98][99] | ||
Quinnipiac | 2022 | 68% (77%) |
22% (23%) |
10% | [100] | ||
Ipsos | 2023 | 54% |
31% [14% support some rights] |
15% not sure | ±3.5% | [88] | |
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Equipos Consultores | 2019 | 59% | 28% | 13% | [101] | |
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Equilibrium Cende | 2023 | 55% (63%) |
32% (37%) |
13% | [102] |
Country | Pollster | Year | For | Against | Neutral[a] | Margin of error |
Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 35.9% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 30.7% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 42.1% | - | [103] | |
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OUTBermuda | 2020 | 53% | 35% | 11% | [104] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 56.1% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 58.7% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 36.4% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 46.8% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 39.2% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 38.8% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 38.7% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 54% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 41.7% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 34.2% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 28.6% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 46% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 38.5% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 38.8% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 44.4% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 52.2% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 37.1% | - | [103] | |
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Pew Research Center | 2014 | 33% | 55% | 12% | [105] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 32.4% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 37.9% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 38.6% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 37.7% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 31.4% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 33.8% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 56.5% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 44.4% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 43.9% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 54.3% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 43% | - | [103] | |
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INEGI | 2017 | - | 37.4% | - | [103] |
See also
- LGBT rights in the Americas
- Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa
- Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia
- Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
- Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania
- Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
Notes
- ^ Excluding certain Native American tribes. Same-sex marriage is legal in at least 42 of them.
- ^ Note: While listed here under “subnational level,” US Tribes are considered Nations both in a legal sense and when it comes to preferred language. The United States Government recognizes US Tribal Nations as “Domestic Dependent Nations” under the law in a government-to government relationship. Tribal nations exercise sovereignty, though Congress has ultimate authority under the Plenary Power Doctrine which is why tribal nations are placed here under an imperfect multi-purpose umbrella term[20][21][22]
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Solid majorities across both parties agree that... marrying someone of the same sex...are rights that should be guaranteed to all citizens...
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