List of wars involving Pakistan

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Since its establishment in 1947, Pakistan has been involved in numerous armed conflicts both locally and around the world. The main focus of its military operations have both historically and currently been on neighbouring India—against whom Pakistan has fought four major wars in addition to commonly-recurring border skirmishes and standoffs. The two nations have had a hostile and turbulent relationship since their independence from the United Kingdom and subsequent war over the Himalayan region of Jammu and Kashmir. Both India and Pakistan claim Kashmir in its entirety but have not exercised control over the entire region, which remains divided and contested between the two states by the Line of Control. The Kashmir conflict has seen extensive—albeit unsuccessful—intervention and mediation by the United Nations.

Pakistan has also had a turbulent relationship with neighbouring Afghanistan,[1] characterized by armed border skirmishes and periods of diplomatic tension. The Pakistani government has increased military activity along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border and built a border barrier to crack down on illegal immigration, militancy,[2] and smuggling.[3][4]

Outside of its home region of South Asia, Pakistan has also engaged in international conflicts in the Middle East and Africa as part of larger coalitions, and remains one of the largest contributors of troops to various United Nations peacekeeping missions. The country was designated as a major non-NATO ally by the United States in 2004,[5] and has participated extensively in the American-led War on Terror following the 9/11 attacks.

List

This is a list of wars. For a list of military engagements and battles within wars, See Outline of Pakistan military history for additional information.
Conflict Pakistan
and allies 		Opponents Results
First Indo-Pakistani War
(1947–1948)[6][7] 		 Pakistan
 Azad Kashmir
Furqan Force 		 India
Jammu and Kashmir 		Ceasefire[8]
  • Partitioning of Kashmir between India and Pakistan
First Balochistan Conflict
(1948)[9][10] 		 Pakistan Kalat insurgents Victory[10]
  • Defeat of the insurgents
Korean War(1950–1953)[11][12]

 South Korea

United Nations
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Turkey
 Australia
 Philippines
 New Zealand
 Thailand
 Ethiopia
 Greece
 France
 Colombia
 Belgium
 South Africa
 Netherlands
 Luxembourg

Supported by:

 North Korea

 China
 Soviet Union

Supported by:

Stalemate[15]
  • Formation of the DMZ
Second Balochistan Conflict
(1958–1959)[16] 		 Pakistan Kalat insurgents Victory[17]
Congo Crisis
(1960–1965) 		 Congo-Léopoldville
United Nations ONUC 		 Katanga
 South Kasai
 Belgium
Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo-Stanleyville 		West-Congolese victory[c]
  • Katanga and South Kasai reincorporated into the Congo, Stanleyville government exiled
Bajaur Campaign
(1960–1961)[21][22] 		 Pakistan  Afghanistan Victory[21]
  • Afghan incursions repelled
Third Balochistan Conflict
(1963–1969)[23] 		 Pakistan Kalat insurgents Victory
Second Indo-Pakistani War
(1965) 		 Pakistan  India Inconclusive
Al-Wadiah War
(1969)[25]

 Saudi Arabia
 Pakistan[26][27]

 South Yemen Victory
  • al-Wadiah reoccupied by Saudi forces[28]
Bangladesh Liberation War
(From March 1971)
Third Indo-Pakistani War
(From Dec 1971) 		 Pakistan Bangladesh Provisional Government of Bangladesh
 India 		Defeat
Fourth Balochistan Conflict
(1973–1978)[29][30] 		 Pakistan BLA Victory[31]
Soviet–Afghan War
(1979–1989)[32] 		Mujahidin
 Pakistan 		 Soviet Union
Afghanistan Afghanistan 		Victory[33]
Siachen conflict
(1984) 		 Pakistan  India Defeat
Second Afghan Civil War
(1989–1992) 		Afghan mujahideen rebels
Afghan Interim Government[34][35]

Khalq (1990)[37]
Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (from July 1989)[34]
Afghanistan Junbish-i Milli (from 1992)

Foreign Mujahideen:

Various factions also fought among each other

Supported by:
Pakistan Pakistan[38][39][40]

PDPA Government
Supported by:
Soviet Union Soviet Union (until 1991)
Commonwealth of Independent States Commonwealth of Independent States (from 1991)[41]

India India

Victory

Interim Afghan Government victory

Gulf War[42]
(1990–1991) 		 Kuwait
 United States
 United Kingdom
 France
 Saudi Arabia
 Egypt
Coalition:
 Iraq Victory[45]
Afghan Civil War
(1996–2001) 		Afghanistan Islamic Emirate
(Taliban)
 Pakistan
Al-Qaeda 		Afghanistan Islamic State
(Northern Alliance) 		Stalemate
  • Taliban controls up to 85% of Afghanistan including Kabul
Ituri conflict
Main Phase(1999–2003)[47]

low level conflict (2003–Present)[48]

Lendu ethnic group:

Mai-Mai Simba

ADF
Islamic State IS-CAP
Mai-Mai Kyandenga[49]

Hema ethnic group:

 Uganda[50]

 DR Congo (FARDC)
 UN (MONUC)

 EU (Artemis)

Ongoing[53]
Kargil War
(1999) 		 Pakistan  India Defeat
War in North-West Pakistan

First Phase:- (16 March 2004–22 February 2017)[55][56]

Drone war
(2004–2018)

Part of the war on terror and the War in North-West Pakistan

Location: Pakistan
MQ-1 Predator drones typically used in covert bombing operations in Pakistan.
  Pakistan

 United States[57][58][59]

 Pakistan[60][61]

 United States

Supported by:

Taliban

Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

ISIL-aligned groups

 Islamic State

Victory[66]

Usa-Allied Victory

Fifth Balochistan Conflict
(2004–present)[75] 		 Pakistan BLA Ongoing[76][77]
War in North-West Pakistan

Second Phase:- ( 23 February 2017 – present)[82][83][84]

 Pakistan
 United States[57][58][59]

Afghanistan Taliban (major in the Durand Line border skirmishes)[85][86]

ISIL-aligned groups

 Islamic State

Ongoing[87]

(Beginning of nationwide large scale operations against insurgency)

War in Iraq
(2013–2017) 		 Iraq
Peshmerga
Sinjar Alliance

CJTF–OIR

 Iran
Hezbollah

Further support:-

ISIL
Ansar al-Islam
SCJL
Naqshbandi Army
Mujahideen Army 		Victory
  • Iraqi territorial integrity preserved
  • ISIL expelled from all strongholds in Iraq[103]
  • ISIL genocides against Yazidis, Shias, and Christians in 2014

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Until 2020, when it re-merged into the TTP.[62]
  2. ^ Collaboration with the TTP in 2007.
  3. ^ Collaboration with the TTP in 2015.
  1. ^ Both the Korean conflict and the 1991 Persian Gulf War involved more troops, but were essentially U.S.-initiated military coalitions that won U.N. Security Council approval. UNOC forces were drawn from such countries as Burma, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Liberia, Malaya, Mali, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Sweden and Tunisia. The United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and Canada provided funding and air transport. The total cost of the four-year operation was $400 million.Pg.244.[14]
  2. ^ "Pakistan’s journey with UN Peacekeeping operations began in 1960 when it deployed its first ever contingent in United Nations Operations in Congo (ONUC). Over the past 50 years, Pakistan has been the most significant and consistent contributor to the UN Peacekeeping around the World"[19]
  3. ^ Not to be confused with the neighbouring state known as the Republic of the Congo, formerly the French Congo, with its capital at Brazzaville. The state's name changed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in August 1964.[20]

References

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  2. ^ "Three killed, 13 injured in blast at Pakistani-Afghan border". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  3. ^ Basit, Abdul. "Pakistan-Afghanistan border fence, a step in the right direction". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  4. ^ Farmer, Ben; Mehsud, Ihsanullah Tipu (2020-03-15). "Pakistan Builds Border Fence, Limiting Militants and Families Alike". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  5. ^ "Pakistan status of major non-NATO ally may be terminated". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
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  8. ^ "BBC on the 1947–48 war". Archived from the original on 30 January 2015.
  9. ^ Qaiser Butt (22 April 2013). "Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat". The Express Tribune.
  10. ^ a b Qaiser Butt (22 April 2013). "Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Prince Agha Abdul Karim Baloch, father of Irfan Karim and younger brother of Khan-e-Kalat Mir Ahmed Yar Khan, had revolted against his brother's decision of accession of Kalat State to Pakistan at the request of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1948. Abdul Karim took refuge in Afghanistan to wage an armed resistance against Pakistan. However, he ultimately surrendered to Pakistan in 1950.
  11. ^ Whan-woo, Yi (16 September 2019). "Pakistan's Defense Day rekindles Korean War relief aid". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  12. ^ dubna (11 April 2013). "Českoslovenští lékaři stáli v korejské válce na straně KLDR. Jejich mise stále vyvolává otazníky". rozhlas.cz (in Czech). Czech Radio. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
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  14. ^ Collins, Carole J.L. (1993). "The Cold War Comes to Africa: Cordier and the 1960 Congo Crisis". Journal of International Affairs. 47 (1): 243–269. ISSN 0022-197X.
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  19. ^ ISPR (23 October 2012). "Inter Services Public Relations Pakistan". ispr.gov.pk. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-26.
  20. ^ "DRC: Background to the 1965 election". Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA). Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
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  27. ^ "What Accounts for Pakistan's Troop Deployment to Saudi Arabia?". YemenWatch. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Pakistani combat pilots also flew RSAF English Electric Lightning supersonic fighter aircraft during the al-Wadiah War between Saudi Arabia and the People's Republic of South Yemen in 1969.
  28. ^ Bidwell, Robin (1998). Dictionary Of Modern Arab History. Routledge. p. 437. ISBN 9780710305053.
  29. ^ Abbas, Hassan (2005). Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. M.E. Sharpe. p. 79. ISBN 0-7656-1496-0.
  30. ^ Jalal, Ayesha (2007). The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521051842.
  31. ^ Newsline: A History of the Baloch Separatist Movement
  32. ^ "Eight "Hot Wars" During the Cold War". World 101. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  33. ^ Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989. Brookings Institution Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8157-2595-4.
  34. ^ a b c Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Afghanistan: The Forgotten War: Human Rights Abuses and Violations of the Laws of War Since the Soviet Withdrawal". Refworld. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
  35. ^ a b Fleiss, Alex (2022-04-05). "What happened in the battle of Jalalabad?". Rebellion Research. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  36. ^ Goodson, Larry P. (2011). Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban. University of Washington Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-295-80158-2. OCLC 1026403863.
  37. ^ Coll, Steve (28 November 2012). "In Afghanistan, Dinner and Then a Coup" – via www.newyorker.com.
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  40. ^ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-59420-007-6.
  41. ^ Gibson, Joshua James (2015). An Unsustainable Arrangement: The Collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 1992 (MA thesis). Ohio State University. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  42. ^ "Tenth anniversary of the Gulf War: A look back". CNN. 16 January 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
  43. ^ Kamran, Sehar (January 2013). "Pak-Gulf Defense and Security Cooperation" (PDF). Center for Pakistan and Gulf Studies (CPGS). Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  44. ^ a b "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  45. ^ "The Gulf War, 1991". History state Govt. Retrieved 2 January 2024. The invasion of Kuwait led to a United Nations Security Council embargo and sanctions on Iraq and a U.S.-led coalition air and ground war, which began on January 16, 1991, and ended with an Iraqi defeat and retreat from Kuwait on February 28, 1991.
  46. ^ McCarthy, Rory; Carter, Helen; Norton-Taylor, Richard (October 26, 2001). "The elite force who are ready to die". The Guardian.
  47. ^ "Bunia: 28 miliciens de la FRPI se sont rendus". Radio Okapi. November 27, 2014. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  48. ^ "Reddition d'environ 300 miliciens de la FRPI en Ituri". Radio Okapi. May 18, 2015. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  49. ^ "Ituri : 4 miliciens Mai-mai Kyandenga neutralisés par les FARDC à Otamabere". March 21, 2022.
  50. ^ "ituri: "covered in blood"". www.hrw.org. 27 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
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  52. ^ "Troop and police contributors". United Nations Peacekeeping. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  53. ^ "Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Global Conflict Tracker. 27 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
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  58. ^ a b Bergen, Peter; Tiedemann, Katherine (3 June 2009). "The Drone War". New America Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  59. ^ a b "Obama unveils new US policy for Pakistan, Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009. Unfolding a new US strategy to defeat Taliban and Al-Qaeda, Obama said Pakistan must be 'stronger partner' in destroying Al-Qaeda safe havens. In this connection, he said Pakistan would be provided financial assistance of 1.5 billion dollars each year for the next five years.
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  61. ^ A Quiet Deal With Pakistan Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Washington Post, 4 October 2008
  62. ^ a b c d Mehsud, Katharine Houreld (12 March 2015). "Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isolation | Reuters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  63. ^ a b "Pakistan says has eliminated Uighur militants from territory". Reuters. 18 October 2015.
  64. ^ a b c "Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State". Reuters. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  65. ^ a b c d e f Says, Battu (31 March 2015). "Uzbek militants in Afghanistan pledge allegiance to ISIS in beheading video". The Khaama Press News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  66. ^ a b Javaid, U. and Javaid, R. (2016). Zarb-e-Azb: A Successful Initiative to Curtail Terrorism. South Asian Studies, 31(1), 281–296. – Argues that Operation Zarb-e-Azb was highly successful in dismantling terrorist networks in North Waziristan.
  67. ^ Khan, S.R. and Khan, A. (2020). From War to Peace: The Challenges and Opportunities in Pakistan's Counter-Terrorism Environment Post Operation Zarb-e-Azb. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 15(2), 121–139. – Notes that Operation Zarb-e-Azb secured control over previous militant strongholds and denied them space.
  68. ^ Gulf News (2016, June 16). Two years after 'Zarb-e-Azb': Pakistan stronger against terror. https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/two-years-after-zarb-e-azb-pakistan-stronger-against-terror-1.1850692 – Contemporary news analysis of the success of Operation Zarb-e-Azb after two years.
  69. ^ Roul, A. (2016). How Operation Zarb-e-Azb Changed Pakistan's Tribal Areas. Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor, 14(12), 5–7. – Discusses gains made by Pakistan army in previously uncontrolled tribal areas during the operation.
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  88. ^ Jibran Ahmad (22 December 2023). "Afghan Taliban stop Pakistan army from fencing international border". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Pakistan has fenced most of the 2,600 km (1,615 mile) border despite protestations from Kabul, which has always contested the British-era boundary demarcation that splits families and tribes on either side.
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  102. ^ Syed, Baqir Sajjad (15 July 2017). "Pakistan helped Iraq in defeating IS, says Iraqi envoy". Dawn. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  103. ^ "With Iraqi-Kurdish Talks Stalled, Phone Diplomacy Averts New Clashes". New York Times.
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