Halcyon-class minesweeper

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HMS Britomart
HMS Britomart secured to a buoy in Plymouth Sound
Class overview
Operators Royal Navy
Preceded byRacecourse class
Succeeded byBangor class
Subclassesreciprocating / turbine-engined
Planned22
Completed21
Lost9 (+1 constructive total loss)
Retired12
General characteristics (reciprocating)
Typefleet minesweeper
Displacement
  • 815 tons (828 tonnes) standard
  • 1,370 tons (1,391 tonnes) full load
Length245 ft 9 in (74.90 m) o/aii
Beam33 ft 6 in (10.21 m)
Draught9 ft (2.7 m)[1]
Propulsion2 × Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers, vertical compound reciprocating steam engines on 2 shafts, 1,770 ihp
Speed16.5 to 17 kn (31 km/h)
Range7,200 nmi (13,330 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h)
Complement80
Armament
General characteristics (Niger, Salamander)
Displacement1,330 long tons (1,350 t)
Length245 ft 3 in (74.75 m)
PropulsionVertical triple-expansion, 2,000 ihp
Speed17 knots (31 km/h)
Armament
NotesOther characteristics as per reciprocating ships
General characteristics (turbine)
Displacement
  • 815–835 long tons (828–848 t) /
  • 1,290–1,350 long tons (1,310–1,370 t) full load
Propulsion2 × Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers, Parsons steam turbines, 1,750 shp (1,305 kW) on 2 shafts
Speed16.5 knots (31 km/h)
NotesOther characteristics as per Niger/Salamander

The Halcyon class was a class of 21 oil-fuelled minesweepers (officially, "fleet minesweeping sloops") built for the British Royal Navy between 1933 and 1939. They were given traditional small ship names used historically by the Royal Navy and served during the Second World War.

Design

There were 21 ships in the Halcyon class, built in two groups; the first using reciprocating steam engines, with steam turbines in the latter. They were generally smaller versions of the Grimsby-class escort sloops. Niger and Salamander of the reciprocating group used vertical triple expansion engines, instead of the vertical compound engines of their sisters. As a result of the increased power they had a half knot speed advantage, even though they used slightly shorter hulls. The turbine ships used the same shorter hulls as Niger and Salamander, but with lower power, speed dropped back to 16.5 knots (31 km/h). Gleaner, Franklin, Jason and Scott were completed as unarmed survey vessels, Sharpshooter and Seagull being converted to follow suit. They were all re-armed and deployed in their original role on the outbreak of war. Seagull had the first all-welded hull built for the Royal Navy.[2]

Service history

Halcyons served in Home waters, at Dunkirk, on Arctic convoys and in the Mediterranean Sea. On 3 February 1940, Sphinx (Cdr. J. R. N. Taylor, RN) was sweeping an area 15 miles (24 km) north of Kinnaird Head when it was attacked by enemy aircraft. A bomb pierced the forecastle deck and exploded, destroying the fore part of the ship and killing the commanding officer and forty of his men. Sphinx remained afloat and was towed by Halcyon, but having taken in too much water, capsized and sank. The wreck washed ashore north of Lybster and was sold for scrap.

Skipjack (Lt.Cdr. F. B. Proudfoot, RN) was attacked and sunk by a force of German dive bombers off De Panne, Belgium on 1 June 1940. On board Skipjack were between 250 and 300 soldiers rescued from Dunkirk's beaches during Operation Dynamo. Eyewitness William Stone said of Skipjack, "She just disappeared".[3]

Halcyons were pressed into service as anti-submarine escorts, performing this task with decreasing frequency as ships specifically designed for this task, such as Flower-class corvettes, came off the slips. Halcyons accompanied most of the Arctic convoys, serving as minesweepers and anti-submarine escorts. Several spent extended periods based at Soviet naval bases in Northern Russia, such as Murmansk. Four Halcyons were lost during this period,

Hebe and Speedy served in the Mediterranean as part of the 14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla based in Malta. The minesweepers saw action during the Malta Convoys, Operation Torch and Operation Corkscrew. Hebe was lost to a mine off Bari, Italy on 22 November 1943.

Friendly fire losses

As the Allied armies advanced following the invasion of Normandy, Britomart, Hussar, Jason and Salamander were assigned to the 1st Minesweeping Flotilla (1MF) clearing Axis minefields, north of Normandy, to open ports to supply the advance. On the afternoon of 27 August 1944, they were sweeping off Cap d'Antifer in preparation for the battleship Warspite and the monitors Erebus and Roberts to engage Le Havre coastal artillery delaying the advance of Canadian troops.[4]

The headquarters officer assigning the minesweeping project to 1MF neglected to inform the Flag Officer British Assault Area (Rear‑Admiral James Rivett‑Carnac), who was responsible for defending the invasion beaches from E-boats operating from Le Havre. 1MF was observed on a south-westerly leg of the minesweeping operation and assumed to be German ships proceeding to attack Allied shipping off the invasion beaches. The Admiral's staff requested 263 Squadron and 266 Squadron to attack the ships. The squadrons attacked with 16 Typhoons armed with 20 mm cannon and High Explosive "60 lb" RP-3 unguided rockets. The pilots identified 1MF as probably friendly shipping but upon questioning their orders were told the Royal Navy had no ships in the area.[4]

In a well-executed attack out of the sun at 13:30, the Typhoons sank Britomart (Lt. Cdr. Nash, MBE, RNR) and Hussar (Lt.Cdr. A. J. Galvin, DSC, RNR) and Salamander was damaged so far beyond economical repair she was written off. Eighty-six British sailors were killed and 124 more were injured. 1MF identified the Typhoons as friendly and poor visibility into the sun prevented early recognition of the impending "friendly fire". Jason established radio contact to terminate the attack.[4]

Ships in class

Reciprocating group

Turbine group

Footnotes

  1. ^ Specifications Halcyon Minesweepers
  2. ^ Lenton, p.252
  3. ^ BBC NEWS | UK | Surviving WWI: Veterans' stories
  4. ^ a b c "SINKING OF HMS BRITOMART AND HMS HUSSAR BY FRIENDLY FIRE". Halcyon Class. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  5. ^ Lenton and Colledge 1973, p. 201.

References

  • Lenton, H. T. (1998). British and Empire Warships of the Second World War. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-277-7.
  • Lenton, H. T.; Colledge, J. J. (1973). Warships of World War II (2nd rev. ed.). London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0202-9.