Afşin-Elbistan power stations

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Afşin-Elbistan power stations
Country
  • Turkey
[edit on Wikidata]
Afsin-Elbistan Power Complex
See also: Climate change litigation § Turkey

The Afşin-Elbistan power stations are coal-fired power stations in the district of Afşin in Kahramanmaraş Province in Turkey. Both Afşin-Elbistan A and B burn lignite from the nearby Elbistan coalfield.

The area is a sulfur dioxide air pollution hotspot:[1] Air pollution can be trapped by the surrounding mountains,[2] and Greenpeace say that measurements they took nearby in late 2020 show illegal levels of particulates and nitrogen oxides.[3] The Environment Ministry has not released the flue gas measurements.[3]

As of 2024 Çelikler Holding still want to build more coal-fired capacity, despite public opposition.[4]

Afşin-Elbistan A

Afşin-Elbistan A
Map
Country
  • Turkey
StatusOperational
Commission date
  • 1984
Owner(s)
Thermal power station
Primary fuel
Power generation
Units operational3
Units planned2 totalling 688 MW [5]
Nameplate capacity
  • 1,355 MW
Annual net output
  • 1,717 GWh (2020)
  • 1,899 GWh (2019)
  • 3,686 GWh (2022)
  • 3,710 GWh (2021)
External links
Websiteceliklerholding.com/en/energy
[edit on Wikidata]

Afşin-Elbistan A is a 1355 MW lignite-fired power station, owned by Çelikler Holding.

Proposed expansion

In 2023 the National Energy Plan was published: it forecast that 1.7 GW more local coal power would be connected to the grid by 2030 but did not say where.[6]: 15 

In March 2024 the company was considering buying two cheap second-hand steam turbines from shut down American nuclear plants, but was unsure whether suitable steam boilers which could cope with Turkish lignite could be found, as large electrostatic precipitators and FGD would be needed.[7]

As of July 2024 the environmental impact assessment which began in 2022[5] of adding such 4th and 5th units totalling about 700 MW[8] is still being considered by the government.[9] As of 2023 official health impact assessment is not done in Turkey,[10]: 50  but opponents of the expansion estimate that the extra air pollution could lead to an additional 1900 premature deaths. [11] This was estimated by using CALPUFF on dispersion of NO2, SO2 and PM2.5 and also estimating deposition of mercury.[12] According to the environmental impact assessment 28 million tonnes of CO2 may be emitted per year,[13]: 277 [note 1] far more than the largest Turkish greenhouse gas emitter in 2022, which was ZETES power stations at 15 million tonnes.[14]

History

Afşin-Elbistan A before refurbishment

Brought online from 1984 to 1987 Afşin-Elbistan A is one of the largest installed capacity coal-fired power stations in Turkey and is estimated to emit over 8 million tonnes of CO
2 per year,[15] over 1% of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. It was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 5000 liras banknotes of 1990–1994.[16]

In 2004 or 2005 an EIA was done re rehabilitation and FGD.[17]

The plant was shut down in January 2020 due to local air pollution,[18] but reopened later in 2020.[19] Delivery of flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) parts was delayed by the covid-19 pandemic but the filters were installed in 2021.[20]

In January 2019 locals complained that the plant had been restarted causing visible ash pollution in the snow,[21] and local MP Sefer Aycan said in parliament he was concerned that the plant would add to the industrial pollution of the Aksu and Ceyhan rivers.[22] In March 2019 Greenpeace projected the message "These chimneys are spitting poison" onto the plant,[23] to publicise their earlier report claiming that, together with neighbouring Afşin-Elbistan B, the plants were responsible for 17,000 premature deaths. The area is a sulfur dioxide air pollution hotspot.[24] According to energy analyst Haluk Direskeneli, writing in 2019, flue-gas desulfurization is not installed and electrostatic precipitation is inadequate, and "it is futile to repair this power plant".[25]

The plant was shut down in January 2020 as it did not meet the flue gas emission limits which came into force that month.[26] Çelikler planned to have filters installed by June 2020.[27] The plant reopened but complaints of air pollution continued,[28] and in October 2021 it was said by opposition MP Ali Öztunç to be still operating without filters due to company lobbying.[29] In 2020 the fuel oil system was replaced by gas and dry flue gas filters were completed; wet flue gas filters were completed in 2021.[30]

In 2022 a study found levels of chromium and nickel in the soil exceeding regulations[31] and the Climate Change Policy and Research Association alleged that the plant was operating illegally according to environmental laws.[32]: 27 

Technology

The plant burns lignite, which is transported by conveyor belt[33] from the nearby Kışlaköy coal mine. After burning 2% of the lignite remains as slag and 18% as fly ash, and a new landfill site was planned for both of these in 2019.[34] Use of modified fly ash in concrete has been suggested.[35]

Afşin-Elbistan B

Afşin-Elbistan B
Map
Country
  • Turkey
StatusOperational
Commission date
  • 2006
Owner(s)
Thermal power station
Primary fuel
Power generation
Nameplate capacity
  • 1,440 MW
Capacity factor
  • 22 %
Annual net output
  • 1,201 GWh (2021)
  • 2,181 GWh
  • 2,378 GWh (2020)
  • 2,767 GWh (2022)
  • 2,773 GWh (2019)
External links
Websitewww.euas.gov.tr/en-US/power-plants/afsin-elbistan-b-dbzi
[edit on Wikidata]

Afşin-Elbistan B is a 1440MW coal-fired power station in Afşin in Kahramanmaraş Province, state owned by the Electricity Generation Company (EUAŞ).[36] The plant burns lignite from Kışlaköy coal mine (mostly transported by lorry[37]) and sometimes from other mines.[38]

History

Built between 2004 and 2005 Afşin-Elbistan B is the largest single installed capacity coal-fired power station in Turkey and is estimated to emit almost 8 million tonnes CO
2 per year,[15] over 1% of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. Opponents said in September 2020 that ash retention filters are disabled on the pretext that they are expensive to clean.[39] An environmental impact report for proposed ash and slag storage was approved in 2020.[40] By 2021 unit 3 had been converted to gas.[41]

Opposition

In December 2021 environmental group TEMA Foundation said that air quality measurements had not been taken in Karamanmaraş for almost 11 months of 2020, and that it was very worrying that the plants continued to operate on temporary permits without the necessary environmental improvements.[42]

Cancelled power stations

Afşin-Elbistan C

Afşin-Elbistan C was a planned 1800-MW coal-fired power station which was proposed to be funded by the Turkey Wealth Fund and built by a state-owned mining company to be called Maden Holding. Estimated to cost over 17 billion lira, at planned capacity it would have generated about 3% of the nation's electricity. According to the environmental impact assessment (EIA) the plant would have burned 23 million tonnes of lignite annually, and emitted over 61 million tonnes of CO2 each year for 35 years.[43]: 319 

However in 2021 Turkey targeted net zero carbon emissions by 2053,[44] and in 2022 the C power station was cancelled.[45][46]

Like some other power stations in Turkey the proposed three units of 600 MW for Afşin in Kahramanmaraş Province were planned to be state-owned.[47] Estimated to cost 17.3 billion lira, at planned capacity 11 TWh per year (about 3%)[48] of the nation's electricity would have been generated by burning 23 million tonnes of Turkish lignite annually.[49]

The site, on the border between Altınelma (in Turkish) and Tanır (in Turkish) neighbourhoods in Afşin district,[50] is near the two existing Afşin-Elbistan power stations. In 2019, compulsory purchase of the land was authorised by President Erdoğan,[51] and diversion of Hurman Creek would have allowed more access to Elbistan coalfield as well as supplying the plant's cooling water.[52][needs update]

In 2021 negotiations with Chinese companies continued.[3] But later in 2021 China stopped funding overseas coal power.[53][54]

The station was planned to run 6,948 hours per year to generate 11,380 GWh.[55] By using a supercritical boiler, the plant would have been more efficient and emitted less local air pollution than all other large (over 400 MW) local lignite-fuelled power stations in Turkey, as they use subcritical boilers. According to the Turkey Wealth Fund, the plant would have been environmentally friendly, using the latest emission control technologies.[56] But, according to campaign group "Right to Clean Air Platform", it would still have resulted in thousands of early deaths over the lifetime of the plant.[57] Cooling water would have been supplied from Hurman Creek via the forthcoming Karakuz Dam,[58][needs update]to be built by TOKİ, which will also run a small hydropower plant and supply water for irrigation.[59] According to Climate Action Network Europe the plant would have increased the risk of drought in the area.[60]

Afşin-Elbistan D and E

The coalfield also has D and E sectors but, although D and E power stations were planned in the early 21st century,[61]: 27  these are not in use.[62]: 75 

Coal

This section is an excerpt from Elbistan coalfield.[edit]
Afsin-Elbistan Power Complex
Elbistan coalfield, also known as Afşin Elbistan Lignite Reserve, is a large lignite coalfield located in the south-east of Turkey in Kahramanmaraş Province. Elbistan is the field with the most coal in Turkey.[63] Formerly Çöllolar coal mine also supplied a local power station, but after that closed Kışlaköy was the only mine. 200 million tons of CO2 were emitted by burning lignite from this field before 2016, and 2.4 billion tons could be emitted in future.[64] The lignite is high in sulfur and moisture, and the energy value of its coal is only 1,000 to 1,500 kcal/kg,[65] or less than 5 MJ/kg, which is a quarter of typical thermal coal.[66] The coalfield supplies the Afşin-Elbistan power stations.

Mine

This section is an excerpt from Kışlaköy coal mine.[edit]

Kışlaköy Coal Mine or Afşin Elbistan Mine[67] is a lignite mine in Elbistan coalfield and is the largest operating lignite mine in Turkey.[68] The mine is open pit and can produce 5 million tonnes a year.[69] It feeds the Afşin-Elbistan power stations.

According to the state-owned Electricity Generation Company there are 617 million tons of reserves, with the average energy value of coal of 1.031 Kcal/kg.[70] Seam depths are 50 – 175 m, moisture content 53%, ash content 20% and sulfur content 1.2%.[71]

Energy thinktank Shura suggests that people whose jobs are at risk of the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism could be offered retraining or early retirement.[72]: 10–13 

Disease and deaths

Article 56 of the constitution says that “Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution.”[1] In 2024 Human Rights Watch alleged that the existing power stations and proposed expansion contravene the constitution and violate the human rights of nearby residents by damaging their health.[73]

According to the Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey the power stations have caused over 17 thousand premature deaths as of 2024.[5]

Health and Environment Alliance estimate that phasing out coal by 2030, instead of when the A and B power plant licences end in 2038 and 2052 respectively, would prevent over 2000 premature deaths.[74]: 14 

Economics

According to the company the A plant and mine employed 1450 people, mostly local, in 2024.[75]

The C plant was planned to operate for 35 years and was proposed to be funded the Turkey Wealth Fund (TWF), the country's sovereign wealth fund, being a major partner.[76] This is in accordance with the energy policy of Turkey, which prioritises local sources of energy to reduce coal and natural gas imports, partly in order to maintain energy security. Verus Partners advised on finance,[77] but despite low production costs,[78] the private sector was not interested, as the coal is low-quality. The TWF claimed the plant would have an economic life of 35 years,[79] create "serious employment",[27] and Vice President Fuat Oktay said in 2020 that it would reduce the current account deficit.[80]

Greenhouse gas emissions

The Afşin-Elbistan C environmental impact assessment (EIA) estimated CO2 emissions would be more than 60 million tonnes of CO2 per year:[43] and it was accepted by the government.[81] By comparison, total annual greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey are less than 575 million tonnes;[82] thus about a tenth of greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey would have been from the planned power station.[note 2][note 3][88] Therefore, if built, at over 5 kg of CO2 per kWh generated it would have been less carbon efficient than any coal-fired power station on the list of least carbon efficient power stations.[note 4] As of 2020, for comparison, the world's largest single emitter was Secunda CTL, which emitted 56.5 million tonnes a year.[89] Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide means the public will know the level of emissions almost in real time.[90][91]

Opposition

Ali Öztunç, local MP and environment spokesperson for the main opposition Republican People's Party, spoke out against the plant and asked in a parliamentary question why it should be built on agricultural land.[92] Environmentalists claimed the country already had too much electricity generating capacity[93] and contended that the plant would damage local water resources.[94] Environmental and public health groups criticised the EIA for describing coal as clean energy[95] and, in February 2020, thousands of people filed petitions against its approval:[96] but it was approved by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation in March.[97] In November 2021 an expert report commissioned by the Maraş Regional Administrative Court said that the EIA positive decision given to Afşin-Elbistan C was faulty as it failed to accurately assess the project's impact on agricultural activities, environmental pollution, water basins and human health.[98] In December 2021 environmental group TEMA Foundation said that, as Turkey had recently ratified the Paris Agreement to limit climate change, the plans to build the plant should be immediately abandoned.[99]

Public Opinion

According to a 2020 survey from nearby Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University most locals say they have chronic illness, and almost all believe that environmental protection measures taken by power plant managers are insufficient.[100] Opponents of the plants say that: "a significant portion of the people living in Afşin Elbistan are struggling with respiratory tract or cancer diseases."[39]

Notes

  1. ^ Environmental impact assessments can be found by searching https://eced-duyuru.csb.gov.tr/eced-prod/duyurular.xhtml with Sektör=Enerji and Alt Sektör= Termik Santraller
  2. ^ 62 megatonnes would be emitted annually[43] if run at the targeted capacity factor, whereas Turkey's total annual emissions are less than 575 megatonnes.[83] By simple arithmetic 62 megatonnes is about 10% of 575+62 megatonnes.
  3. ^ This power station aimed to generate just over 12.5 TWh (gross) per year.[84] The calculation in the EIA assumes an emission factor of 94.6 tCO2/TJ,[43] which is three times the average of about 30 for Turkish lignite, [85]: 50  but it is unclear whether this is the only reason the CO2 emissions per kWh were predicted to be very high. Since 2020, more stringent filtering of local air pollutants from the smokestack has been compulsory.[86] Moreover, although the average is about 2800,[87] the net calorific value of Turkish lignite varies between 1000 and 6000 kcal/kg. [85]: 59 
  4. ^ 61,636,279.98 tCO2/year divided by 11,380 GWh/year equals 61,636.27998 Gg CO2 divided by 11,380 GWh equals 5.4 kg CO2/kWh

References

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  43. ^ a b c d *Çınar Engineering Consultancy (March 2020). Afşi̇n C Termi̇k Santrali, açık Kömür İşletmesi̇ Ve Düzenli̇ Depolama Alanı Projesi̇ Nihai ÇED Raporu [Afşin C power station, open coal workings and regular storage area final environmental impact report] (Report) (in Turkish). Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning (Turkey). Atmosfere Verilecek CO2 Miktarı:Toplam Emisyon Miktarı (EM) = AD x EF x OF AD: Faaliyet Verisi (TJ, t veya Nm3) EF: Emisyon Faktörü (tCO2/TJ, tCO2/t veya tCO2/Nm3) OF: Yükseltgenme Faktörü ADKömür = 23.104.479,2 ton/yıl * 28,2 TJ/Gg = 651.546,3TJ/yıl EMKömür = 651.546,3 TJ/yıl * 94,6 tCO2/TJ * 1 = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/yıl "Atmosfere Verilecek CO2 Miktarı: ....... = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/yıl" [Amount of CO2 which will be emitted to the atmosphere:Total Quantity Emitted (EM) = AD x EF x OF AD: Activity Data (TJ, t veya Nm3) EF: Emission Factor (tCO2/TJ, tCO2/t veya tCO2/Nm3) OF: Oxidation Factor ADCoal = 23.104.479,2 ton/year * 28,2 TJ/Gg = 651.546,3TJ/year EMCoal = 651.546,3 TJ/year * 94,6 tCO2/TJ * 1 = 61.636.279,98 tCO2/year]
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See also

Coal power in Turkey

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