Wikipedia:Mediation Cabal/Cases/02 October 2011/Holodomor/Proposals

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The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор, 'Морити голодом', literal translation Killing by hunger) was a man-made famine in the Ukrainian SSR between 1932 and 1933. During the famine, which is also known as the "terror-famine in Ukraine" and "famine-genocide in Ukraine",^[1]^[2]^[3] millions of Ukrainians died of starvation in a peacetime catastrophe unprecedented in the history of Ukraine.^[4]

Early estimates of the death toll by scholars and government officials varied greatly; anywhere from 1.8^[5] to 12 million^[6] ethnic Ukrainians were said to have been killed as a result of the famine. Recent research has since narrowed the estimates to between 2.4^[7] and 7.5^[8] million. The exact number of deaths is hard to determine, due to a lack of records,^[9]^[10] but the number increases significantly when the deaths inside heavily Ukrainian-populated Kuban are included.^[11] The demographic deficit caused by unborn or unrecorded births is said to be as high as 6 million.^[9] Older estimates are still often cited in political commentary.^[12]

Scholars disagree on the relative importance of natural factors and bad economic policies as causes of the famine and the degree to which the destruction of the Ukrainian peasantry was premeditated on the part of Stalin.^[4]^[13]^[14]^[15] Scholars and politicians using the word Holodomor emphasize the man-made aspects of the famine, arguing that it was genocide; some consider the resultant loss of life comparable to the Holocaust.^[16] They argue that the Soviet policies were an attack on the rise of Ukrainian nationalism and therefore fall under the legal definition of genocide.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Others claim that the Holodomor was a consequence of the economic problems associated with radical economic changes implemented during the period of Soviet industrialization.^[18]^[19]^[22]^[23]responsibility - Kremlin papers], The News in Brief, University of Melbourne, 19 June 1998, Vol 7 No 22</ref>

References

^ Davies, Norman (2006). Europe East and West. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 145. ISBN 0224069241.
^ Baumeister, Roy (1999). Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. Macmillan. p. 179. ISBN 0805071652.
^ Sternberg, Robert (2008). The Nature of Hate. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0521896983.
^ ^a ^b - "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."
^ S.G.Wheatcroft, Current knowledge of the level and nature of mortality in the Ukrainian famine of 1931-3
^ Rosefielde, Steven. "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929-1949." Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 385-409
^ Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, p.53 (he states that this figure "must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded.")
^ Anatoliy Vlasyuk, Nationalism and Holodomor, p.53 (he states that this the absolute minimum killed, by looking at the population loss would be around 4.5 million, with 7.5 million being more likely, and 10 million also being possible.")
^ ^a ^b "Наливайченко назвал количество жертв голодомора в Украине". lb.ua (in Russian). January 14, 2010.
^ "Yulia Tymoshenko: our duty is to protect the memory of the Holodomor victims". 2010-11-27.
^ Naimark, Norman M. Stalin's Genocides (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity). Princeton University Press, 2010. p. 70. ISBN 0-691-14784-1
^ "Harper accused of exaggerating Ukrainian genocide death toll". Postmedia News. 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
^ According to Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Robert W. Davies, "The drought of 1931 was particularly severe, and drought conditions continue to 1932. This certainly helped to worsen the conditions to obtaining the harvest in 1932.", Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History, Palgrave: Macmillan, 2002, p. 77
^ "This famine therefore resembled the Irish famine of 1845-1848, but resulted from a litany of natural disasters that combined to the same effect as the potato blight had ninety years before, and in a similar context of substantial food exports", Mark B. Tauger, Natural Disasters and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931-1933, The Karl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies, 2001, p. 46.
^ Engerman, David (203). Modernization from the Other Shore. Harvard University Press. p. 194. ISBN 0674011511.
^ Josef Zisels. "Will Holodomor receive the same status as the Holocaust?". Citizens Action Network in Ukraine. Retrieved 2010-11-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Peter Finn, Aftermath of a Soviet Famine, The Washington Post, April 27, 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed."
^ ^a ^b Dr. David Marples, The great famine debate goes on..., ExpressNews (University of Alberta), originally published in Edmonton Journal, November 30, 2005
^ ^a ^b Stanislav Kulchytsky, "Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide: the gaps in the proof", Den, February 17, 2007, in Russian, in Ukrainian
^ Yaroslav Bilinsky (1999). "Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide?". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (2): 147–156. doi:10.1080/14623529908413948.
^ Stanislav Kulchytsky, "Holodomor-33: Why and how?", Zerkalo Nedeli, November 25—December 1, 2006, in Russian, in Ukrainian.
^ С. Уиткрофт (Stephen G. Wheatcroft), "О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931—1933 гг." (On demographic evidence of the tragedy of the Soviet village in 1931-1833), "Трагедия советской деревни: Коллективизация и раскулачивание 1927-1939 гг.: Документы и материалы. Том 3. Конец 1930-1933 гг.", Российская политическая энциклопедия, 2001, ISBN 5-8243-0225-1, с. 885, Приложение № 2
^ 'Stalinism' was a collective responsibility - Kremlin papers, The News in Brief, University of Melbourne, 19 June 1998, Vol 7 No 22

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References

[1] Davies, Norman (2006). Europe East and West. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 145. ISBN 0224069241.

[2] Baumeister, Roy (1999). Evil: Inside Human Violence and Cruelty. Macmillan. p. 179. ISBN 0805071652.

[3] Sternberg, Robert (2008). The Nature of Hate. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0521896983.

[britannica-4] - "The famine of 1932–33", Encyclopædia Britannica. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself."

[DW415-5] S.G.Wheatcroft, Current knowledge of the level and nature of mortality in the Ukrainian famine of 1931-3

[6] Rosefielde, Steven. "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929-1949." Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 385-409

[Snyder-p53-7] Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin, p.53 (he states that this figure "must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded.")

[Drohobych_portal-8] Anatoliy Vlasyuk, Nationalism and Holodomor, p.53 (he states that this the absolute minimum killed, by looking at the population loss would be around 4.5 million, with 7.5 million being more likely, and 10 million also being possible.")

[nalivajchenko2010-9] "Наливайченко назвал количество жертв голодомора в Украине". lb.ua (in Russian). January 14, 2010.

[10] "Yulia Tymoshenko: our duty is to protect the memory of the Holodomor victims". 2010-11-27.

[11] Naimark, Norman M. Stalin's Genocides (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity). Princeton University Press, 2010. p. 70. ISBN 0-691-14784-1

[postmedia-12] "Harper accused of exaggerating Ukrainian genocide death toll". Postmedia News. 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2010-11-22.

[13] According to Stephen G. Wheatcroft and Robert W. Davies, "The drought of 1931 was particularly severe, and drought conditions continue to 1932. This certainly helped to worsen the conditions to obtaining the harvest in 1932.", Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History, Palgrave: Macmillan, 2002, p. 77

[14] "This famine therefore resembled the Irish famine of 1845-1848, but resulted from a litany of natural disasters that combined to the same effect as the potato blight had ninety years before, and in a similar context of substantial food exports", Mark B. Tauger, Natural Disasters and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931-1933, The Karl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies, 2001, p. 46.

[15] Engerman, David (203). Modernization from the Other Shore. Harvard University Press. p. 194. ISBN 0674011511.

[16] Josef Zisels. "Will Holodomor receive the same status as the Holocaust?". Citizens Action Network in Ukraine. Retrieved 2010-11-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[finn-17] Peter Finn, Aftermath of a Soviet Famine, The Washington Post, April 27, 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed."

[marples2005-18] Dr. David Marples, The great famine debate goes on..., ExpressNews (University of Alberta), originally published in Edmonton Journal, November 30, 2005

[KulchFeb2007-19] Stanislav Kulchytsky, "Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide: the gaps in the proof", Den, February 17, 2007, in Russian, in Ukrainian

[Bilin99-20] Yaroslav Bilinsky (1999). "Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide?". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (2): 147–156. doi:10.1080/14623529908413948.

[zn2006-21] Stanislav Kulchytsky, "Holodomor-33: Why and how?", Zerkalo Nedeli, November 25—December 1, 2006, in Russian, in Ukrainian.

[Tragediya-22] С. Уиткрофт (Stephen G. Wheatcroft), "О демографических свидетельствах трагедии советской деревни в 1931—1933 гг." (On demographic evidence of the tragedy of the Soviet village in 1931-1833), "Трагедия советской деревни: Коллективизация и раскулачивание 1927-1939 гг.: Документы и материалы. Том 3. Конец 1930-1933 гг.", Российская политическая энциклопедия, 2001, ISBN 5-8243-0225-1, с. 885, Приложение № 2

[Kremlin-23] 'Stalinism' was a collective responsibility - Kremlin papers, The News in Brief, University of Melbourne, 19 June 1998, Vol 7 No 22

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