User:Znex/sandbox

Selected lexical comparisons


Meaning		Classical word	Inherited Descendants^[α]		Middle Indo-Aryan variant(s)	Descendants	Origin
all		सर्व sarva	Hin. सब sab, Nep. सब sab, Bhoj. सभ sabh, Pan. ਸਭ sabh, Snd. سڀ sabhu, Ben. সব śôb, Ori. ସବୁ sôbu, Rom. sa		सकल sakala	Mar. सगळे sagḷe, Kok. सगळे sagḷe, Asm. সকলো xokolü	An ardhatatsama, meant 'whole' in Sanskrit.
all		सर्व sarva			सार sāra	Hin. सारे sāre, Pan. ਸਾਰਾ sārā, Mar. सारे sāre	Meant 'core, best part' in Sanskrit.
before		पूर्व pūrva, पुरस् puras	Mar. पुढे puḍhe, Kok. फुडें fuḍẽ		अग्र agra	Hin. के आगे ke āge, Guj. આગળ agaḷ, Nep. अघि aghi, Ben. অগ্রস্থ ôgrôsthô, Rom. angla	Adposition/adjective derived from a nominal 'front'.
before		पूर्व pūrva, पुरस् puras	Mar. पुढे puḍhe, Kok. फुडें fuḍẽ		सम्मुख sammukha	Hin. सामने sāmne, Pan. ਸਾਹਮਣੇ sāhmaṇe, Guj. સામે sāme	Adverb derived from an adjective 'facing'.
bird		पक्षिन् pakṣín	Pan. ਪੰਛੀ pañchī, Guj. પંખી paṅkhī, Ben. পাখি pakhi, Trw. پݜیِن‎ paṣīn		चिटिक ciṭika*	Hin. चिड़िया ciṛiyā, Ben. চড়াই côṛai, Asm. চৰাই sorai, Nep. चरा carā, Rom. čiriklo	Alteration of Sanskrit चटक caṭaka 'sparrow'.
					पक्षिरूप pakṣirūpa*	Hin. पखेरू pakherū, Guj. પંખેરું paṅkherũ, Mar. पाखरू pākhrū	Derivative compound of Sanskrit पक्षिन् pakṣín + रूप rūpa 'form'.
					परंदा parandā	Hin. परिंदा parindā, Kas. پٔرِنٛدٕ pạrindụ	Late borrowing from Persian.
burn		दहति dahati	Guj. દાઝવું dājhvũ		ज्वलति jvalati	Hin. जलना jalnā, Pan. ਜਲਣਾ jalṇā, Nep. जल्नु jalnu, Guj. જળવું jaḷvũ, Mar. जळणे j̈aḷṇe, Kok. जळ्चे zaḷce, Asm. জলা zola	Meant 'blaze, glow' in Sanskrit.
burn		दहति dahati	Guj. દાઝવું dājhvũ		द्वलति dvalati*	Snd. ٻرڻ ɓaraṇu, Guj. બાળવું bāḷvũ, Ben. পোরা pora	Alteration of ज्वलति jvalati.
cat		मार्जार mārjāra	Hin. मँजार mañjār, Pan. ਮਾਂਜਾਰ māñjār, Guj. મંજાર mañjār, Mar. मांजर mānj̈ar, Kok. माजर māj̈ar		बिडाल biḍāla	Hin. बिल्ला billā, Guj. બિલાડો bilāḍo, Div. ބުޅާ‎ buḷā	Of obscure origin.
eat		अत्ति atti	—		खादति khādati	Hin. खाना khānā, Guj. ખાવું khāvũ, Pan. ਖਾਣਾ khāṇā, Mar. खाणे khāṇe, Ben. খাওয়া khaẇa, Div. ކަނީ‎ kanī, Kas. کھیون‎ khyōn, Rom. khal	Meant 'chew, bite' in Sanskrit.
evening		साय sāya	—		संध्या saṃdhyā	Hin. साँझ sāñjh, Ben. সাঁঝ śãjhô, Asm. সাঁজ xãz, Mar. सांज sāñja, Pan. ਸੰਝ sañjh	Meant 'junction (between day and night)' in Sanskrit.
					विकाल vikāla	Ben. বিয়াল biẏal, Asm. বিয়লি bioli, Syl. ꠛꠤꠀꠟ bial	Meant 'wrong time' in Pali.
					शाम śām	Hin. शाम śām, Guj. શામ šām	Late borrowing from Persian.
eye		अक्षि akṣi	Hin. आँख ā̃kh, Nep. आँखा ā̃khā, Guj. આંખ ā̃kha, Ben. আঁখ ãkh, Pan. ਅੱਖ akkha, Kas. أچھ‎ ạch, Rom. jakh		दोला dolā	Mar. डोळा ḍoḷā, Kok. दोळो doḷo	Meant 'swing' in Sanskrit.
eye		अक्षि akṣi			चक्षु cakṣu	Asm. চকু soku, Ben. চোখ cokh, Guj. ચાખ cākh	More common in Vedic than Classical Sanskrit.
feather		पर्ण parṇa	—		पक्ष pakṣa	Hin. पंख paṅkh, Pan. ਪੰਤ pant, Mar. पाख pākh, Asm. পাখি pakhi	Meant 'wing' in Sanskrit.
					पिच्छ piccha	Guj. પીંછું pī̃chũ, Mar. पीस pīs	Of unclear origin.
					पर par	Ur. پَر par, Ben. পর pôr, Rom. por	Early borrowing from Persian.
fight		युद्ध yuddha	Pan. ਜੁੱਧ juddha, Guj. જુધ judh, Asm. যুঁজ zũz		लड़- laḍ-*	Hin. लड़ाई laṛāī, Ben. লড়াই lôṛai, Guj. લડાઈ laḍāī	Of unclear origin. Usually derived as a verb.
from		निस् nis	—		पर para	Asm. পৰা pora	Meant 'far, distant' in Sanskrit.
					तहिं tahiṃ	Guj. થી thī, Pan. ਤੋਂ tõ	A later ablative form meaning 'from there'.
					समम् samaṃ	Hin. से se	Meant 'together' in Sanskrit, later extending in meaning.
help		साहाय्य sāhāyya	—		मदद madad	Hin. मदद madad, Mar. मदत madat, Nep. मदत् madat, Pan. ਮਦਦ madad, Guj. મદદ madad	Late borrowing from Arabic through Persian.
home		गृह gṛha	Hin. घर ghar, Guj. ઘર ghar, Pan. ਘਰ ghar, Mar. घर ghar, Ben. ঘর ghôr, Kas. گَرٕ‎ garụ, Rom. kher		वातिका vātikā	Ben. বাড়ি baṛi, Asm. বাৰী bari	Meant 'plantation' in Sanskrit.
home		गृह gṛha			मकान makān	Hin. मकान makān, Kas. مَکان makān, Ben. মকান môkan	Late borrowing from Arabic through Persian.
inside		अन्तः antaḥ	—		भित्तर bhittara	Hin. भीतर bhītar, Guj. ભીતર bhītar, Ben. ভিতর bhitôr, Asm. ভিতৰ bhitor	Probably derived from Sanskrit अभ्यन्तर् abhyantara or similar, meaning 'interior'.
inside		अन्तः antaḥ	—		अंदर andar	Hin. अंदर andar, Pan. ਅੰਦਰ andar, Guj. અંદર andar, Kas. اَنٛدَر andar , Rom. andre	An early borrowing from Persian.
kitchen		महानस mahānasa	—		रसवती rasavatī	Hin. रसोई rasoī, Guj. રસોડું rasoḍũ, Pan. ਰਸੋਈ rasoī	Substantive derived from Sanskrit रसवत् rasavat, meaning 'juicy'.
					लंगर laṅgar	Hin. लंगर laṅgar, Pan. ਲੰਗਰ laṅgar	A borrowing from Persian.
					पाकघर pākaghara	Hin. रसोईघर rasoīghar, Mar. पाकघर pākaghara, Asm. পাকঘৰ pakghor, Ben. পাকঘর pakghôr	Later compound construction meaning 'cooking house'. Likely a calque from Persian.
know		जानाति jānāti	Hin. जानना jānnā, Mar. जाणणे jāṇṇe, Guj. જાણવું jāṇvũ, Pan. ਜਾਨਣਾ jānṇā, Ben. জানা jana, Asm. জানা zana, Div. ދަންނަނީ‎ dan̊nanī, Kas. زانُن zānun, Rom. žanel		चिह्नयति cihnayati	Urd. چیننا‎ cīnnā, Ben. চেনা cena, Asm. চিনা sina	Meant 'stamp, mark' in Sanskrit, then extended to mean 'recognise, know'.
know		जानाति jānāti			माहियत māhiyat	Hin. माहियत māhiyat, Mar. माहीत māhīt	A late borrowing from Arabic, used in compound verb constructions.
leg		जङ्घा jaṅghā	Kas. زَنٛگ zang		टङ्क ṭaṅka	Hin. टाँग ṭāṅg, Nep. टाङ ṭāṅ, Mar. टांग ṭāṅga, Ben. ঠেং ṭheṅ, Asm. ঠেং theṅ	Likely of Munda origin.
					लत्ता lattā	Pan. ਲੱਤ latta, Hin. लात lāt	Meant 'kick' in Prakrit, and in many modern languages. Otherwise of unclear origin.
					पदक padaka	Guj. પગ pag, Hin. पग pag	Meant 'step' in Sanskrit.
man		पुरुष puruṣa	OMar. पुरुख purukha, Pan. ਪੁਰਖ purakh, Rom. murś		आदमी ādamī	Hin. आदमी ādmī, Pan. ਆਦਮੀ ādmī	Late borrowing from Persian.
man		पुरुष puruṣa	OMar. पुरुख purukha, Pan. ਪੁਰਖ purakh, Rom. murś		मर्द mard	Hin. मर्द mard, Sin. مرد mard, Kas. مرٕد mrụd	Late borrowing from Persian.
money		धन dhana	—		पदंश padaṃśa	Hin. पैसा paisā, Guj. પૈસો paiso, Pan. ਪੈਸਾ paisā, Mar. पैसा paisā, Kas. پونٛسہ pōnsa	Contraction of पद pada 'quarter' + अंश aṃśa 'piece'.
					टंक ṭaṅka	Ben. টাকা ṭaka, Asm. টকা toka	Meant 'weight of 4 māṣas' in Sanskrit.
					लोहवर lohavara	Rom. love	Meant 'gold' in Sanskrit.
mouth		मुख mukha	Hin. मुँह mũh, Nep. मुख mukh, Pan. ਮੂੰਹ mū̃h, Guj. મોં mõ, OBen. মু mu, Asm. মুহ muh, Rom. muj		तुण्ड tuṇḍa	Mar. तोंड toṇḍa, Kok. तोण toṇ	Of Munda origin.
mouth		मुख mukha			आस्य āsya	Kas. ٲس ạ̄s	More common in Vedic than Classical Sanskrit.
narrow		अंहु aṃhu	—		संकृत saṃkṛta	Hin. सांकर sā̃kar, Guj. સાંકડું sā̃kḍũ, Pan. ਸੌਡ਼ਾ sauṛā	Meant 'contracted' in Sanskrit.
					सरु saru	Ben. সরু śôru, Ori. ସରୁ sôru	Meant 'thin, fine' in Sanskrit.
					तंग taṅg	Hin. तंग taṅg, , Rom. tang	A late borrowing from Persian.
now		इदानीम् idānīm	—		अ एवम् एव a evam eva	Hin. अब ab, Nep. अब aba	A compound formed of San. अ a + एवम् एव evam eva 'thus, in this way'.
					अधुना adhunā	Guj. ઓણ oṇa, Pan. ਹੁਣ huṇ	Meant 'at this time' in Sanskrit.
					अत्र atra	Asm. এতিয়া etia, Mar. आता ātā	Meant 'here, now' in Sanskrit.
old		vetus	OFr. viet, Sp. viedo, OPt. vedro, It. vieto		veclus	Fr. vieux, Occ. vièlh, Cat. vell, Sp. viejo, Pt. velho, It. vecchio, Ro. vechi	Alteration of CL vetulus, a diminutive of vetus.
right^[β]		dexter	OFr. destre, OOcc. dèstre, Cat. destre, Sp. diestro, Pt. destro,^[γ] It. destro		directus~drectus	Fr. droit, Occ. dreit, Cat. dret, Sp. derecho, Pt. direito, It. diritto, Ro. drept	Meant 'straight' or 'level' in CL.
rope		funis	It. fune, Ro. funie		corda	Occ. còrda, Cat. corda, Sp. cuerda, Pt. corda, It. corda, Ro. coardă	Borrowing of Greek χορδή.
Saturday		dies saturni	—		dies sabbati	Occ. dissabte, Cat. dissabte	Lit. 'day of the Sabbath'.
					sambati dies	Fr. samedi, Rms. sonda	The same but reversed and with a nasal infix.
					sabbatu~sambatu	Sp. sábado, Pt. sábado, It. sabato, Ro. sâmbătă,^[δ] Srd. sàpadau	Simply the word for 'Sabbath' on its own.
shirt		tunica	Cat. tonga, Sp. tonga, It. tonaca		camisia	Fr. chemise, Occ. camisa, Cat. camisa, Sp. camisa, Pt. camisa, It. camicia, Ro. cămașă	Late borrowing from Gaulish.
short		brevis	Fr. bref, Occ. brèu, Cat. breu, It. breve, Sp. breve		curtus	Fr. court, Occ. cort, Sp. corto, OPt. corto, It. corto, Ro. scurt^[ε]	Meant 'cut short, mutilated' in CL.
sick		infirmus	OFr. enfer, OOcc. eferm, Sp. enfermo, Pt. enfermo, It. infermo		malabitus	Fr. malade, Occ. malaut, Cat. malalt, It. malato, Srd. malaidu	Contraction of LL male habitus 'in poor shape'.
skin		cutis			pellis	Fr. peau, Occ. pèl, Cat. pell, Sp. piel, Pt. pele, It. pelle, Ro. piele	Meant 'animal hide' in CL.
speak		loqui	—		fabulare	OOcc. faular, Vgl. favlur, OIt. favolare, Sp. hablar, Pt. falar	Regularization of the rare CL fabulari 'chat', originally 'tell stories', a verb based on fabula.
					fabellare	Frl. fevelâ, OIt. favellare, Srd. faeddare	Verb based on CL fabella, the diminutive of fabula.
					parabolare	Fr. parler, Occ. parlar, Cat. parlar, It. parlare	Verb based on CL parabola 'parable', a borrowing of Greek παραβολή.
stone		saxum	Pt. seixo,^[ζ] It. sasso		petra	Fr. pierre, Occ. pèira, Cat. pedra, Sp. piedra, Pt. pedra, It. pietra, Ro. piatră	Late borrowing of Greek πέτρα.
Sunday	dies solis	—	dies dominicus	Fr. dimanche, Occ. dimenge, Cat. diumenge, Sp. domingo, Srd. dominigu	Lit. 'day of the Lord'. Dies 'day' could be either masculine or feminine in Latin.
Sunday	dies solis	—	dies dominica	Vgl. domienca, It. domenica, Ro. duminică
swift	celer		rapidus	OFr. rade, OSp. raudo, OIt. ratto, Ro. repede	Meant 'hasty' in CL.
sword	gladius	OFr. glai,^[η] OOcc. glazi, OIt. ghiado	spatha	Fr. épée, Occ. espasa, Cat. espasa, Sp. espada, Pt. espada, It. spada, Ro. spată	Borrowing of Greek σπάθη.
teach	docere	OFr. duire	insignare	Fr. enseigner, Occ. ensenhar, Cat. ensenyar, Sp. enseñar, Pt. ensinar, It. insegnare	Prefixed version of CL signare 'note, indicate'.
thick	densus	Ro. des, Vgl. dais	grossus	Fr. gros, Occ. gròs, Cat. gros, Sp. grueso, Pt. grosso, It. grosso, Ro. gros	Of obscure origin.
thick	densus	Ro. des, Vgl. dais	spissus	Fr. épais, Occ. espés, Cat. espès, Sp. espeso, Pt. espesso, It. spesso	Generally meant 'slow', 'difficult', etc. in CL.
think	cogitare	OFr. cuidier, Occ. cuidar, Cat. cuidar, Sp. cuidar, Pt. cuidar,^[θ] OIt. coitare, Ro. cugetare	pensare	Fr. penser, Occ. pensar, Cat. pensar, Sp. pensar, Pt. pensar, It. pensare, Ro. păsare^[ι]	Generally meant 'weigh' in CL, along with the extended sense of 'consider'.
tomorrow	cras	OSp. cras, OPt. cras, OIt. crai, Sic. crai, Srd. cras	mane	Ro. mâine	Meant 'in the morning' in CL.
tomorrow	cras		de mane	Fr. demain, Occ. deman, Cat. demà, Rms. damaun, It. domani	LL expression meaning 'early in the morning'.
touch	tangere	OCat. tànyer, Sp. tañer,^[κ] Pt. tanger	toccare	Fr. toucher, Occ. tocar, Cat. tocar, Sp. tocar, Pt. tocar, It. toccare, Ro. tocare	Borrowed from Germanic, with the original sense of 'hit, strike'.
understand	intellegere	Rms. encleger, Ro. înțelegere	intendere	Fr. entendre, Occ. entendre, Cat. entendre, Sp. entender, Pt. entender, It. intendere	Had various senses in CL, most relevantly 'direct one's attention (towards)'.
week	hebdomas	OFr. domée, Ct. doma, Rms. jamna, Vgl. jedma, OIt. edima and domada.^[1]	septimana	Fr. semaine, Occ. setmana, Cat. setmana, Sp. semana, Pt. semana, Vgl. setimuon, It. settimana, Ro. săptămână	Attested in LL, from CL septem 'seven', referring to the number of days in a week.
wide	latus	Fr. lé, Ro. lat	largus	Fr. large, Occ. larg, Cat. llarg, OSp. largo,^[λ] Pt. largo, It. largo, Ro. larg	Meant 'abundant' in CL.
word	verbum	Fr. verve,^[μ] OSp. vierbo, Ast. vierbu, Ro. vorbă^[ν]	parabola	Fr. parole, Occ. paraula, Cat. paraula, Sp. palabra, Pt. palavra, It. parola, Srd. paragula	Meant 'parable' in CL, a borrowing of Greek παραβολή.
work	laborare	Occ. laurar, Cat. llaurar, Sp. labrar,^[ξ] Pt. lavrar, Rms. luvrar, It. lavorare	tripaliare	Fr. travailler, Occ. trabalhar, Cat. treballar, Sp. trabajar, Pt. trabalhar, Srd. triballare	Verb based on LL tripalium, a sort of torture device made of three stakes.

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^ Dworkin 2016: 585

[11] Dworkin 2016: 585

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