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Meaning | Classical word | Inherited
Descendants[α] |
Middle Indo-Aryan variant(s) | Descendants | Origin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
all | सर्व sarva | Hin. सब sab, Nep. सब sab, Bhoj. सभ sabh, Pan. ਸਭ sabh, Snd. سڀ sabhu, Ben. সব śôb, Ori. ସବୁ sôbu, Rom. sa | सकल sakala | Mar. सगळे sagḷe, Kok. सगळे sagḷe, Asm. সকলো xokolü | An ardhatatsama, meant 'whole' in Sanskrit. | ||
सार sāra | Hin. सारे sāre, Pan. ਸਾਰਾ sārā, Mar. सारे sāre | Meant 'core, best part' in Sanskrit. | |||||
before | पूर्व pūrva, पुरस् puras | Mar. पुढे puḍhe, Kok. फुडें fuḍẽ | अग्र agra | Hin. के आगे ke āge, Guj. આગળ agaḷ, Nep. अघि aghi, Ben. অগ্রস্থ ôgrôsthô, Rom. angla | Adposition/adjective derived from a nominal 'front'. | ||
सम्मुख sammukha | Hin. सामने sāmne, Pan. ਸਾਹਮਣੇ sāhmaṇe, Guj. સામે sāme | Adverb derived from an adjective 'facing'. | |||||
bird | पक्षिन् pakṣín | Pan. ਪੰਛੀ pañchī, Guj. પંખી paṅkhī, Ben. পাখি pakhi, Trw. پݜیِن paṣīn | *चिटिक ciṭika | Hin. चिड़िया ciṛiyā, Ben. চড়াই côṛai, Asm. চৰাই sorai, Nep. चरा carā, Rom. čiriklo | Alteration of Sanskrit चटक caṭaka 'sparrow'. | ||
*पक्षिरूप pakṣirūpa | Hin. पखेरू pakherū, Guj. પંખેરું paṅkherũ, Mar. पाखरू pākhrū | Derivative compound of Sanskrit पक्षिन् pakṣín + रूप rūpa 'form'. | |||||
परंदा parandā | Hin. परिंदा parindā, Kas. پٔرِنٛدٕ pạrindụ | Late borrowing from Persian. | |||||
burn | दहति dahati | Guj. દાઝવું dājhvũ | ज्वलति jvalati | Hin. जलना jalnā, Pan. ਜਲਣਾ jalṇā, Nep. जल्नु jalnu, Guj. જળવું jaḷvũ, Mar. जळणे j̈aḷṇe, Kok. जळ्चे zaḷce, Asm. জলা zola | Meant 'blaze, glow' in Sanskrit. | ||
*द्वलति dvalati | Snd. ٻرڻ ɓaraṇu, Guj. બાળવું bāḷvũ, Ben. পোরা pora | Alteration of ज्वलति jvalati. | |||||
cat | मार्जार mārjāra | Hin. मँजार mañjār, Pan. ਮਾਂਜਾਰ māñjār, Guj. મંજાર mañjār, Mar. मांजर mānj̈ar, Kok. माजर māj̈ar | बिडाल biḍāla | Hin. बिल्ला billā, Guj. બિલાડો bilāḍo, Div. ބުޅާ buḷā | Of obscure origin. | ||
eat | अत्ति atti | — | खादति khādati | Hin. खाना khānā, Guj. ખાવું khāvũ, Pan. ਖਾਣਾ khāṇā, Mar. खाणे khāṇe, Ben. খাওয়া khaẇa, Div. ކަނީ kanī, Kas. کھیون khyōn, Rom. khal | Meant 'chew, bite' in Sanskrit. | ||
evening | साय sāya | — | संध्या saṃdhyā | Hin. साँझ sāñjh, Ben. সাঁঝ śãjhô, Asm. সাঁজ xãz, Mar. सांज sāñja, Pan. ਸੰਝ sañjh | Meant 'junction (between day and night)' in Sanskrit. | ||
विकाल vikāla | Ben. বিয়াল biẏal, Asm. বিয়লি bioli, Syl. ꠛꠤꠀꠟ bial | Meant 'wrong time' in Pali. | |||||
शाम śām | Hin. शाम śām, Guj. શામ šām | Late borrowing from Persian. | |||||
eye | अक्षि akṣi | Hin. आँख ā̃kh, Nep. आँखा ā̃khā, Guj. આંખ ā̃kha, Ben. আঁখ ãkh, Pan. ਅੱਖ akkha, Kas. أچھ ạch, Rom. jakh | दोला dolā | Mar. डोळा ḍoḷā, Kok. दोळो doḷo | Meant 'swing' in Sanskrit. | ||
चक्षु cakṣu | Asm. চকু soku, Ben. চোখ cokh, Guj. ચાખ cākh | More common in Vedic than Classical Sanskrit. | |||||
feather | पर्ण parṇa | — | पक्ष pakṣa | Hin. पंख paṅkh, Pan. ਪੰਤ pant, Mar. पाख pākh, Asm. পাখি pakhi | Meant 'wing' in Sanskrit. | ||
पिच्छ piccha | Guj. પીંછું pī̃chũ, Mar. पीस pīs | Of unclear origin. | |||||
पर par | Ur. پَر par, Ben. পর pôr, Rom. por | Early borrowing from Persian. | |||||
fight | युद्ध yuddha | Pan. ਜੁੱਧ juddha, Guj. જુધ judh, Asm. যুঁজ zũz | *लड़- laḍ- | Hin. लड़ाई laṛāī, Ben. লড়াই lôṛai, Guj. લડાઈ laḍāī | Of unclear origin. Usually derived as a verb. | ||
from | निस् nis | — | पर para | Asm. পৰা pora | Meant 'far, distant' in Sanskrit. | ||
तहिं tahiṃ | Guj. થી thī, Pan. ਤੋਂ tõ | A later ablative form meaning 'from there'. | |||||
समम् samaṃ | Hin. से se | Meant 'together' in Sanskrit, later extending in meaning. | |||||
help | साहाय्य sāhāyya | — | मदद madad | Hin. मदद madad, Mar. मदत madat, Nep. मदत् madat, Pan. ਮਦਦ madad, Guj. મદદ madad | Late borrowing from Arabic through Persian. | ||
home | गृह gṛha | Hin. घर ghar, Guj. ઘર ghar, Pan. ਘਰ ghar, Mar. घर ghar, Ben. ঘর ghôr, Kas. گَرٕ garụ, Rom. kher | वातिका vātikā | Ben. বাড়ি baṛi, Asm. বাৰী bari | Meant 'plantation' in Sanskrit. | ||
मकान makān | Hin. मकान makān, Kas. مَکان makān, Ben. মকান môkan | Late borrowing from Arabic through Persian. | |||||
inside | अन्तः antaḥ | — | भित्तर bhittara | Hin. भीतर bhītar, Guj. ભીતર bhītar, Ben. ভিতর bhitôr, Asm. ভিতৰ bhitor | Probably derived from Sanskrit अभ्यन्तर् abhyantara or similar, meaning 'interior'. | ||
अंदर andar | Hin. अंदर andar, Pan. ਅੰਦਰ andar, Guj. અંદર andar, Kas. اَنٛدَر andar , Rom. andre | An early borrowing from Persian. | |||||
kitchen | महानस mahānasa | — | रसवती rasavatī | Hin. रसोई rasoī, Guj. રસોડું rasoḍũ, Pan. ਰਸੋਈ rasoī | Substantive derived from Sanskrit रसवत् rasavat, meaning 'juicy'. | ||
लंगर laṅgar | Hin. लंगर laṅgar, Pan. ਲੰਗਰ laṅgar | A borrowing from Persian. | |||||
पाकघर pākaghara | Hin. रसोईघर rasoīghar, Mar. पाकघर pākaghara, Asm. পাকঘৰ pakghor, Ben. পাকঘর pakghôr | Later compound construction meaning 'cooking house'. Likely a calque from Persian. | |||||
know | जानाति jānāti | Hin. जानना jānnā, Mar. जाणणे jāṇṇe, Guj. જાણવું jāṇvũ, Pan. ਜਾਨਣਾ jānṇā, Ben. জানা jana, Asm. জানা zana, Div. ދަންނަނީ dan̊nanī, Kas. زانُن zānun, Rom. žanel | चिह्नयति cihnayati | Urd. چیننا cīnnā, Ben. চেনা cena, Asm. চিনা sina | Meant 'stamp, mark' in Sanskrit, then extended to mean 'recognise, know'. | ||
माहियत māhiyat | Hin. माहियत māhiyat, Mar. माहीत māhīt | A late borrowing from Arabic, used in compound verb constructions. | |||||
leg | जङ्घा jaṅghā | Kas. زَنٛگ zang | टङ्क ṭaṅka | Hin. टाँग ṭāṅg, Nep. टाङ ṭāṅ, Mar. टांग ṭāṅga, Ben. ঠেং ṭheṅ, Asm. ঠেং theṅ | Likely of Munda origin. | ||
लत्ता lattā | Pan. ਲੱਤ latta, Hin. लात lāt | Meant 'kick' in Prakrit, and in many modern languages. Otherwise of unclear origin. | |||||
पदक padaka | Guj. પગ pag, Hin. पग pag | Meant 'step' in Sanskrit. | |||||
man | पुरुष puruṣa | OMar. पुरुख purukha, Pan. ਪੁਰਖ purakh, Rom. murś | आदमी ādamī | Hin. आदमी ādmī, Pan. ਆਦਮੀ ādmī | Late borrowing from Persian. | ||
मर्द mard | Hin. मर्द mard, Sin. مرد mard, Kas. مرٕد mrụd | Late borrowing from Persian. | |||||
money | धन dhana | — | पदंश padaṃśa | Hin. पैसा paisā, Guj. પૈસો paiso, Pan. ਪੈਸਾ paisā, Mar. पैसा paisā, Kas. پونٛسہ pōnsa | Contraction of पद pada 'quarter' + अंश aṃśa 'piece'. | ||
टंक ṭaṅka | Ben. টাকা ṭaka, Asm. টকা toka | Meant 'weight of 4 māṣas' in Sanskrit. | |||||
लोहवर lohavara | Rom. love | Meant 'gold' in Sanskrit. | |||||
mouth | मुख mukha | Hin. मुँह mũh, Nep. मुख mukh, Pan. ਮੂੰਹ mū̃h, Guj. મોં mõ, OBen. মু mu, Asm. মুহ muh, Rom. muj | तुण्ड tuṇḍa | Mar. तोंड toṇḍa, Kok. तोण toṇ | Of Munda origin. | ||
आस्य āsya | Kas. ٲس ạ̄s | More common in Vedic than Classical Sanskrit. | |||||
narrow | अंहु aṃhu | — | संकृत saṃkṛta | Hin. सांकर sā̃kar, Guj. સાંકડું sā̃kḍũ, Pan. ਸੌਡ਼ਾ sauṛā | Meant 'contracted' in Sanskrit. | ||
सरु saru | Ben. সরু śôru, Ori. ସରୁ sôru | Meant 'thin, fine' in Sanskrit. | |||||
तंग taṅg | Hin. तंग taṅg, , Rom. tang | A late borrowing from Persian. | |||||
now | इदानीम् idānīm | — | अ एवम् एव a evam eva | Hin. अब ab, Nep. अब aba | A compound formed of San. अ a + एवम् एव evam eva 'thus, in this way'. | ||
अधुना adhunā | Guj. ઓણ oṇa, Pan. ਹੁਣ huṇ | Meant 'at this time' in Sanskrit. | |||||
अत्र atra | Asm. এতিয়া etia, Mar. आता ātā | Meant 'here, now' in Sanskrit. | |||||
old | vetus | OFr. viet, Sp. viedo, OPt. vedro, It. vieto | veclus | Fr. vieux, Occ. vièlh, Cat. vell, Sp. viejo, Pt. velho, It. vecchio, Ro. vechi | Alteration of CL vetulus, a diminutive of vetus. | ||
right[β] | dexter | OFr. destre, OOcc. dèstre, Cat. destre, Sp. diestro, Pt. destro,[γ] It. destro | directus~drectus | Fr. droit, Occ. dreit, Cat. dret, Sp. derecho, Pt. direito, It. diritto, Ro. drept | Meant 'straight' or 'level' in CL. | ||
rope | funis | It. fune, Ro. funie | corda | Occ. còrda, Cat. corda, Sp. cuerda, Pt. corda, It. corda, Ro. coardă | Borrowing of Greek χορδή. | ||
Saturday | dies saturni | — | dies sabbati | Occ. dissabte, Cat. dissabte | Lit. 'day of the Sabbath'. | ||
sambati dies | Fr. samedi, Rms. sonda | The same but reversed and with a nasal infix. | |||||
sabbatu~sambatu | Sp. sábado, Pt. sábado, It. sabato, Ro. sâmbătă,[δ] Srd. sàpadau | Simply the word for 'Sabbath' on its own. | |||||
shirt | tunica | Cat. tonga, Sp. tonga, It. tonaca | camisia | Fr. chemise, Occ. camisa, Cat. camisa, Sp. camisa, Pt. camisa, It. camicia, Ro. cămașă | Late borrowing from Gaulish. | ||
short | brevis | Fr. bref, Occ. brèu, Cat. breu, It. breve, Sp. breve | curtus | Fr. court, Occ. cort, Sp. corto, OPt. corto, It. corto, Ro. scurt[ε] | Meant 'cut short, mutilated' in CL. | ||
sick | infirmus | OFr. enfer, OOcc. eferm, Sp. enfermo, Pt. enfermo, It. infermo | malabitus | Fr. malade, Occ. malaut, Cat. malalt, It. malato, Srd. malaidu | Contraction of LL male habitus 'in poor shape'. | ||
skin | cutis | pellis | Fr. peau, Occ. pèl, Cat. pell, Sp. piel, Pt. pele, It. pelle, Ro. piele | Meant 'animal hide' in CL. | |||
speak | loqui | — | fabulare | OOcc. faular, Vgl. favlur, OIt. favolare, Sp. hablar, Pt. falar | Regularization of the rare CL fabulari 'chat', originally 'tell stories', a verb based on fabula. | ||
fabellare | Frl. fevelâ, OIt. favellare, Srd. faeddare | Verb based on CL fabella, the diminutive of fabula. | |||||
parabolare | Fr. parler, Occ. parlar, Cat. parlar, It. parlare | Verb based on CL parabola 'parable', a borrowing of Greek παραβολή. | |||||
stone | saxum | Pt. seixo,[ζ] It. sasso | petra | Fr. pierre, Occ. pèira, Cat. pedra, Sp. piedra, Pt. pedra, It. pietra, Ro. piatră | Late borrowing of Greek πέτρα. | ||
Sunday | dies solis | — | dies dominicus | Fr. dimanche, Occ. dimenge, Cat. diumenge, Sp. domingo, Srd. dominigu | Lit. 'day of the Lord'. Dies 'day' could be either masculine or feminine in Latin. | ||
dies dominica | Vgl. domienca, It. domenica, Ro. duminică | ||||||
swift | celer | rapidus | OFr. rade, OSp. raudo, OIt. ratto, Ro. repede | Meant 'hasty' in CL. | |||
sword | gladius | OFr. glai,[η] OOcc. glazi, OIt. ghiado | spatha | Fr. épée, Occ. espasa, Cat. espasa, Sp. espada, Pt. espada, It. spada, Ro. spată | Borrowing of Greek σπάθη. | ||
teach | docere | OFr. duire | insignare | Fr. enseigner, Occ. ensenhar, Cat. ensenyar, Sp. enseñar, Pt. ensinar, It. insegnare | Prefixed version of CL signare 'note, indicate'. | ||
thick | densus | Ro. des, Vgl. dais | grossus | Fr. gros, Occ. gròs, Cat. gros, Sp. grueso, Pt. grosso, It. grosso, Ro. gros | Of obscure origin. | ||
spissus | Fr. épais, Occ. espés, Cat. espès, Sp. espeso, Pt. espesso, It. spesso | Generally meant 'slow', 'difficult', etc. in CL. | |||||
think | cogitare | OFr. cuidier, Occ. cuidar, Cat. cuidar, Sp. cuidar, Pt. cuidar,[θ] OIt. coitare, Ro. cugetare | pensare | Fr. penser, Occ. pensar, Cat. pensar, Sp. pensar, Pt. pensar, It. pensare, Ro. păsare[ι] | Generally meant 'weigh' in CL, along with the extended sense of 'consider'. | ||
tomorrow | cras | OSp. cras, OPt. cras, OIt. crai, Sic. crai, Srd. cras | mane | Ro. mâine | Meant 'in the morning' in CL. | ||
de mane | Fr. demain, Occ. deman, Cat. demà, Rms. damaun, It. domani | LL expression meaning 'early in the morning'. | |||||
touch | tangere | OCat. tànyer, Sp. tañer,[κ] Pt. tanger | toccare | Fr. toucher, Occ. tocar, Cat. tocar, Sp. tocar, Pt. tocar, It. toccare, Ro. tocare | Borrowed from Germanic, with the original sense of 'hit, strike'. | ||
understand | intellegere | Rms. encleger, Ro. înțelegere | intendere | Fr. entendre, Occ. entendre, Cat. entendre, Sp. entender, Pt. entender, It. intendere | Had various senses in CL, most relevantly 'direct one's attention (towards)'. | ||
week | hebdomas | OFr. domée, Ct. doma, Rms. jamna, Vgl. jedma, OIt. edima and domada.[1] | septimana | Fr. semaine, Occ. setmana, Cat. setmana, Sp. semana, Pt. semana, Vgl. setimuon, It. settimana, Ro. săptămână | Attested in LL, from CL septem 'seven', referring to the number of days in a week. | ||
wide | latus | Fr. lé, Ro. lat | largus | Fr. large, Occ. larg, Cat. llarg, OSp. largo,[λ] Pt. largo, It. largo, Ro. larg | Meant 'abundant' in CL. | ||
word | verbum | Fr. verve,[μ] OSp. vierbo, Ast. vierbu, Ro. vorbă[ν] | parabola | Fr. parole, Occ. paraula, Cat. paraula, Sp. palabra, Pt. palavra, It. parola, Srd. paragula | Meant 'parable' in CL, a borrowing of Greek παραβολή. | ||
work | laborare | Occ. laurar, Cat. llaurar, Sp. labrar,[ξ] Pt. lavrar, Rms. luvrar, It. lavorare | tripaliare | Fr. travailler, Occ. trabalhar, Cat. treballar, Sp. trabajar, Pt. trabalhar, Srd. triballare | Verb based on LL tripalium, a sort of torture device made of three stakes. |
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- ^ Dworkin 2016: 585