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Savarak's views
Academics argue that Savarkar promoted a more anti-Muslim form of Hindu nationalism.[1][2][3]
In the late 1930s, Savakar compared Muslims of India to the Jews of Germany, saying both should be condemned for their alleged inability to assimilate.[4] In 1938, he wrote, "if we Hindus in India grow stronger in time, these Moslem friends of the league type will have to play the part of German Jews." He further India "must be a Hindu land, reserved for Hindus".[5] Savarkar criticized Gandhi for being concerned about Indian Muslims.[6] Vinayak Chaturvedi argues that there was a "shift" in Savakar's views: in his earlier writings he argued for "Indian independence from British rule", whereas in later writings he focused on "Hindu independence from Christians and Muslims".[7] In his 1907 Indian War of Independence, Savarkar includes Muslims as heroes. This was omitted in his later writings; his 1925 Hindu-pad-paatshahi included Hindu heroes but not Muslim ones. In his 1963 Six Glorious Epochs, Savarkar says Muslims and Christians wanted to "destroy" Hinduism.[7]
Savarkar saw Muslims in the Indian police and military to be "potential traitors". He advocated that India reduce the number of Muslims in the military, police and public service and ban Muslims from owning or working in munitions factories.[8]
References
- ^ Sources of Indian Traditions: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Cambridge University Press. p. 483.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ Vinayak Chaturvedi (May 2003). "Vinayak & Me: "Hindutva" and the Politics of Naming". Social History. 28 (2).
Savarkar had acquired an important public reputation throughout India, especially within the Hindu Mahasabha, for his nationalist and anti-Muslim writings, for his patriotic actions in India and Britain, and for having spent the bulk of his adult life as a political prisoner.
{{cite journal}}: line feed character in|quote=at position 114 (help) - ^ Vinayak Chaturvedi (2010). "Rethinking knowledge with action: v. d. savarkar, the bhagavad gita, and histories of warfare". Modern Intellectual History. 7 (2): 420.
As one of the intellectual founders of Hindu nationalism, Savarkar has emerged as the most controversial Indian political thinker of the last century, gaining notoriety for his program to "Hinduize Politics and Militarize Hindudom", for his anti-Muslim and anti-Christian politics, and for his advocacy of violence in everyday life.
- ^ Nicholas F. Gier. The Origins of Religious Violence: An Asian Perspective. p. 35.
- ^ R. Griffin. Terrorist's Creed: Fanatical Violence and the Human Need for Meaning. p. 120-121.
- ^ Joseph W. Elder. "International Handbook of Comparative Education". Hinduism, Modernity and Knowledge: India. Springer Netherlands. p. 880.
He described Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolence as "absolutely sinful" and criticized Gandhi's often-expressed concern for the well-being of India's Muslims.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Vinayak Chaturvedi (2010). "Rethinking knowledge with action: v. d. savarkar, the bhagavad gita, and histories of warfare". Modern Intellectual History. 7 (2): 420.
- ^ Divine Enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement. University of Chicago Press. p. 89.
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Karimat
Karimat El-Sayed | |
|---|---|
| Born | |
| Nationality | Egyptian |
| Awards | 2003 L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science. |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Biochemistry |
| Institutions | Ain Shams University |
Karimat El-Sayed is an Egyptian physicist most notable for winning the UNESCO/ L'OREAL Women in Science award. She is currently a professor of solid state physics at the Ain Shams University in Cairo.[1]
Early life
Karimat El-Sayed was born in El Mansoura. While social attitudes in her hometown were conservative at the time, her father was educated and a teacher, and so allowed his daughters to receive a post-secondary education.[2]
References
- ^ "Top Egyptian scientist selected for L'Oreal-UNESCO Award".
- ^ "Muslim Perspectives on the Curriculum".
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help)
Sources
Fez is a university founded in 859:
- John Esposito (professor at Georgetown University) The Oxford dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, p.328
- Niall Ferguson (professor at Harvard University), Civilization: The West and the Rest
- The Middle East and North Africa 2003, Routledge, p.863
- Hossein Nasr (professor at George Washington University) Traditional Islam in the modern world, Taylor & Francis, p.125
- Only says that the university is more than 1100 years old without specifying the date.
Fez is the oldest university in the world:
- Nick Foskett (professor at Keele University) The marketisation of higher education and the student as consumer, Taylor & Francis, p. 26
- Shana Cohen, Searching for a Different Future: The Rise of a Global Middle Class in Morocco, Duke University Press, p.147
- Sheila Trahar (senior lecturer in education at University of Bristol), Developing cultural capability in international higher education, Taylor & Francis p.12
- Encyclopædia Britannica
- Ali Kettani, "Engineering Education in the Arab World", Middle East Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Autumn, 1974), pp. 441-45
- "The Oldest University In The World"British Medical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1745 (Jun. 9, 1894), p. 1269
Al-Azhar is the oldest university in the world:
- Thomas F Banchoff (Associate Professor at Georgetown University)Religious pluralism, globalization, and world politics, Oxford University Press, p.60
- Bradley J. Cook (Provost of Southern Utah University), "Islam and Egyptian Higher Education", Comparative Education Review(editors), Vol. 45, No. 3 (August 2001), pp. 379-411
- "Some Institutional Aspects of Muslim Higher Education and Their Relation to Islam", Numen (journal), Vol. 12, Fasc. 2 (Apr., 1965), pp. 96-138
- author states the oldest is either Al-Azhar or the Fez (Qarawiyin)