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The table below lists the earliest use of some ancient chemical technologies for which there is scientific evidence. "Earliest evidence" is often weak and controversial.

Chronology of earliest chemical technologies
Technology	Time of origin	Archeological site	References
Controlled fire	c. 1 million years ago	Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape Province, South Africa	^[1]^[2]
Cooking	c. 780,000 years ago	Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel	^[3]^[4]
Habitual use of fire	c. 300,000 years ago	Qesem Cave, Israel	^[5]
Mineral pigments	pre-30,000 BCE
Pottery	c. 18,000 BCE
Fermented beverages	10,000‒8000 BCE
Smelting and metalworking	c. 6000 BCE
Cloth and fabrics	c. 6000 BCE
Tanning hides	4500‒2000 BCE
Organic dyes	c. 3000 BCE
Scented oils and perfumes	c. 3000 BCE
Soap	c. 3000 BCE
Synthetic glass	3000‒2500 BCE

^ Luke, Kim. "Evidence That Human Ancestors Used Fire One Million Years Ago". Retrieved 27 October 2013. An international team led by the University of Toronto and Hebrew University has identified the earliest known evidence of the use of fire by human ancestors. Microscopic traces of wood ash, alongside animal bones and stone tools, were found in a layer dated to one million years ago
^ Berna, Francesco (2012). "Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (20): E1215-20. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117620109. PMC 3356665. PMID 22474385.
^ "Ancient human relative used fire, surprising discoveries suggest". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^ Zohar, Irit; Alperson-Afil, Nira; Goren-Inbar, Naama; Prévost, Marion; Tütken, Thomas; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Hershkovitz, Israel; Najorka, Jens (December 2022). "Evidence for the cooking of fish 780,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (12): 2016–2028. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6.2016Z. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01910-z. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 36376603. S2CID 253522354.
^ Shahack-Gross, R.; Berna, F.; Karkanas, P.; Lemorini, C.; Gopher, A.; Barkai, R. (2014). "Evidence for the repeated use of a central hearth at Middle Pleistocene (300 ky ago) Qesem Cave, Israel". Journal of Archaeological Science. 44: 12–21. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.11.015. ISSN 0305-4403.

[1] Luke, Kim. "Evidence That Human Ancestors Used Fire One Million Years Ago". Retrieved 27 October 2013. An international team led by the University of Toronto and Hebrew University has identified the earliest known evidence of the use of fire by human ancestors. Microscopic traces of wood ash, alongside animal bones and stone tools, were found in a layer dated to one million years ago

[2] Berna, Francesco (2012). "Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (20): E1215-20. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117620109. PMC 3356665. PMID 22474385.

[3] "Ancient human relative used fire, surprising discoveries suggest". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 December 2022.

[4] Zohar, Irit; Alperson-Afil, Nira; Goren-Inbar, Naama; Prévost, Marion; Tütken, Thomas; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Hershkovitz, Israel; Najorka, Jens (December 2022). "Evidence for the cooking of fish 780,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (12): 2016–2028. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6.2016Z. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01910-z. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 36376603. S2CID 253522354.

[5] Shahack-Gross, R.; Berna, F.; Karkanas, P.; Lemorini, C.; Gopher, A.; Barkai, R. (2014). "Evidence for the repeated use of a central hearth at Middle Pleistocene (300 ky ago) Qesem Cave, Israel". Journal of Archaeological Science. 44: 12–21. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.11.015. ISSN 0305-4403.

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