User:Talia Ada Ang/sandbox

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Assignment 3: Original - Lactobacillus

(Introductory paragraph)

Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria.[1] They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group (i.e. they convert sugars to lactic acid). In humans, they constitute a significant component of the microbiota at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system, urinary system, and genital system. In women of European ancestry, Lactobacillus species are normally a major part of the vaginal microbiota.[2][3][4] Lactobacillus forms biofilms in the vaginal and gut microbiota, allowing them to persist during harsh environmental conditions and maintain ample populations.[5] Lactobacillus exhibits a commensal relationship with the human body as it protects the host against potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of nutrients.[6] Lactobacillus is the most common probiotic found in food such as yogurt, and it is diverse in its application to maintain human well-being as it can help treat diarrhea, vaginal infections and skin disorders such as eczema.[5]

Probiotics

Lactobacillus species administered as a single probiotic agent is of no benefit in people with irritable bowel syndrome[7] or Crohn's disease.[8] When it is administered in combination with other probiotics, may help people with irritable bowel syndrome, although in a minority of cases may cause negative side effects, uncertainty remains around which type of probiotic works best, and around the size of the effect.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). lactobacillus acidophilus|L. acidophilus is used to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis and other neonatal infections.[9] Lactobacillus have been recently shown to counteract the long term side effect of exposure to antibiotics in early life in mice.[10]


Notes

  1. ^ Makarova, K.; Slesarev, A.; Wolf, Y.; Sorokin, A.; Mirkin, B.; Koonin, E.; Pavlov, A.; Pavlova, N.; Karamychev, V. (October 2006). "Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (42): 15611–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607117103. PMC 1622870. PMID 17030793. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Petrova, Mariya I.; Lievens, Elke; Malik, Shweta; Imholz, Nicole; Lebeer, Sarah (2015). "Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health". Frontiers in Physiology. 6. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00081. ISSN 1664-042X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Ma, Bing; Forney, Larry J.; Ravel, Jacques (20 September 2012). "Vaginal Microbiome: Rethinking Health and Disease". Annual Review of Microbiology. 66 (1): 371–389. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150157. ISSN 0066-4227. PMC 3780402. PMID 22746335.
  4. ^ Fettweis, JM; Brooks, JP; Serrano, MG; Sheth, NU; Girerd, PH; Edwards, DJ; Strauss, JF; Jefferson, KK; Buck, GA (2014). "Differences in vaginal microbiome in African American women versus women of European ancestry". Microbiology. 160 (Pt 10): 2272–82. doi:10.1099/mic.0.081034-0. PMC 4178329. PMID 25073854.
  5. ^ a b Salas-Jara, Maria Jose; Alejandra Ilabaca; Marco Vega; Apolinaria García (September 20, 2016). "Biofilm Forming Lactobacillus: New Challenges for the Development of Probiotics". NCBI. 4 (3): 35. doi:10.3390/microorganisms4030035. Retrieved September 23, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Martin, Rebeca; Sylvie Miquel; Jonathan Ulmer; Noura Kechaou; Philippe Langella; Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán (July 23, 2013). "Role of commensal and probiotic bacteria in human health: a focus on inflammatory bowel disease". NCBI. 12 (71). doi:10.1186/1475-2859-12-71. Retrieved October 7, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Ford, Alexander C; Quigley, Eamonn M M; Lacy, Brian E; Lembo, Anthony J; Saito, Yuri A; Schiller, Lawrence R; Soffer, Edy E; Spiegel, Brennan M R; Moayyedi, Paul (2014). "Efficacy of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 109 (10): 1547–1561. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.202. ISSN 0002-9270. PMID 25070051.
  8. ^ Ghouri YA, Richards DM, Rahimi EF, Krill JT, Jelinek KA, DuPont AW (Dec 9, 2014). "Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease". Clin Exp Gastroenterol (Review). 7: 473–87. doi:10.2147/CEG.S27530. PMC 4266241. PMID 25525379.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Baucells, B.J.; Mercadal Hally, M.; Álvarez Sánchez, A.T.; Figueras Aloy, J. (2015). "Asociaciones de probióticos para la prevención de la enterocolitis necrosante y la reducción de la sepsis tardía y la mortalidad neonatal en recién nacidos pretérmino de menos de 1.500g: una revisión sistemática". Anales de Pediatría. doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2015.07.038. ISSN 1695-4033.
  10. ^ Leclercq, Sophie; Mian, Firoz M.; Stanisz, Andrew M.; Bindels, Laure B.; Cambier, Emmanuel; Ben-Amram, Hila; Koren, Omry; Forsythe, Paul; Bienenstock, John (2017). "Low-dose penicillin in early life induces long-term changes in murine gut microbiota, brain cytokines and behavior". Nature Communications. 8: 15062. doi:10.1038/ncomms15062.


Assignment 3: Edit - Lactobacillus

(Introductory paragraph)

Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria.[1] They are a major part of the lactic acid bacteria group (i.e. they convert sugars to lactic acid). In humans, they constitute a significant component of the microbiota at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system, urinary system, and genital system. In women of European ancestry, Lactobacillus species are normally a major part of the vaginal microbiota.[2][3][4] Lactobacillus forms biofilms in the vaginal and gut microbiota, allowing them to persist during harsh environmental conditions and maintain ample populations.[5] Lactobacillus exhibits a commensal relationship with the human body as it protects the host against potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of nutrients.[6] Lactobacillus is the most common probiotic found in food such as yogurt, and it is diverse in its application to maintain human well-being as it can help treat diarrhea, vaginal infections and skin disorders such as eczema.[5]

Probiotics

Lactobacillus species administered in combination with other probiotics benefits cases of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although the extent of efficacy is still uncertain.[7] The probiotics help treat IBS by returning homeostasis when the gut microbiota experiences unusually high levels of opportunistic bacteria.[6] In addition, Lactobacillus species can be administered as probiotics during cases of infection by the ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori.[8] Helicobacter pylori is linked to cancer, and antibiotic resistance impedes the success of current antibiotic-based eradication treatments.[8] When Lactobacillus probiotics are administered along with the treatment as an adjuvant, its efficacy is substantially increased and side effects may be lessened.[8] Also, Lactobacillus is used to help control urogenital and vaginal infections, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV). Lactobacillus produce bacteriocins to suppress pathogenic growth of certain bacteria,[9] as well as lactic acid and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). Lactic acid lowers the vaginal pH to around 4.5 or less, hampering the survival of other bacteria, and H2O2 reestablishes the normal bacterial flora and normal vaginal pH. [9] In children, Lactobacillus strains such as L. rhamnosus are associated with a reduction of atopic eczema, also known as dermatitis, due to anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by this probiotic bacteria.[6] As well, in 2017, Lactobacillus have been shown to counteract the long term side effect of exposure to antibiotics in early life in mice.[10] Talia Ada Ang (talk) 05:44, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

Before posting to mainspace: Talia Ada Ang (talk) 21:20, 19 November 2017 (UTC)


Notes

  1. ^ Makarova, K.; Slesarev, A.; Wolf, Y.; Sorokin, A.; Mirkin, B.; Koonin, E.; Pavlov, A.; Pavlova, N.; Karamychev, V. (October 2006). "Comparative genomics of the lactic acid bacteria". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (42): 15611–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607117103. PMC 1622870. PMID 17030793. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Petrova, Mariya I.; Lievens, Elke; Malik, Shweta; Imholz, Nicole; Lebeer, Sarah (2015). "Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health". Frontiers in Physiology. 6. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00081. ISSN 1664-042X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ Ma, Bing; Forney, Larry J.; Ravel, Jacques (20 September 2012). "Vaginal Microbiome: Rethinking Health and Disease". Annual Review of Microbiology. 66 (1): 371–389. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150157. ISSN 0066-4227. PMC 3780402. PMID 22746335.
  4. ^ Fettweis, JM; Brooks, JP; Serrano, MG; Sheth, NU; Girerd, PH; Edwards, DJ; Strauss, JF; Jefferson, KK; Buck, GA (2014). "Differences in vaginal microbiome in African American women versus women of European ancestry". Microbiology. 160 (Pt 10): 2272–82. doi:10.1099/mic.0.081034-0. PMC 4178329. PMID 25073854.
  5. ^ a b Salas-Jara, Maria Jose; Alejandra Ilabaca; Marco Vega; Apolinaria García (September 20, 2016). "Biofilm Forming Lactobacillus: New Challenges for the Development of Probiotics". NCBI. 4 (3): 35. doi:10.3390/microorganisms4030035. Retrieved September 23, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ a b c Martin, Rebeca; Sylvie Miquel; Jonathan Ulmer; Noura Kechaou; Philippe Langella; Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán (July 23, 2013). "Role of commensal and probiotic bacteria in human health: a focus on inflammatory bowel disease". NCBI. 12 (71). doi:10.1186/1475-2859-12-71. Retrieved October 7, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ Ford, Alexander C; Quigley, Eamonn M M; Lacy, Brian E; Lembo, Anthony J; Saito, Yuri A; Schiller, Lawrence R; Soffer, Edy E; Spiegel, Brennan M R; Moayyedi, Paul (2014). "Efficacy of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 109 (10): 1547–1561. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.202. ISSN 0002-9270. PMID 25070051.
  8. ^ a b c Ruggiero, Paolo (November 15, 2014). "Use of Probiotics in the fight against Helicobacter pylori". NCBI. 5 (4): 384-391. doi:10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.384. Retrieved September 23, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ a b Cribby, Sarah; Michelle Taylor; Greg Reid (March 9, 2009). "Vaginal Microbiota and the Use of Probiotics". NCBI. 2008. doi:10.1155/2008/256490.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Leclercq, Sophie; Mian, Firoz M.; Stanisz, Andrew M.; Bindels, Laure B.; Cambier, Emmanuel; Ben-Amram, Hila; Koren, Omry; Forsythe, Paul; Bienenstock, John (2017). "Low-dose penicillin in early life induces long-term changes in murine gut microbiota, brain cytokines and behavior". Nature Communications. 8: 15062. doi:10.1038/ncomms15062.
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