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Musculoskeletal Health & Supplementation

  Musculoskeletal disorders are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup, malnutrition, and stress-related events[1]. Some breeds like the German shepherd, are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders, including but not limited to: canine hip dysplasia, Cauda equina syndrome, and osteoarthritis.[2][3] These conditions can be a result of poor breeding or induced by intense exercise and poor diet.[1]

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is an orthopedic condition resulting from abnormal development of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing the instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint, resulting in pain, inflammation, lameness, and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint.[2][4] German shepherds are genetically predisposed to CHD and the University of Veterinary Medicine in Germany found its prevalence estimated to be approximately 35% of veterinary cases associated with the disorder.[3]

Osteoarthritis is one of the main contributors of musculoskeletal pain and disabilities that commonly affect German shepherds.[5][6] Mechanical stress, oxidative damage and inflammatory mediators combine to induce the gradual degeneration of the articular cartilage in the joint, resulting in reduced muscle mass, pain, and locomotion.[5][7]

It is essential to feed a well-balanced diet designed for large breeds like the German shepherd, to ensure adequate growth rates and proper maintenance of musculoskeletal health.[1]Dietary energy levels should be monitored and controlled throughout all life stages and activity levels of the German shepherd to assist in the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms.[1] Several dietary factors play a crucial role in maintaining skeletal health and are described as follows.

Appropriate calcium levels are vital in developing a strong skeletal system and aid in preventing orthopaedic diseases like Canine Hip Dysplasia.[1] Furthermore, the ratio of calcium and phosphorous must be balanced and at a recommended ratio of 1.2:1 to ensure proper bone development and structure.[1] Imbalances in calcium and phosphorous levels can result in various skeletal complications. [1] Excess phosphorous can produce lesions in bones whereas excessive calcium can lead to hypocalcaemia and result in excess bone deposition, interfering with normal bone development.[1] In extreme circumstances of insufficient calcium intake, bone resorption can occur due to the body withdrawing calcium deposits from the skeletal frame as a last resort to fulfill dietary needs.[1]

Omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of cartilage catabolism in in vitro models, suggesting that its supplementation in food could aid in decreasing the symptoms of osteoarthritis in German shepherds.[8] Furthermore, EPA and DHA inhibit key regulators of the inflammatory process and suppress their activation which can help alleviate pain and reduce inflamed joints associated with many skeletal disorders.[7] Ensuring an appropriate ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids of approximately 5:1 is very important for inflammation processes.[1] Animals source, specifically marine life such as fish, krill, and mussels, and plant sources such as flaxseed, soybean and canola oil, are particularly rich in omega-3 fatty acids.[7]

Glucosamine is an amino-monosaccharide that naturally occurs in all tissues, particularly in articular cartilage of joints and from the biosynthesis of glucose.[6] Natural synthesis of glucosamine occurs in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in joints.[1] However, as a result of damage to the joint or cartilage, there is decreased ability to synthesize glucosamine resulting in the deterioration of the joint, and supplementation is required.[1] Clinical trials of long term administration of glucosamine in German Shepherds have reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease and accelerated cartilage healing.[9] Anti-inflammatory effects of glucosamine are believed to contribute to the reduction of pain, promote joint recovery and mobility, and prevent further cartilage degradation.[9] Similarly, chondroitin supplementation is proposed to have comparable results in inhibiting degradative enzymes within the cartilage matrix to reduce the effects of osteoarthritis, but further research is required to assess long term benefits.[1]

Vitamins such as A and D also have crucial roles in bone development and maintenance by regulating bone and calcium metabolism.[1] Adequate levels should be incorporated into a German shepherd diet to promote a healthy musculoskeletal system.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Ackerman, N. 2008. Companion animal nutrition. Elsevier, 135-139.
  2. ^ a b Fels, L. & Distl, O. 2014. Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in German shepherd dogs. PLoS ONE, 9(5): 1-8
  3. ^ a b Ondreka, N., Amort, K.H., Stock, K.F., Tellhelm, B., Klumpp, S.W., Kramer, M., & Schmidt, M.J. 2013. Skeletal morpohology and morphometry of the lumbosacral junction in German shepherd dogs and an evaluation of the possible genetic basis for radiographic findings. The Veterinary Journal, 196(1): 64-70
  4. ^ Hand, M., Thatcher, C., Remillard, R., & Roudebush, P. 2000. Small animal clinical nutrition. Mark Morris Institue, 4: 542-543.
  5. ^ a b Peterson, S.G., Beyer, N., Hansen, M., Holm, L., Aagaard, P., Mackey, A. L., & Kjaer, M. 2011. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug or glucosamine reduced pain and improved muscle strength with resistance training in a randomized controlled trial of knee osteroarthritis patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(8): 1185-1193.
  6. ^ a b Wenz, W., Hornung, C., Cramer, C., Schroeder, M., & Hoffmann, M. 2016. Effect of glucosamine sulfate on osteoarthritis in the cruciate-deficient canine model of osteoarthritis. Sage Journals, 8(2): 173-179.
  7. ^ a b c Buddhachat, K., Siengdee, P., Chomdej, S., Soontornvipart, K., & Nganvongpanit, K. 2017. Effects of different omega-3 sources, fish oil, krill oil, and green-lipped mussel against cytokine-mediated canine cartilage degradation. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Animal, 53(5): 448-457.
  8. ^ Mehler, S., May, L., King, C., Harris,W., & Shah, Z. 2016. A prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on the clinical signs and erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in dogs with osteoarthritis. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids (PLEFA), 109(1): 1-7.
  9. ^ a b Minami, S., Hata, M., Tamai, Y., Hashida, M., Takayama, T., Yamamoto, S., Okada, M., Funatsu, T., Tsuka, T., Imagawa, T., & Okamoto, Y. 2011. Clinical application of D-glucosamine and scale collagen peptide on canine and feline orthopedic diseases and spondylitis deformans. Carbohydrate Polymers, 84(2): 831-834
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