User:NeilJohn11/sandbox

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Definitions

Sexual orientation, identity, and behavior

Main articles: Sexual orientation, Sexual identity, and Human sexual activity

Bisexuality is romantic or sexual attraction that is not limited to one gender.[1] The American Psychological Association states that "sexual orientation falls along a continuum. In other words, someone does not have to be exclusively homosexual or heterosexual, but can feel varying degrees of both. Sexual orientation develops across a person's lifetime–different people realize at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, bisexual or homosexual."

Sexual attraction, behavior, and identity may also be incongruent, as sexual attraction or behavior may not necessarily be consistent with identity. Some individuals identify themselves as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual without having had any sexual experience. Others have had homosexual experiences but do not consider themselves to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Likewise, self-identified gay or lesbian individuals may occasionally sexually interact with members of the opposite sex but do not identify as bisexual. The terms queer, polysexual, heteroflexible, homoflexible, men who have sex with men and women who have sex with women may also be used to describe sexual identity or identify sexual behavior.

Some sources state that bisexuality encompasses romantic or sexual attraction to all gender identities or that it is romantic or sexual attraction to a person irrespective of that person's biological sex or gender, equating it to or rendering it interchangeable with pansexuality. The concept of pansexuality deliberately rejects the gender binary, the "notion of two genders and indeed of specific sexual orientations", as pansexual people are open to relationships with people who do not identify as strictly men or women. Sometimes the phrase bisexual umbrella, or bisexual community, is used to describe any nonmonosexual behaviors, attractions, and identities, usually for purposes of collective action and challenging monosexist cultural assumptions. The term "bisexual community" includes those who identify as bisexual, pansexual/omnisexual, biromantic, polysexual, or sexually fluid.

The bisexual activist Robyn Ochs defines bisexuality as "the potential to be attracted—romantically and/or sexually—to people of more than one sex and/or gender, not necessarily at the same time, not necessarily in the same way, and not necessarily to the same degree."

According to Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, Braun (2006):

...the development of a lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) sexual identity is a complex and often difficult process. Unlike members of other minority groups (e.g., ethnic and racial minorities), most LGB individuals are not raised in a community of similar others from whom they learn about their identity and who reinforce and support that identity. Rather, LGB individuals are often raised in communities that are either ignorant of or openly hostile toward homosexuality.

Bisexuality as a transitional identity has also been examined. In a longitudinal study about sexual identity development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths, Rosario et al. "found evidence of both considerable consistency and change in LGB sexual identity over time". Youths who had identified as both gay/lesbian and bisexual prior to baseline were approximately three times more likely to identify as gay/lesbian than as bisexual at subsequent assessments. Of youths who had identified only as bisexual at earlier assessments, 60 to 70 percent continued to thus identify, while approximately 30 to 40 percent assumed a gay/lesbian identity over time. Rosario et al. suggested that "although there were youths who consistently self-identified as bisexual throughout the study, for other youths, a bisexual identity served as a transitional identity to a subsequent gay/lesbian identity."

By contrast, a longitudinal study by Lisa M. Diamond, which followed women identifying as lesbian, bisexual, or unlabeled, found that "more women adopted bisexual/unlabeled identities than relinquished these identities," over a ten-year period. The study also found that "bisexual/unlabeled women had stable overall distributions of same-sex/other-sex attractions." Diamond has also studied male bisexuality, noting that survey research found "almost as many men transitioned at some point from a gay identity to a bisexual, queer or unlabeled one, as did from a bisexual identity to a gay identity."

There is also a difference between sexual and romantic attractions in bisexuals over time. One study found that in the short term bisexual men and women were much more likely to change their sexual behavior than heterosexual or homosexual individuals. Bisexual men were less likely to have a change in romantic attraction but those that did were more likely to have a greater change than in sexual feelings while bisexual women were more likely than bisexual men to have a change in romantic attraction. This suggests that sexual and romantic attraction is not fixed for bisexual individuals and changes over time.[2]

Kinsey scale

Main article: Kinsey scale

In the 1940s, the zoologist Alfred Kinsey created a scale to measure the continuum of sexual orientation from heterosexuality to homosexuality. Kinsey studied human sexuality and argued that people have the capability of being hetero- or homosexual even if this trait does not present itself in the current circumstances. The Kinsey scale is used to describe a person's sexual experience or response at a given time. It ranges from 0, meaning exclusively heterosexual, to 6, meaning exclusively homosexual. People who rank anywhere from 2 to 4 are often considered bisexual; they are often not fully one extreme or the other. The sociologists Martin S. Weinberg and Colin J. Williams write that, in principle, people who rank anywhere from 1 to 5 could be considered bisexual.

The psychologist Jim McKnight writes that while the idea that bisexuality is a form of sexual orientation intermediate between homosexuality and heterosexuality is implicit in the Kinsey scale, that conception has been "severely challenged" since the publication of Homosexualities (1978), by Weinberg and the psychologist Alan P. Bell.

Kinsey Scale Critiques

The Kinsey scale is often critiqued for a multitude of reasons. One of the main reasons is the inverse relation in attraction to males and females that the Kinsey scale represents. The Kinsey scale says that having a higher level attraction to one gender results in less attraction to the other, which studies have shown is not accurate.[3] This inaccuracy is relevant as it can impact the results of studies that utilize this scale as there is a biological difference between bisexuals and homosexuals. This difference invalidates the use of the Kinsey scale of identification in genetic studies.[4]

Other scales

Main article: Scales of sexual orientation

  • Klein Sexual Orientation Grid
    • A more descriptive orientation grid that takes into account: Sexual attraction, sexual behavior, sexual fantasies, emotional preference, social preference, lifestyle preference, and self-identification. It also has different measures for certain variables and is not binary by design.
  • Shively Scale
    • measures physical and affectional attraction on two separate scales.[5]
  • Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation
    • Measures sexual attraction, sexual orientation identity, and sexual behavior and reports the extent of all of those factors.
  • Multidimensional Scale of Sexuality (MSS)
    • Uses nine categories to categorize bisexuality. These categories are evaluated on sexual behavior, sexual attraction, arousal to erotic material, emotional factors, and sexual dreams and fantasies. The combined answers to all of these questions make up the score.
  1. ^ Cerezo, Alison; Camarena, Juan; Ramirez, Amaranta (2020-07-09), "Latinx Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health", The Oxford Handbook of Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health, Oxford University Press, pp. 185–198, retrieved 2021-12-04
  2. ^ Kimmel, Michael S.; Weinberg, Martin S.; Williams, Colin J.; Pryor, Douglas W. (1995-05). "Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality". Contemporary Sociology. 24 (3): 365. doi:10.2307/2076509. ISSN 0094-3061. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Zietsch, Brendan P.; Sidari, Morgan J. (2020-11-03). "The Kinsey scale is ill-suited to most sexuality research because it does not measure a single construct". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (44): 27080–27080. doi:10.1073/pnas.2015820117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 33144520.
  4. ^ Hiesinger, Peter Robin (2019-09-06). "Faculty Opinions recommendation of Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior". Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  5. ^ Sennkestra (2016-10-24). "Models of Sexuality in Shively and De Cecco's "Components of Sexual Identity" (1977)". NEXT STEP: CAKE. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
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