A lexifier is the language that provides the basis for the majority of contact language's vocabulary, or lexicon.^[1] Often this language is also the dominant, or superstrate language, though this is not always the case, and can be seen in the language called Lingua Franca.^[2] In mixed languages, there are no superstrates or substrates, but instead two or more adstrates. One adstrate still contributes the majority of the lexicon in most cases, and would be considered the lexifier. However, it is not the dominant language, as there are none in the development of mixed languages, such as in Michif. ^[1]

A lexifier is the language that provides the basis for the majority of a contact language’ s vocabulary, [c1] and can be seen in the language called Lingua Franca[c2]

[c1]Since the word lexifier is singular it made sense to write this in the singular too.

[c2]Added this so it’s clear you are referring to the language rather than the thing a “lingua franca” despite the capitalization.

Pidgin and creole language names are often written as the following: Location spoken + Stage of Development + Lexifier language. For example: Malaysian Creole Portuguese, with Portuguese being the lexifier and the superstrate language at the time of the creole development. ^[1]

Often the autoglossonym, or the name the speakers give their contact language, is written Broken + Lexifier, e.g. Broken English. This becomes confusing when multiple contact languages have the same lexifier, as different languages could be called the same name by their speakers. Hence, the names are as stated above in the literature to reduce this confusion.^[1]

The word lexifier is derived from the modern latin word lexicon, meaning a catalogue of the vocabulary or units in a given language.^[3]

• English is the lexifier of English-based creole languages, such as:
  • Jamaican Patois^[4]
  • Belizean Creole^[5]
  • Miskito Coast Creole^[6]
  • San Andres Creole English^[7]
• French is the lexifier of French-based creole languages, such as:
  • Haitian Creole^[8]
  • Louisiana Creole^[9]
  • Antillean Creole^[10]
• Portuguese is the lexifier of Portuguese-based creole languages, such as:
  • Malaysian Creole Portuguese^[1]
  • Cape Verdean Creole of Brava^[11]
  • Korlai Creole Portuguese^[12]
• Spanish is the lexifier of Spanish-based creole languages, such as:
  • Philippine Creole Spanish^[13]
  • Palenquero^[14]
• Dutch is the lexifier of Dutch-based creole languages, such as:
  • Negerhollands^[15]
  • Berbice Dutch Creole^[16]

ANTH 474 edits above (underlined are my edits and all citations were added by me)

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= Council of the Haida Nation =

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Council of the Haida Nation (Haida: X̱aaydaG̱a Waadlux̱an Naay) is the Haida Government of the Haida Nation. The Haida Nation is engaged in a Title dispute of their territories, Haida Gwaii, and holds them to be independent from Canada. The Haida Nation, culturally, also includes portions of Alaska. The Kaigani Haida, who are the Alaskan group, are not part of the same government and are constituted separately within the Central Council Tlingit Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska. There are two villages on Graham island, Canada of the Haida Nation, G̱aaw, known in English as Old Massett and Hlg̱aagilda, known in English as Skidegate.

All Haida territories were in the past also claimed by Russia and Spain as well as the United States. Once Russian and Spanish claims to Haida Gwaii were given up in treaties with Britain and the United States, the islands continued to be claimed by the United States until the British claim to them was formalized by the creation of the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1853. Russian claims to Kaigani Haida territory were sold to the United States in 1867 with the Alaska Purchase.

The Council, formed in 1973, has been involved in many conflicts over the fate of its territories, which have been part of Canada since 1871, and by the Colony of British Columbia and the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands prior to that. No treaties between the Crown and the governments of the Haida were ever signed, as in most of the rest of the current Canadian province of British Columbia.

The Constitution of the Haida Nation was accepted formally in 2003.^[17]

The Haida Gwaii archipelago is one of the richest marine and terrestrial environments on earth. The Haida people are a product of their environment; thus their culture is an emanation of respect and gratitude for their provider (god), the land and sea.The archipelago consists of over 200 islands and is located off the West Coast of British Columbia, Canada. As a result of it's location, the West coast of Haida Gwaii is exposed to very strong winds and ocean waves of up to 35 metres high. The average yearly rainfall on the West coast is four metres, compared to 80 centimetres on the East coast.^[18]

The Haida Nation encompasses the Haida Gwaii archipelago and surrounding water. This includes the Dixon Entrance, half of the Hecate Straight, half the distance to Vancouver island, and westward from the land toward the Pacific Ocean.^[19]

The Mandate is an order for the Council of the Haida Nation. The Council follows the Mandate to the best of their abilities.

The Mandate acknowledges the following:

• The Council must care for the lands and waters of the Nation area.
• The Council must preserve the language and culture of the Haida people.
• The Council must aim for independence of the Haida Nation.
• The Council must serve the best interests of the Nation in ways that align with the Constitution.
• The Council must encourage co-existence with other Nations, yet maintain the policies and interests of the Haida Nation.
• The Council must aim to improve the rights of all Indigenous peoples.
• The Council must create land policies which account for the resources available within the land.
• The Council must regulate citizen access to land resources.
• The Council must designate process for land use which account for the resources available within Haida Gwaii.
• The Council must deal with any external affairs within the Haida Nation.
• The Council must be the defence for the Haida Nation.
• The Council must update Haida citizens quarterly at formal meetings. This excludes any necessarily confidential information.
• The Vice President must advertise for the Council quarterly meetings at least seven days in advance to the meeting date.
• The Council must record meetings.
• The Council have the official publication as "Haida Laas".^[20]

The constitute acknowledges the Haida language (X̱aayda Kil) and English as the official languages of the Haida Nation.^[19]

The House of Assembly is a legal form of Haida National government. This group has the right to pass laws which align with the Constitution of the Haida Nation. The House of Assembly meet yearly with the Council of the Haida Nation. These meetings occur in October during the third week of the month. Each yearly meeting alternates between G̱aaw (Old Masset) and Hlg̱aagilda (Skidegate). In addition to the House of Assembly meetings, the Council of the Haida Nation meet quarterly with Haida citizens.^[21]

The Vice President calls the House of Assembly meeting twenty days before the meeting date. They may also call other meeting dates if required, again, at least twenty days before the scheduled date. All motions placed through the House of Assembly can only be approved by a vote of three-quarter approval or more.^[21]

The Council of the Haida Nation sustains a Secretariat.The duties of the Secretariat are as follows: the Secretariat answers to both the House of Assembly and the Council of the Haida Nation, the Secretariat acts as Treasurer and will manage the staff of the Council of the Haida Nation, and the Secretariat has multiple rights to the credit of the Council of the Haida Nation.^[21]

The Village Councils are concerned with the well-being of the communities and Band members. The Village Councils may initiate laws.^[22]

Chief Councillor: Billy Yovanovich^[22]

Councillors: Duane Alsop, Lyndale George, David Crosby, Michelle McDonald, Trent Moraes, Michelle Pineault, Robert Russ.^[23]

Chief Councillor: Ken Rea

Councillors: John T Jones (Deputy), Lisa Bell, Donald Edgars, Ronald Williams, Adeana Young, Judy Williams, Sonia Rice.^[22]

The Haida citizenship act was approved the 31st of May, 2017. When accepted as a Haida Nation citizen, one receives both a Card and a Certificate. The card is used for identification purposes, and the certificate is the official Citizenship document.^[24] The Constitution of the Haida Nation states that title of Haida Gwaii Citizen may be given to an individual who does not have Haida ancestry. This title does not include receiving Haida indigenous rights or Haida heritage claims.^[19]

• Haida Nation
• Skidegate Band Council
• Council of the Haida Nation page on Skidegate Band Council
• Council of the Haida Nation - Forest Guardians
• British Columbia Treaty Commission
• History of the CHN – Council of the Haida Nation^[17]
• Haida Gwaii – Council of the Haida Nation^[18]
• Constitution of the Haida Nation – Council of the Haida Nation^[19]
• Mandate – Council of the Haida Nation^[20]
• House of Assembly – Council of the Haida Nation^[21]
• Village Councils – Council of the Haida Nation^[22]
• Skidegate Band Council – Elected Council^[23]
• Citizenship – Council of the Haida Nation^[24]

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