User:Mr. Ibrahem/Neuroblastoma
| Neuroblastoma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Microscopic view of a typical neuroblastoma with rosette formation | |
| Specialty | Oncology |
| Symptoms | Bone pain, lumps[1] |
| Usual onset | Under 5 years old[1] |
| Causes | Genetic mutation[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Tissue biopsy[1] |
| Treatment | Observation, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation[1] |
| Prognosis | US five-year survival ~95% (< 1 year old), 68% (1–14 years old)[2] |
| Frequency | 1 in 7,000 children[2] |
| Deaths | 15% of deaths due to cancer in children[3] |
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a type of cancer that forms in certain types of nerve tissue.[1] It most frequently starts from one of the adrenal glands but can also develop in the neck, chest, abdomen, or spine.[1] Symptoms may include bone pain, a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest, or a painless bluish lump under the skin.[1]
Typically, neuroblastoma occurs due to a genetic mutation occurring during early development.[4] Rarely, it may be due to a mutation inherited from a person's parents.[1] Environmental factors have not been found to be involved.[2] Diagnosis is based on a tissue biopsy.[1] Occasionally, it may be found in a baby by ultrasound during pregnancy.[1] At diagnosis, the cancer has usually already spread.[1] The cancer is divided into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups based on a child's age, cancer stage, and what the cancer looks like.[1]
Treatment and outcomes depends on the risk group a person is in.[1][4] Treatments may include observation, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation.[1] Low-risk disease in babies typically has a good outcome with surgery or simply observation.[4] In high-risk disease, chances of long-term survival, however, are less than 40%, despite aggressive treatment.[4]
Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in babies and the third-most common cancer in children after leukemia and brain cancer.[4] About one in every 7,000 children is affected at some time.[2] About 90% of cases occur in children less than 5 years old, and it is rare in adults.[2][3] Of cancer deaths in children, about 15% are due to neuroblastoma.[3] The disease was first described in the 1800s.[5]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Neuroblastoma Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 20 January 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Neuroblastoma Treatment". National Cancer Institute. 25 August 2016. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ a b c World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. Chapter 5.16. ISBN 978-9283204299. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19.
- ^ a b c d e Maris JM, Hogarty MD, Bagatell R, Cohn SL (June 2007). "Neuroblastoma". Lancet. 369 (9579): 2106–20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60983-0. PMID 17586306.
- ^ Olson, James Stuart (1989). The History of Cancer: An Annotated Bibliography. ABC-CLIO. p. 177. ISBN 9780313258893. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.