User:Mr. Ibrahem/Compartment syndrome

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Compartment syndrome
A picture of the forearm following emergency surgery for acute compartment syndrome
SpecialtyOrthopedics
SymptomsPain, numbness, pallor, decreased ability to move the affected limb[1]
ComplicationsAcute: Volkmann's contracture[2]
TypesAcute, chronic[1]
CausesAcute: Trauma (fracture, crush injury), following a period of poor blood flow[3][4]
Chronic: Repetitive exercise[1]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms, compartment pressure[5][1]
Differential diagnosisCellulitis, tendonitis, deep vein thrombosis, venous insufficiency[3]
TreatmentAcute: Timely surgery[5]
Chronic: Physical therapy, surgery[1]

Compartment syndrome is a condition in which increased pressure within one of the body's anatomical compartments results in insufficient blood supply to tissue within that space.[6][7] There are two main types: acute and chronic.[6] Compartments of the leg or arm are most commonly involved.[3]

Symptoms of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) can include severe pain, poor pulses, decreased ability to move, numbness, or a pale color of the affected limb.[5] It is most commonly due to physical trauma such as a bone fracture (up to 75% of cases) or crush injury.[3][8] It can also occur after blood flow returns following a period of poor blood flow.[4] Diagnosis is generally based upon a person's symptoms[5] and may be supported by measurement of intracomparmental pressure.[9] Treatment is by surgery to open the compartment, completed in a timely manner.[5] If not treated within six hours, permanent muscle or nerve damage can result.[5][10]

In chronic compartment syndrome, there is generally pain with exercise.[1] Other symptoms may include numbness.[1] Symptoms typically resolve with rest.[1] Common activities that trigger chronic compartment syndrome include running and biking.[1] Generally, this condition does not result in permanent damage.[1] Other conditions that may present similarly include stress fractures and tendinitis.[1] Treatment may include physical therapy or—if that is not effective—surgery.[1]

Acute compartment syndrome occurs in about 3% of those who have a midshaft fracture of the forearm.[11] Rates in other areas of the body and for chronic cases are unknown.[11][12] The condition occurs more often in males and people under the age of 35, in line with the occurrence of trauma.[3][13] Compartment syndrome was first described in 1881 by German surgeon Richard von Volkmann.[5] Untreated, acute compartment syndrome can result in Volkmann's contracture.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Compartment Syndrome-OrthoInfo – AAOS". www.orthoinfo.org. October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  2. ^ a b El-Darouti, Mohammad Ali (2013). Challenging Cases in Dermatology. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 145. ISBN 9781447142492. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
  3. ^ a b c d e Ferri, Fred F. (2017). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 317. ISBN 9780323529570. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
  4. ^ a b Schmidt AH (July 2016). "Acute Compartment Syndrome". The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 47 (3): 517–25. doi:10.1016/j.ocl.2016.02.001. PMID 27241376.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Donaldson J, Haddad B, Khan WS (2014). "The pathophysiology, diagnosis and current management of acute compartment syndrome". The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 8: 185–93. doi:10.2174/1874325001408010185. PMC 4110398. PMID 25067973.
  6. ^ a b "Compartment Syndrome – National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  7. ^ Peitzman, Andrew B.; Rhodes, Michael; Schwab, C. William (2008). The Trauma Manual: Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 349. ISBN 9780781762755. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
  8. ^ Torlincasi, Allison M.; Lopez, Richard A.; Waseem, Muhammad (2020), "Acute Compartment Syndrome", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28846257, archived from the original on 2020-11-01, retrieved 2020-01-15
  9. ^ McQueen, M. M.; Duckworth, A. D. (October 2014). "The diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome: a review". European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 40 (5): 521–528. doi:10.1007/s00068-014-0414-7. ISSN 1863-9941. PMID 26814506.
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Jen2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Bucholz, Robert W. (2012). Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults: Two Volumes Plus Integrated Content Website (Rockwood, Green, and Wilkins' Fractures). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 691. ISBN 9781451161441. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
  12. ^ Miller, Mark D.; Wiesel, Sam W. (2012). Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine Surgery. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 437. ISBN 9781451124903. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
  13. ^ Garner, Matthew R.; Taylor, Samuel A.; Gausden, Elizabeth; Lyden, John P. (July 2014). "Compartment Syndrome: Diagnosis, Management, and Unique Concerns in the Twenty-First Century". HSS Journal. 10 (2): 143–152. doi:10.1007/s11420-014-9386-8. ISSN 1556-3316. PMC 4071472. PMID 25050098.
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