User:MCJones20/sandbox

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Hello!

I plan to edit two articles for the BLM edit-a-thon: Cross Race Effect and Chemical Restraint.

Here is my proposal for the Cross Race Effect article:

The main changes I want to make involve combining sections to create bigger, but more accurate, categories. I based these changes off of a similar but better rated article: Stereotype threat. For each section I'm interested in adding to, I provide the sources I plan to look at. Some of these references have already been cited, but I feel as if the information could be better conveyed or added to.

Potential New Layout:

Contents

• Empirical studies: Unlike the Stereotype threat article, the Cross-race effect article splits up the empirical studies and their findings, resulting in many sections with little information, as well as a lead that has specific evidence.
  • Bothwell, Robert K., John C. Brigham, and Roy S. Malpass. “Cross-Racial Identification.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167289151002.
  • Pezdek, Kathy, Iris Blandon-Gitlin, and Catherine Moore. “Children's Face Recognition Memory: More Evidence for the Cross-Race Effect.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88, no. 4 (2003): 760–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.760.
  • Hourihan, K. L., Benjamin, A. S., & Liu, X. (2012). A cross-race effect in metamemory: Predictions of face recognition are more accurate for members of our own race. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 1(3), 158-162. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.004
• Mechanisms: Same issue as empirical studies
• Original study/History: In the Cross-race effect article, the results from the original study is in the lead where it does not belong. Adding this section allows for the lead to have more general info without erasing the work of other wikipedians.

• Consequences/Real-world implications: I plan to add more references and information to this section. The reason why I plan to add more is because along with racism and racial bias, the cross-race effect provides another explanation for why a disproportionate amount of black/minority people are harassed by police as well as arrested and convicted. In real world scenarios of police interaction, this makes it more difficult for white witnesses and police officers to correctly identify perpetrators when they are not white. The articles below are research that suggests this phenomenon.
  • Platz, Stephanie J., and Harmon M. Hosch. “Cross-Racial/Ethnic Eyewitness Identification: A Field Study.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18, no. 11 (September 1988): 972–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01187.x.
  • Toglia, Michael P., Rod C. L. Lindsay, John C. Brigham, L. Brooke Bennet, Christian A. Meissner, and Tara L. Mitchell. “The Influence of Race on Eyewitness Memory.” Essay. In Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology2, 2:257–81. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007.
  • Pezdek, Kathy, Matthew O'brien, and Corey Wasson. “Cross-Race (but Not Same-Race) Face Identification Is Impaired by Presenting Faces in a Group Rather than Individually.” Law and Human Behavior 36, no. 6 (2012): 488–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093933.
  • Sporer, Siegfried Ludwig. “The Cross-Race Effect: Beyond Recognition of Faces in the Laboratory.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 7, no. 1 (2001): 170–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.170.
  • Valentine, Tim, Niobe Harris, Anna Colom Piera, and Stephen Darling. “Are Police Video Identifications Fair to African-Caribbean Suspects?” Applied Cognitive Psychology 17, no. 4 (April 2, 2003): 459–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.880.
• Mitigation: I plan to add a little more info to this section, as only one, non-specific sentence talks about mitigation of the Cross-race effect. Please add more if you're interested!
  • Wilson, John Paul, Kurt Hugenberg, and Michael J. Bernstein. “The Cross-Race Effect and Eyewitness Identification: How to Improve Recognition and Reduce Decision Errors in Eyewitness Situations.” Social Issues and Policy Review 7, no. 1 (January 7, 2013): 83–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2012.01044.x.
  • Hugenberg, Kurt, Jennifer Miller, and Heather M. Claypool. “Categorization and Individuation in the Cross-Race Recognition Deficit: Toward a Solution to an Insidious Problem.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43, no. 2 (2007): 334–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.010.
  • Shriver, Edwin R., Steven G. Young, Kurt Hugenberg, Michael J. Bernstein, and Jason R. Lanter. “Class, Race, and the Face: Social Context Modulates the Cross-Race Effect in Face Recognition.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, no. 2 (December 4, 2007): 260–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310455.
• Criticism: Criticism of different approaches has been spread throughout the article, and creating this section allows for this information to have its own home.

I would appreciate any suggestions regarding additional information, organization, and potential areas of improvement.

As for the Chemical Restraint article, I plan to do much less. Before, I planned to edit the article on Excited Delirium, however, another wikipedian pointed me to this article as a better location to add the new info I'm interested in. I want to update it with information on how chemical restraint is used in policing, especially since the use of chemical restraint has garnered so much national attention as a result of the BLM movement. However, I am aware the article has issues with neutral POV, so I will try not to overload the article. Below are some of the references I plan to use. The articles below either provide information regarding the controversy, or are research articles that have looked into similar instances.

• Polladen, Michael S., David A. Chiasson, James T Cairns, and James G. Young. “Unexpected Death Related to Restraint for Excited Delirium: a Retrospective Study of Deaths in Police Custody and in the Community.” CMAJ 158, no. 12 (June 16, 1998): 1603–7. https://doi.org/https://www.cmaj.ca/content/158/12/1603.short.
• Sidner, Sara, and Julia Jones. “Two Strangers, with the Same First Name, and a Terrifying Story about Ketamine in Policing.” CNN. Cable News Network, September 1, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/us/ketamine-use-in-police-stops/index.html. (Debating using this article, provides important info, but may be too biased)
• Otahbachi, Mohammad, Cihan Cevik, Satish Bagdure, and Kenneth Nugent. “Excited Delirium, Restraints, and Unexpected Death.” The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 31, no. 2 (June 2010): 107–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/paf.0b013e3181d76cdd.