User:Louis P. Boog/sandbox/Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia
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Positions/policies
The party has been described as being "centralised"[Note 1] in leadership and strategy,[Note 2] with its ideology based on the writings of its (deceased) founder al-Nabhani since the party's founding and unlikely to change.[3] The party itself claims its "ideology and its method of work" has been "meticulously thought out and published in many detailed books."[Note 3] Prospective HT members study the "core books" of HT in preparation for being accepted as members.[2] (Hizb ut-Tahrir websites, speeches, etc. also detail party positions.)
Critics have pointed out differences between party texts and public statements and accused HT of varying its "message to suit different audiences",[6] or of attempting to "soften" its public image (by deleting pamphlets from its website and other means), "as a defensive reaction to increased scrutiny,"[7] while leaving its original strategy/ideology untouched.[6][7] HT itself claims there is "a lot of ... propaganda and disinformation" about the party[2] and the caliphate being spread by enemies to "demonise" HT.[8]
- Draft Constitution
The HT Draft Constitution or "proposed constitution" which contains many party positions, has been described by one party leader (Jalaluddin Patel),[Note 4] as "the sum of all the work and research" the party has "done in this field", "based on Ijtihad", interpretations of Islamic texts and traditions, schools of fiqh and individual scholars, (including Shi'a) and consultation with "various Islamic groups around the world".[2] Patel also told Jamestown that if the "the future Caliph" is not a member of HT, the party will offer the constitution to him as a "working document" which he can "accept, amend or indeed reject in favor of his own opinion and Ijtihad (interpretation)".[2]
Khilafah/Caliphate and Islam
- Caliphate
Hizb ut-Tahrir texts and websites holds that re-establishing the Khilafah state or Caliphate with sharia law, has been decreed by God as the "most important" obligation of Muslims,[9][10] who will be punished if they neglect it.[11] Without the caliphate and true sharia law, Muslims have been living in a state of jahiliyya (pre-Islamic ignorance).[12][13] "Not a single country or state" has escaped jahilayya and Dar al-Kufr (unbelief), including ones that consider themselves to be Islamic states, such as Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Islamic Republic of Iran.[14][15][16] These and all other Muslim-majority states and polities -- Kurds, Turks, Iran, Saudi Arabia, etc. -- serve as "agents" of a non-Muslim power (usually of the United States), and their anti-American rhetoric/policies or their fighting amongst each other nothwithstanding,[16] are actually "working harmoniously within US policy".[16]
One HT website (HT Britain) states that the Caliphate "dominated 95% of Islamic history" as a "stable, independent, accountable and representative state",[8] and that then party goals of unifying all Islamic counties into a single Islamic state where sharia law is strictly applied have strong support in the Muslim world.[17][18] The caliphate will bring stability, the party argues, by providing a political system that is "accountable" and ruler who is legitimized by virtue of elected representation; by returning the Muslim world to Islamic practice and traditional readings of Islamic values and history; and because it is "the only institution able to provide credible leadership on Islamic issues and for Muslims".[8]
The ruler of the caliphate, the Caliph (or Khaleefah), should be elected, not chosen through blood lines or imposed on Muslims, according to the Hizb ut-Tahrir Draft Constitution, and should be given a pledge of loyalty (ba’iah) by the Muslim community following his election. The Muslim community would have "no right to dismiss him after he has legitimately attained the ba’iah of contracting."[19][20]
HT sources (an HT "Information Pack" issued to British media by HT Britain circa 2010 (no longer available on HT website but copied to another site), and the HT Britain magazine New Civilisation) describe the ruler of the proposed caliphate as "an elected and accountable ruler" and a "servant to the masses, governing them with justice",[21] "legitimate only through popular consent"[22] who can be removed at the demand of the people through "the independent judiciary" of the caliphate,[23] and whose judicial opinion on adopting a law does not prevent further debate and amendment.[23][24] Along with "an independent judiciary, political parties" and the elected representative of the Majlis al-Umma ("the council of the Muslim community", whose decisions are binding on the Caliph according to a Nabhani's book, Nethaam al-Huqm fil-Islam[25]) the caliph rules a state that is uniquely representative[22] will provide "rule of law and equal rights for minority groups",[21] and so bears no "resemblance to a totalitarian state", criticism notwithstanding.[22]
But critics complain that the HT draft constitution describes the the Caliph as simply "the State".[26][27] The constitution states the Caliph "possesses all the powers and function of the State ..."[26] appointing and dismissing the governors and assistants of all the provinces of caliphate, the directors of departments, the heads of the armed forces and the generals, the chief judge and most judges, "who are all responsible to the Khaleefah [Caliph] and not to the Majlis al-Ummah" (according to Article 35e of the constitution).[28] The founder an-Nabhani, in his book the System of Islam, specifically notes that the shura (consultative) body of the caliphate (the Majlis al-Ummah), "is for seeking the opinion and not for ruling", so that if the Caliph neglects the majlis "he would be negligent, but the ruling system would still remain Islamic. This is because the shura (consultation) in Islam . This is contrary to the parliamentary system in democracy.[29]
There is also no limitation on the Khaleefah’s period in office, "so as long as he abides by the sharia’".[30] Critics (Houriya Ahmed and Hannah Stuart of The Centre for Social Cohesion[31]) complain that non-Muslims living the caliphate are not included among those giving "popular consent" nor able to serve in the government,[32][22] while the judges ruling over any recall attempt of the caliph are appointed by him or by a judge (the Supreme Judge) who is appointed by the Caliph. [Note 5] Regarding debate and amendment of legal rulings of the caliph, articles 3 and 35a of the proposed constitution stipulate that they must be obeyed.[22][34][35] One issue not open to "popular consent" or differing opinion (according to HT doctrine) is seceding from the Caliphate. "Preventing the dismemberment of any country from the body of the Khilafah" is imperative, "even if" it leads "to several years of fighting and ... the killing of millions of Muslims" (according to the second Amir of the party).[36]
Islamic lands
"Islamic lands" to make up the HT Caliphate include not only Muslim-majority countries but also include Muslim-majority regions -- such as southern Central Asia (in China); the Caucasus, and Kazan (in Russia)), even though they have been part of non-Muslim countries for many years; and states/regions which have had a non-Muslim majority population for many years -- such as northern India, East Timor, southern Spain, Sicily, Crimea, Serbia, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Myanmar and the Philippines -- that were once ‘ruled by Muslims under the authority of Islam’.[Note 6]
HT founder an-Nabhani, explains[39] that while some believe that a country "whose population is of non-Muslims", like Spain, "is not an Islamic country; ... This conclusion is false. ... because a country is deemed Islamic if it was once ruled by Islam or if the majority of its population is of Muslims." So that "Spain is indeed an Islamic country".[39]
- Expansion to non-Muslim lands
Hizb ut-Tahrir sees the Caliphate as eventually replacing not only Muslim states but Western non-Muslim ones,[40][41][42][43][44] but whether it calls for violence to achieve this is disputed. The HT "Information Pack" for the Britain Media states that "the suggestion that Hizb ut-Tahrir will be permitted to engage in an armed struggle when the Caliphate re-emerges, is absolutely false",[45] [Note 7] but Michael Whine[Note 8][43][46] quotes HT founder An-Nabhani urging Muslims to follow the example of the original Islamic empire attacking and conquering adjacent territory of Persia and the Byzantine Empire, noting "what are we to say about the Ummah today; numbering more than one billion, ... She would undoubtedly constitute a front which would be stronger in every respect than the leading superpowers put together".[47] Another HT text (The Ummah’s Charter, quoted by Ahmed and Stuart), states that the Caliphate "must rise to declare Jihad against the Kuffar without any lenience or hesitation,"[44][48] and a HT pamphlet (quoted by Dave Rich) predicts, “In the forthcoming days the Muslims will conquer Rome and the dominion of the Ummah of Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) will reach the whole world and the rule of the Muslims will reach as far as the day and night. And the Dīn of Muhammad (saw) will prevail over all other ways of life including Western Capitalism and the culture of Western Liberalism”.[41]
- Criticism
Among the criticisms of HT's vision of the caliphate are historical inaccuracy and danger of violence involved in re-establishing the caliphate:
- the historical Abbasid and Ottoman caliphates were "ignored or opposed by five of the civilizations [HT] seemed to think it had governed". (legal historian Sadakat Kadri)[Note 9]
- eras of great Islamic cultural achievement occurred not under rulers who strictly applied Sharia, but "under open-minded rulers whom the group would consider heretical: the Mu'talite caliphs and Shi'a sultans of the ninth and tenth-century Baghdad, for example and the eclectic emperors who emerged out of Anatolia, Persia, and central Asia after the Mongol invasions." (Sadakat Kadri)[49]
- "during its heyday" the society of the Abbasid caliphate, "thrived on multiculturalism, science, innovation, learning and culture", not strict enforcement of sharia, and had famous free thinkers (Al-Maʿarri) and irreverent, impious poets (namely Abu Nuwas). (Journalist Khaled Diab)[50][Note 10]
- that rather than being protected and purified by the caliphate, the religion of Islam "throughout Muslim history has operated as an alternative, in tension with the caliphate: it was a repository of ideals of justice and equity, and its purpose was to speak the truth to the vainglory of institutions of power." (Ziauddin Sardar)[51]
- How would the "security, safety and peace in the Muslim world" come about "through the forceful removal of all current Muslim governments" in the creation of a unified caliphate state, especially in light of Abdul Qadeem Zallum's statement in a "party text" that "if necessary millions of Muslims and non-Muslims will be killed"?[52][36]
- Defence
Responsibility for defense in Hizb ut-Tahrir's constitutional vision of the caliphate would go to the Amir al-Jihad who would be "the supervisor and director" of four governmental departments comprising "the army, the police, equipment, tasks, armament supplies", internal security, foreign affairs, and industry ("all factories of whatever type should be established on the basis of the military policy"). The Amir al-Jihad does not serve as the commander-in-chief, who, along with his immediate subordinates, is appointed by the Caliph.[53] Conscription is compulsory for all male Muslims 15 and over in the proposed state "in readiness for jihad."[54]
- Economy
The draft constitution also details an economic system that allows private enterprise, but requires that "the State" should "provide employment"[55] and "basic needs" for its citizens.[56] To provide for this the state will draw from "permanent" sources of income from special taxes on non-Muslims: spoils or fei` (spoils of jihad when the non-Muslim enemy has surrendered or fled), jizyah (a poll tax on non-Muslims),[57] kharaj[58] (land conquered from non-Muslims in jihad).[59] It also includes a "tax" of one/fifth of discovered buried treasure (rikaaz) and zakaah (annual Islamic charitable donation of 2.5% of a Muslim's total savings and wealth excluding a minimum amount)[59] and other taxes if necessary.Cite error: The opening <ref>
tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).[60]
The constitution also reserves public ownership of utilities, public transport, health care, energy resources such as oil, and unused farm land. Constitutionally forbidden activities include: "squandering, extravagance and miserliness", "capitalist companies, co-operatives", usury (riba), "fraud, monopolies, gambling and the like",[61] leasing of land for agriculture, and the failure of a land owner to use their land, (such as leaving land fallow for more than three years).[62] For monetary policy the constitution calls for use of the Gold Standard, and gold and silver coinage.[63]
Outsider observers have called HT's economic proposals "very vague" (International Crisis Group),[64] or lacking in coherence (Ahmed & Stuart,[15] Zeyno Baran[65]). Former HT UK leader Jalaluddin Patel defends it, writing that "the Islamic economic system comes from the Creator", who has "better insight into the human condition than humans."[2][65]
Jihad
HT texts define Jihad as "war undertaken for the sake of Allah (swt) to raise high His (swt)[Note 11] word" and requiring an army (Institutions of State in the Khilafah).[66][67] They declare the necessity of jihad so that Da'wah will be carried "to all mankind" and will "bring them into the Khilafah state," and the importance of declaring "Jihad against the Kuffar without any lenience or hesitation;" (Ummah's Charter),[68][48] as well as the need to fight unbelievers who refuse to be ruled by Islam, even if they pay tribute (The Islamic Personality).[69][48]
On the other hand, public statements by Hizb ut-Tahrir deny "Hizb ut-Tahrir will be permitted to engage in an armed struggle when the Caliphate re-emerges, ... The party is not waiting for any order to begin an `armed struggle`".[Note 12] [45][48]
Other HT texts differ over whether jihad is by nature offensive rather than defensive (supported in The Inevitability of the Clash of Civilisations),[70][71] or encompasses both "defensive and offensive war" (supported on a different page of The Inevitability of the Clash of Civilisations).[72] Statements also conflict as to whether offensive jihad must wait for the caliphate to be established (as the head of HT Britain, Jalaluddin Patel, told an interviewer in 2004),[2] or requires only an "amir" to lead Muslims (Hizb ut-Tahrir pamphlet).[73][74] The party does support "defensive jihad" in Iraq and Afghanistan against American occupation -- defensive jihad not requiring the "appropriate political and military capabilities" of an Islamic State, it need not wait for either a caliph or amir.[2]
Shariah
Along with the establishment of an Islamic State, Hizb ut-Tahrir's other main principle/objective is the enforcement of shariah law to regulate all aspects of human life— politics, economics, sciences, and ethics.[75] The law will be based upon fair interpretations of the Qur'an, the Sunnah, consensus of the companions (Ijma al-Sahaba), and legitimate analogies (Qiyas) drawn from those three sources.[76] The Islamic state will not "adopt a particular" Madhhab (school of fiqh).[Note 13].) According to Forum 18 News Service, it was told by an HT representatives that "the only true Muslims" are those who adhere to one the four Sunni madhhabs, and "those who depart" the four "would be considered as apostates and liable to punishment according to Islamic law."[77][78][Note 14]
Regarding traditional hudud penal code, the HT text Concepts of Hizb ut-Tahrir describes their abandonment as part of the "misinterpreted the Islamic rules to adapt them to contemporary life" that started in the late 19th century.[79] In a HT video on how Muslims should answer criticism of the "harsh" punishments of hudood, HT member Taji Mustafa argues chopping off hands and fee "are a huge deterrent" to crime.[80] HT texts state adultery should be punished by stoning and pre-marital sex by lashing,[81] apostasy from Islam by death.[82] "Brigandage" and murder would be punished by execution, crucifixion or amputation.[Note 15] (Use of the punishments of ‘chopping off’ of hands for theft and stoning to death for adultery, would become law in the HT caliphate was confirmed in a 2009 interview of Tayyib Muqeem, a HT leader.[84][85])
Non-Muslim would be subject to the same laws and in addition would be subject to special taxes -- the poll tax of jizya and the land tax of Kharaj.[86][87][88][87] Men and women are to be segregated in public except when absolutely necessary according to HT Draft Constitution.[89] A women's body may not be revealed, "apart from her face and hands".[90] (This was also reaffirmed by HT leader Tayyib Muqeem in a 2009 interview -- `Every woman would have to cover up.’[85][84]) (see below for regulations for non-Muslims and women)
One of the benefits of the caliphate is that in its court system, (according to founder an-Nabhani) there has never been "even one case ... settled according to other than the Islamic Shari’ah rules"[91] (This is diputed by historians.[92])
Unlike many court systems the caliphate would have no courts of appeal or cessation. ‘If the judge pronounced a sentence, it would become binding, and the sentence of another judge would not under any circumstances reverse it.’[93] (However, if circumstantial evidence changed, a judge could reverse a decision.[81])
- Punishment for apostasy
In the HT Draft Constitution, Article 7 declares that Muslims who "have by themselves renounced Islam... are guilty of apostasy (ridda) from Islam are to be executed."[94] At least one HT text (How the Khilafah was Destroyed written by Abdul Qadeem Zallum, HT global leader from 1977 to 2003) emphasizes the importance of the "rule of Shariah" calling for the killing of apostates from Islam (those who have left Islam). Abdul Qadeem Zallum warns that the abolition of the caliphate in 1924 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a consequence of wayward Muslims like Kemal no longer feeling any fear that they might be killed (since according to HT ending the caliphate was an act of apostacy). To prevent this from happening again, "it is imperative to put back this issue in its rightful place and consider it to be a vital issue, by killing every apostate even if they numbered millions."[82]
One recent case of alleged apostacy HT has commented on was the May 2014 sentence of one Meriam Ibrahima to one hundred lashes to be followed by death by hanging issued by the Sudanese Sharia court for Ibrahima's alleged fornication and renunciation of Islam. (Ibrahima had been raised Christian and married a Christian but her absent father was a Muslim so the court ruled her marriage was an act of fornication and apostacy.)[Note 16]
After several Western governments, condemned sentence, Hizb ut-Tahrir issued a statement affirming that ‘the ruling of the Legislator, Allah the Almighty, for apostasy is death’ and that a Muslim should not ‘seek the satisfaction of the hostile Kaffir West upon the descent of the Shar’i provision.’[96][97]
- Criticism
Critics (Sardar, Kadri, Ahmed & Stuart) complain that the "particular sharia" advocated by HT would contravene the standards and values of "universal human rights",[98] and "was formulated in the ninth century and is frozen in history. Inherently violent towards women, minorities and criminals, it has never been willingly accepted by Muslims but always had to be forcibly imposed by authoritarian regimes".[51] (While support for sharia is strong in the Muslim world, agreement over what constitutes sharia is less so.[99])
Women
The HT draft constitution states "the primary role of a woman is that of a mother and wife. She is an honour ('ird) that must be protected."[100] It declares that "Women have the same rights and obligations as men, except for those specified by the shar’i evidences to be for him or her."[101] These limitations include not being able to hold ruling positions such as caliph, Chief Justice,[Note 17] provincial governor, or mayor; being required to cover their body (except face and hands) in public;[101][102] not being able travel without a male mahram[Note 18] disobey her husband, or marry a non-Muslim.[104] According to HT founder an-Nabhani, "the husband performs all work undertaken outside of the house. The woman performs actions normally undertaken inside the house to the best of her ability."[105] "Segregation" of the genders is "fundamental" in the HT constitution, and men and women should not meet together in private at all,[101] or in public except in special shariah-approved activities such as trading or making Hajj pilgrimage.[106] HT supports the right of men to marry (what the West considers) underaged females, although not vice versa.
Hizb ut-Tahrir forthrightly advocates women's (i.e. Muslim women's) suffrage or right to vote,[32] the right of Muslim women to choose a (Muslim) partner freely, right to seek employment, serve in the military, have custody of children after divorce even if she is not Muslim,[107] and run in elections (for positions that do not involve ruling over men).[104]
While opponents may consider this unequal status, Hizb ut-Tahrir maintains:
Women in the Khilafah are not regarded as inferior or second class citizens. Islam gave women the right to wealth, property rights, rights over marriage and divorce as well as a place in society. Very recently Islamists established a public dress code for women – the Khimar and Jilbab which promotes women to cover themselves up as "part of the well known attire of the dress code for Muslim women" based on "widely recognised Sunni sources".[108]
In Australia, HT generated attention in it defense of the right of a 26-year-old man to marry a 12-year-old girl in a ‘Islamic ceremony’ outside of Australian law (but with the girl's father's blessing),[109] declaring that Australian law, "is not a basis for moral judgments. Something being illegal according to western law does not make it immoral".[97]
HT sources differ over whether dress for women is not a matter of choice. At HTB’s 2003 annual conference, an HTB member warned the audience:
Inevitably western attitudes are beginning to affect Muslim thinking. Sometimes Muslim women will say that they wear a headscarf as a matter of choice. ... A truly Islamic woman would say she wore her headscarf in obedience to the Creator whether the Creator gave reasons or not."[110]
However, three years later, HT Britain signed a statement in support of "a woman’s right to wear the veil" as a "human and religious right".[Note 19])
In the organization itself, women are thought to comprise 10% of HT’s membership,[112] playing an "active role" in "intellectual and political work" such as conferences held by the UK women’s section of HT,[113] and following a dress code of jilbab (a loose dress), Khimar (headscarf) and socks, so similar it has been compared to a "uniform-like style".[114]
Capitalism, Democracy, Freedoms, Compromise
- Capitalism
"Capitalism" is defined by HT as a political system of democracy and freedom, not just as an economic system based on private ownership, and is frequently condemned by the party. Freedom of ownership is one of capitalism's freedoms, along with freedom of belief and opinion and "personal freedom". Capitalism is based on the idea of "the separation of religion from life",[115] and supported by the "pillars" of democracy,[116] "pluralism" (the recognition and affirmation of diversity and peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions and lifestyles), "human rights and free market policies".[117] Another facet of "Capitalism" opposed by the party is the Western concept of "compromise"[118][119][120] -- an example of its unIslamic nature is the proposed compromise solution of allowing both Jews and Muslims to have a state in Palestine.[121] Critics complain HT has invoked "freedom of speech, tolerance, ... human rights and democracy"[98] when it was under threat of proscription in 2005.[122] (Like other Islamist groups, HT texts describe Islam as an alternative economic system to both capitalism and communism and superior to both.[123])
- Democracy
Hizb ut-Tahrir draws a distinction between giving authority to the people in government (which is Islamic) and giving sovereignty to the people (the essence of democracy and unIslamic).[124] Because Western[125] democracy gives not just authority but sovereignty to the people, it is "deeply flawed"[124] -- a "Kufr system" that violates sharia,[12][126] is "controlled by large corporations and largely indifferent to the needs of ordinary citizens".[124] Democracy may also lead to "moral laxity and sexual deviancy ... such abnormal and strange sexual practices" as homosexuality and bestality.[127][128]
Since "whoever does not rule whatever Allah has revealed, denying Allah’s right to legislate" is a kafir (unbeliever), self-identified Muslims who believe in democracy are actually unbelievers[129][130] -- including Turkish Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan, who will be "thrown in hell fire for his apostasy and deviation from the deen of Allah" (according to one HT pamphlet).[131][98] [132] One revivalist Muslim opponent of the HT position on boycotting elections in Western democracies, (Mir Amir Ali) argued that numerous Muslim revivalist organizations had “decided that it was in the best interests of Muslims in America and Muslims worldwide to participate in politics without creating a political party", after seeking “guidance from renowned Islamic scholars from all over the world”.[Note 20]
- Rights or freedoms
Regarding other aspects of "Capitalism" condemned by HT -- "Pluralism", "Human Rights", and the Freedoms of Belief, Expression, Ownership, and Personal Freedom[134] -- the 1996 HT work, The American Campaign to Suppress Islam, argues that while "many Muslims are attracted" to the slogan of "human rights ... because of the oppression, torture, and persecution they suffer from their rulers", these rights are based on the Capitalist ideology's view of the nature of man as "inherently good", when in fact man is good when he obeys God's law and bad when he does not.[135]
Muslims who claim that the freedom of belief does not contradict Islam are among the "trumpets of the Kuffar" (unbelievers).[136] It warns that a Muslim who calls for human rights is either a sinner [fajir] (if they do not realise the contradiction between "human rights" and Islam), or a Kafir [unbeliever]" (if they believe in human rights "as an idea emanating from the detachment of deen from life."[137][138] (Muslims who "have by themselves renounced Islam... are guilty of apostasy (ridda) from Islam are to be executed" according to Article 7 of the HT Draft Constitution.[94])
Reassuringly, American-based academic David Commins writes that, "within well-recognized bounds, the Muslim enjoys much freedom" under HT's hypothetical caliphate.[139] The HT constitution also include rights such as assumption of innocence until proven guilty, due process, a ban on torture.[140] Should the caliphate violate its citizens' rights, however, critics note that those citizens would have no right to rebel, because shariah law (according to HT text The Ummah’s Charter) "has urged obedience to those who assume authority over the Muslims, whatever injustice they committed and however much they violated the people’s rights."[141][142]
- Pluralism
Also opposed is pluralism,[143] and the idea of "multiple overlapping identities" (such as someone being a `British Muslim’), which are an example of kufr (unbelief).[144] In all its political actions HT works to "purify" the Islamic community from "the effect of the kufr thoughts and opinions".[145] HT has distributed pamphlets at Mosques in Britain urging Muslims not to vote in elections for example (to the disapproval of other British Muslim organizations).[146][147] In a pamphlet titled ‘An Open Letter to the Muslims in Britain regarding the Dangerous Call of Integration’, it warns that Integration into Western society and secularism are a way to "keep Islam completely away from their lives such that nothing remains of it but spiritualistic rituals conducted in the places of worship and a few pages in books of history".[148]
Non-Muslims and the West
- Non-Muslims
Regarding non-Muslims living under Islam, the British HT media Information Pack describes its position as a "matter of public record", and will follow the teachings of Muslims scholars who call for Muslims to "take care of their [non-Muslim] weak, fulfil the needs of the poor, feed the hungry, provide clothes, address them politely" and even "tolerate their harm" to Muslims.[149] It also states that non-Muslims under Muslim rule for thirteen centuries "enjoyed equal rights, prosperity, happiness, tranquillity and security."[149]
According to Media Spokesperson for Hizb ut-Tahrir UK and member of its executive committee, Taji Mustafa,
rights of Jews and other non-Muslims are enshrined within statuary Islamic Law (Sharia). These were laid down by the Prophet Muhammad when he established the first Islamic State in Medina in the 7th century. He said, "Whoever harms a dhimmi (non-Muslim citizen who has agreed to pay the Jizya tax and submit themselves as a second-class citizen) has harmed me."[150][151]
However, the Hizb ut-Tahrir draft constitution for its unified Islamic state, forbids any non-Muslims living in the state to serve in any of the ruling offices, such as the position of caliph, or to vote for these officials. Muslims have "the right to participate in the election of the Khaleefah [head of state] and in giving him the pledge (ba’iah). Non-Muslims have no right in this regard." However non-Muslims may voice "complaints in respect to unjust acts performed by the rulers or the misapplication of Islam upon them."
Non-Muslim would be subject to the same laws and in addition would be subject to special taxes -- the poll tax of jizya and the land tax of Kharaj. HT founder an-Nabhani explains that the taxes on Non-Muslims in the caliphate are a "right that Allah enabled the Muslims to take from the Kuffar [disbelievers] as a submission from their part to the rule of Islam."
"The Jizya is taken from the Kuffar as long as they remain in Kufr [unbelief]; if they embrace Islam it will be waived from them."[152][87] ... The Kharaj ... is a right imposed on the neck of the land that has been conquered from the Kuffar by way of war or by way of peaceful agreement, provided that the peace agreement stipulates that the land is ours (i.e. belonging to the Muslims) ... Each land conquered from the Kuffar after declaring war against them is considered Kharaji [land subject to Kharaj] land, and even if they embraced Islam after the conquest, the land remains Kharaji."[153][87]
In regards to foreign policy, the draft constitution states that while "it is permitted to conclude good neighbouring, economic, commercial, financial, cultural and armistice treaties,"[154] "the State is forbidden to belong to any organisation that is based on something other than Islam or which applies non-Islamic rules." (It goes on to specify "the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and regional organisations like the Arab League.")[155]
Concerning relations with non-Muslim states following the establishment of the caliphate, one source (HT representatives talking to Forum 18 News Service) stated that "all non-Muslim states" would be given "a choice between either joining the Caliphate under Sharia law, or paying a tax", but "failure to pay the tax would be punished by military attacks."[77][78]
However two other HT sources are less leniency, requiring submission to Islamic rule. One, (known as Muqadimmat ul-Dustur aw asbab ul-Muwajjabbat lah or "The Introduction to the Constitution or the Causes of its Obligation",[156]) noted those in the Dar al-Harb ("House of War", i.e. outside of the HT Islamic State/Caliphate) are "considered belligerent in government (muharibeen hukman)", even if "we have a treaty with them" or there are "no actual hostilities (qital)" with them. Those who Dar al-Islam has a treaty with "are considered belligerent (muharibeen, lit. warring people) because they "are infidels (kuffar) and they do not submit to the authority of Islam” -- a position the Quilliam Foundations questions in a title "Islamism is peace or we declare war on you".[157] Another work (The Islamic Personality, Vol. 2,) says concerning non-Muslim states, "…[I]f they accepted to pay the jizyah but refused to be ruled by Islam, it is not allowed to accept this from them because the cause of fighting – which is that they are disbelievers who have refused to accept the da’wah – remains standing so fighting them remains obligatory… "[158][48]
In the "About Us" section of the English language section of its "Official Website" (as of 9 February 2016), HT lists "Exposing the plans and the conspiracies of the Kuffar [unbelievers]", as one of the four "actions" it "undertakes".[Note 21] Some researchers (such as David Zeidan) have noted how HT founder Nabhani emphasised (what he believed) was the hatred of the west towards Islam, where European colonialism was (he believed) simply a continuation of the Crusades:
Sheikh Nabhani considered Western animosity to Islam as a constant ever since the Crusades. [This animosity] is fueled by a wish for revenge and manifests itself in ‘oppression, humiliation, colonization and exploitation. ...’ Modern Europe is engaged in a cultural Crusade against Islam. . . . Orientalists and Christian clergy continue to support all anti-Islamic activities in the world, conspiring against Islam, slandering its history, and degrading Muhammad and his Companions.[160][161]
- The West
Western capitalistic states, led by the United States, are the “most vicious enemies” of Islam according to HT.[162] Hizb ut-Tahrir sees Western influence as the cause of stagnation in the Muslim world, the reason for its failure to re-establish the caliphate thus far, and something in need of being attacked and uprooted. The Australian HT Media Pack describes Western governments as "the major obstacle to positive change in the Muslim World".[163] Founder Nabhani has been described (by David Commins) as preaching that "British plots in particular and western imperialist conspiracies in general pervade the modern history of the Muslim world and ultimately explain its main lines of political evolution."[164] In his book, The System of Islam, which is studied by all Hizb ut-Tahrir members, Nabhani states:
If not for the influence of the deceptive Western culture and the oppression of its agents that will soon vanish, then the return to the domain of Islam in its ideology and system would be quicker than the blink of an eye.[165]
According to the same book, the Muslim world fell behind the West, (or other non-Muslim societies) not because it has failed to borrow some political, cultural or social concepts these civilizations had to offer, but because it did:
Muslim stagnation commenced the day they abandoned this adherence to Islam and ... allowed the foreign culture to enter their lands and the Western concepts to occupy their minds.[166]
Western intellectual and cultural influence as well as its political and economic influence must be "uprooted" from the Muslim community.[167][168][169] According to late HT global emir Abdul Qadeem Zallum, "The fierce struggle between the Islamic thoughts and the Kufr thoughts, ... will continue ... – a bloody struggle alongside the intellectual struggle – until the Hour comes and Allah (swt) inherits the Earth and those on it. This is why Kufr is an enemy of Islam, and this is why the Kuffar will be the enemies of the Muslims as long as there is Islam and Kufr in this world,..."[170][169]
According to the HT work Dangerous Concepts, among the tools used by Kufr nations to "finish off Islam by destroying its Aqeedah (creed) as a political Aqeedah" are such activities as "inter-faith and intercultural dialogues, and the viewpoint that both the Arab and Jewish races are the sons of Abraham."[171][172]
Regarding the activity of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Western countries, HT texts emphasize the necessity of Muslims choosing between an Islamic identity and a Western one.[173] A British HT media Information Pack states that it opposes assimilation in Western countries by Muslims but also "isolation". The party claims it "works to cultivate a Muslim community that ... adher[s] to the rules of Islam and preserv[es] a strong Islamic identity"; to "project a positive image of Islam" and "engages in dialogue with Western thinkers, policymakers and academics", but "does not work ... to change the system of government".[21] However, HT founder An-Nabhani writing in his book The Islamic Personality, Vol. 2, stresses that the need to fight kufr extends to Muslims living outside the land of Islam (Dar al-Islam). In a land "ruled by kufr" where disbelievers "reside", the Muslim "is obliged ... to fight its people until they become Muslims or pay the jizyah and be ruled by Islam."[174] In fact, unless he is not "able to manifest his deen [i.e. his religion] and perform the requested Shar’a rules", the Muslim is forbidden to leave Dar al-Kufr (land of unbelief) and return to Dar al-Islam,[174][Note 22] as this would be "fleeing from the jihad."[175] Critics (Ahmed & Stuart) complain that this amounts to a call for Western Muslims to “fight” their country’s (non-Muslim) “people”, and demonstrates "the internal contradiction" between HT’s avowed “nonviolent” political ideology and its plans for subversion and violent jihad to eventually expand its proposed caliphate into non-Muslim lands.[176]
Although in public pronouncements the party has criticised the 9/11 and 7/7 terror attacks, it has declared the "war on terrorism" to be not just overreach or arrogant disregard for Muslim lives, but a "disguise" for a "ruthless campaign against Islam and Muslims".[148]
the real motive for waging “War Against Terrorism” is not to counter terrorism. The real motive is clearly to establish and strengthen US hegemony and influence over the Islamic lands, their people, and their resources in order to repress any semblance of Islamic political resurgence.[177]
- United States
The "head of Kufr (unbelief)" is the United States[178] [Note 23] and its international domination "a danger to the world" which "only the Khilafah can save” it from, according to HT statements.[180][181]
Attacks on Muslims, whether they be arrest and torture in Uzbekistan, executions in China, or attacks by Hindu mobs in India, are actually "orchestrated and sanctioned by the head of Kufr, America".[148] Although it has its "agents" in power throughout the Muslim world, the US is using capitalism (i.e. "Democracy, pluralism, human rights and free market policies"), to suppress Islam", as it fears the revival of Islam and "the return" of "the Khilafah State",[182] which will "destroy" US influence and interests not only over the Muslim world but "over the whole globe."[183]
More recently a religious leader of HT, Imam Ismat Al-Hammouri, called for the destruction of America, France, Britain, and Rome, in a 2013 sermon.[184]
One observer (Zeyno Baran) has argued that statements by US President George W. Bush (the war on terrorism is a "crusade", “you are either with us or against us”)[185]) and at least one US military leader (U.S. Army Lt. General Jerry Boykin: “I knew my God is bigger than [Osama bin Laden’s]),[186]) and actions such as civilian deaths in the War in Iraq, have alarmed many Muslims[187] and played into the HT message.[188]
Zionism
Hizb ut-Tahrir (which was founded in Palestine by Palestinians) strongly opposes Zionism and existance of the state of Israel, or any compromise or peaceful relations with that state. According to scholar David Commins, the "liberation of Palestine" from Israel was the original "primary concern" of Hizb ut-Tahrir, with the project of setting up a unitary "Islamic state that would revive the "true" Islamic order throughout the Muslim world coming later.[164] According to scholar Suha Taji-Farouki, "while in theory the issue of Israel and the Jews remains peripheral to [HT's] main efforts, the party has consistently addressed it throughout its career".[189]
In 1990s, Ata Abu Rashta, (HT’s current global leader and former spokesman), proclaimed that "peaceful relations with the Jews" or settling "for only part of Palestine" (such as the post 1967 territory of the West Bank and Gaza) is "prohibited by Islamic Law". "None of the Jews in Palestine who arrived after the destruction of the Ottoman Empire have the right to remain there. The Islamic legal rule requires that those of whom are capable of fighting be killed until none survive".[190] Later statements by HT spokespersons also emphasize the importance of Islamic control of every bit of Palestine (Taji Mustafa in 2008[191][7]) and rejecting negotiation in favor of military Jihad (Imran Wahid, January 2009[192][193])
Another source [Note 24] describes HT as supporting the "destruction of Israel", but seeing this as the job of the Caliphate, which must be founded first for this to take place.[194]
Hizb ut-Tahrir has used the term "one state solution" for the Israel/Palestine dispute ("Palestine – why only a one state solution will work").[195] This refers not to a Binational solution (usually thought of in that context), where the "one state" is a united Palestinian state with no official/state religion and equal rights for all religions, but rather to the proposed HT Islamic state/caliphate which would include Palestine and where everyone, Muslims and non-Muslims alike, would follow statutory shariah Islamic law.[195]
Charges of anti-semitism
Among the more high profile charges of antisemitism against HT include the 1994 call by a British MP for it to be prosecuted for anti-semitism (among other charges);[196][197] the guilty verdict of the HT spokesman in Denmark for distributing "racist propaganda" (which included a quote from the Quran: "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out," followed by a passage stating: "the Jews are a people of slander... a treacherous people");[198] its banning from public activity in Germany in 2003 by a German Interior Minister Otto Schily for what he called spreading violence and hate and calling for the killing of Jews;[199] a "No Platform" order against the group by the British National Union of Students in 2004 for (what the NUS called) spreading antisemitic propaganda;[200] and the dismissal of an HT member and trainee journalist by The Guardian, in part because of statements discovered on the party's website (which stated among other things that "the Jews are a people of slander ... a treacherous people ... they fabricate lies and twist words from their right places").[201]
HT in return states that it reject "decisively" the charge which arises from opposition to HT's anti-zionism,[Note 25] and it rejects it "decisively".[203] and which is "ludicrous" since "there is a blood relation between Jews and Arabs".[205] [7]
Accusers cite a number of HT statements about the innate (negative) characteristics of Jews and the need and duty of Muslims to eradicate them. In a 2000 article entitled "The Muslim Ummah will never submit to the Jews", Hizb ut-Tahrir lamented what it saw as the innate behavior of Jews:
... In origin, no one likes the Jews except the Jews. Even they themselves rarely like each other.... The American people do not like the Jews nor do the Europeans, because the Jews by their very nature do not like anyone else. Rather they look at other people as wild animals that have to be tamed to serve them. So, how can we imagine it being possible for any Arab or Muslim to like the Jews whose character is such?... Know that the Jews and their usurping state in Palestine will, by the Help and Mercy of Allah, be destroyed "until the stones and trees will say: O Muslim, O Slave of Allah. Here is a Jew behind me, so come and kill him."[206]
(This or part of this statement was also found on a 2001 statement later removed from the Hizb ut-Tahrir website.[206])
A 2001 leaflet posted on HT website Khilafa.com and since removed condemns Arab and Muslim rulers for "obstructing" Muslims from their "obligation" of "eradication of the Jews".
O Muslims: Your brothers in Palestine are calling you, and you feel the pain to help them. But the treacherous rulers stand in the way of your help. They obstruct you from undertaking the obligation Allah has obliged upon you, the Jihaad and the eradication of the Jews.[207]
Party members have been accused of publicly denying the Holocaust, calling it a “tool used by Jews to justify their own hegemony over Muslims in Palestine”.[208]Cite error: A <ref>
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(see the help page). In a 2003 interview with Forum 18 News Service, an Uzbekistani HT member “expressed his regret that Hitler had not succeeded in eliminating all Jews.”[77] At the Hizb ut-Tahrir August 2007 annual conference in Jakarta, Indonesia, global head of Hizb ut-Tahrir, Ata Abu-Rishta is reported to have "whipped the 100,000-strong crowd ... into a frenzy by calling for a war on Jews."[209]
According to HT critics, labelling Muslims who "do not adhere" to HT positions, "Jews" is "not uncommon" in HT.[98] Self-intentified Muslims alleged to be Jews by the party include Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, (the founder of the modern Turkish state who disbanded the Ottoman caliphate),[210] and Islam Karimov, (the authoritarian ruler of Uzbekistan[210] who has reportedly detained HT members without charge or trial for lengthy periods, tortured and subject them to unfair trials).[211][212]
Violence
Hizb ut-Tahrir has been described as "radical"[213] or "revolutionary"[214] but "non-violent".[215][216][Note 26] The party shares "the same political objectives" as radical Islamist groups like al-Qaeda (according to Zeyno Baran[219]), and agrees with such groups that non-Muslims are waging war on Islam and Muslims,[178][220] that leaders of Muslim countries are apostates from Islam[Note 27][Note 28] who serve as agents of Western or other non-Muslim powers,[16] and must be overthrown.[218]
However, numerous sources describe HT in terms such as never having "been overtly involved in any violent actions", and having "long claimed it wants to achieve its objectives through nonviolent means" -- the words of one unsympathetic source, Globalsecurity.org. According to Global Security the U.S. government "has found no clear ties" between Hizb ut-Tahrir and terrorist activity, no "involvement in or direct links to any recent acts of violence or terrorism", and no proof of "financial support to other groups engaged in terrorism."[223]
Among the sources agreeing with Globalsecurity.org that HT has never been overtly involved in any violent actions,[223] are Hazel Blears, then UK Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, who stated in February 2009 that HT ‘falls short of openly advocating violence or terrorism.’[224] In support of its claim to being a non-violent group, (and against the British government's proposed proscription of it), HT quotes from Oxford Analytica, a government ministers (Bill Rammell), two Home Office documents, an ex-ambassadors (Craig Murray), International Crisis Group, Pakistani journalist (Ahmed Rashid), academic (John Schoeberlein), a High Court in Pakistan (Multan Bench), UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, and "senior officers".[225]
In public statements -- such as its Information Pack for the British media -- the party states that it "has no history of violence or militancy anywhere in the world. ... Unlike Western notions of political expediency, we do not believe that the ‘ends justify the means’";[226][203] that proof of their commitment is the number of members who "have been imprisoned, tortured and even killed for their beliefs," but resisted resorting to violence;[227] and that the party helps channel Muslim "anger and frustration over events in the Muslim world towards positive political work".[228]
On the other hand, opponents of the party have suggested that its opposition to violence is conditional, "superficial",[219] and far from complete. Critics argue:
- that Hizb ut-Tahrir teaches that using violence against (what it declares) enemies of Islam is righteous and justified, but must follow a declaration of jihad by legitimate Islamic authority (such as the caliphate);
- that it has urged and supported the use of violence against some non-Muslims in some circumstances (against Israel, against the US in Afghanistan,[178][229] Iraq, against Hindus in Kashmir);
- and/or that its positions justifying violence[214] have lead to violence and terrorism by young Muslims impatient for the return of the caliphate.
According to two scholars (Emmanuel Karagiannis and Clark McCauley), HT's position on violence can be describe as either being “committed to non-violence for fifty years", or "waiting fifty years for the right moment to begin violent struggle.”[216] (Critics casting aspersions on HT's putative nonviolence include Sadakat Kadri,[230] ex-party member Hadiya Masieh[231] the British National Union of Students,[232] Zeyno Baran,Cite error: A <ref>
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and the Daily Telegraph of Australia.[233])
- Scriptural/Doctrinal basis of non-violence
The British website of Hizb ut-Tahrir states that the party uses the methods "employed by the Prophet Muhammad [who] limited his struggle for the establishment of the Islamic State to intellectual and political work. He established this Islamic state without resorting to violence."[234]
Political scientist Emmanuel Karagiannis notes that after the establishment of an Islamic state in Medina, violence was resorted to. Jihad can lawfully be declared and violence and military force used (according to the party) once a true Islamic state is established. Karagiannis quotes HT: `when the Messenger of Allah waged wars, they were not fought by individual ... rather they were fought by individuals who belonged to a state. Therefore, the army was an army that belonged to a state.'[235] Globalsecurity.org, describes Hizb ut-Tahrir's position as not being "against violence as such ... just against the use of violence now."[236]
Researchers Houriya Ahmed and Hannah Stuart quote another HT critic (and former member of HTB’s national executive committee Maajid Nawaz), as saying that HT differs from some other Islamist jihadist groups in that rather than creating its own army for jihad, HT plans to "use pre-existing militaries".[237][238]
An August 2008 HT conference in London ended its presentation with the statistic that the Islamic world has, "4.7 million armed personnel -- more than the USA, Europe and India combined."[239]
[Note 29] (Some (Zeyno Baran) have expressed skepticism of the HT doctrine that Muslim governments would be overthrown non-violently to create a new caliphate, given government officials natural desire to stay in power and out of prison (or a firing squad), and the force of arms at their disposal to fight coup attempts.[241] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, several unsuccessful military coups by pro-HT factions were attempted in countries in the Middle East,Cite error: A <ref>
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(see the help page). and at least one involved fatalities.)
Seven days after the September 11, 2001 attacks Hizb ut-Tahrir issued a statement that "the rules" of the Islamic prophet Muhammad "message forbids any aggression against civilian non-combatants. They forbid killing of children, the elderly and non-combatant women even in the battlefield. They forbid the hijacking of civilian aeroplanes carrying innocent civilians and forbid the destruction of homes and offices that contain innocent civilians."[242][243]
But a 1988 HT pamphlet stated that "if the plane belongs to a country at war with the Muslims, like Israel, it is allowed to hijack it",[244][245] and a June 2001 article in a online Arabic-language journal of the party argued in some detail that suicide bombings are justified in Islamic law -- at least against Israelis -- "as long as the enemy unbeliever is killed".[246][247][247] (HT sources have disagreed over whether the fight against non-Muslims perceived as attackers/occupiers in Muslim majority lands should wait for a caliphate,[248] or is "defensive jihad"[249][250] and so need not.[2] )
There are also instances of the party calling for violence against specific targets:
Karagiannis quotes an HT pamphlet as saying `the martyrdom operations that are taking place against [the Jews] are legitimate. The whole of Palestine is a battlefield whether it is the parts usurped by the Jews in 1948, or afterwards.`[251][252][253]
In an August 2006 speech Ata Abu-Rishta, the global leader of Hizb ut-Tahrir, called for the "destruction" of Hindus living in Kashmir, Russians in Chechnya and Jews in Israel.[Note 30]
In the wake of 9/11 attacks when the US invaded Afghanistan to overthrow the Taliban, HT issued a communique calling on the armies in the "Islamic Ummah" to wage war against the US and UK in retaliation for its "waging war on Afghanistan".[178][229] And a 2008 HT press release called the reluctance of Pakistan Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani to "fight a war with America" "shameful", citing Pakistan's possession of "nuclear weapons, missiles technology and half a million brave soldiers who are ready to attain martyrdom for Islam".[254]
Hizb ut-Tahrir states that it "has been on the public record on several occasions stating that in our Islamic opinion the killing of innocent civilians such as in the London bombings of 7th July 2005 and the attacks of September 11th 2001 are forbidden and prohibited."[203][255] The British branch of Hizb ut-Tahrir was among the many Muslim groups in Britain that condemned the 7 July 2005 London bombings.[256]
Its spokesman did not initially condemn the attacks however,[257] and the Terrorism Research Centre complained that the initial response to the London 7/7 bombings was "to urge British Muslims to be strong in the face of an anticipated backlash" and to attack G-8 world leaders for taking advantage of the London attacks "to justify their ‘war on terror.'"[258] Later statements asserted that “American tyranny and arrogance has reached a level that led many to believe that the only way to dent her pride is to rub her nose in the sand”,[259] and that the “U.S. and Great Britain declare war against Islam and Muslims”.[259]
- Justifying terrorism and the "conveyor belt"
The possibility of re-establishing an Islamic superstate notwithstanding, critic James Brandon has called the "real significance" of the party "likely" to be its increasingly important role in "radicalizing and Islamizing" the Middle East, such as spreading ideas such as that the conflict between Western democracies and Islamists is an irresolvable and "inevitable clash of civilizations, cultures and religions".[260] Other critics warn that (they believe) the party is and/or will provide "justification for the instigation of terrorism" (Ahmed & Stuart);[261] "paving the way for other, more militant groups to take advantage of the opening it has made" (Zeyno Baran).[262] spreading radical Islamist ideas to "millions of Muslims" through "cyberspace, the distribution of leaflets, and secret teaching centres" (Ariel Cohen);[263] and in each country’s native language (Zeyno Baran).[264]
Scholar Taji-Farouki writes that according to HT teachings Jews and Christians are disbelievers who have formed a ‘united front against Muslims, and are engaged in a permanent effort to destroy Islam'.[265] Critics Ahmed and Stuart quote HT as describing the bombing of the Taliban by the US and UK as "a brutal war against ... the defenceless Muslims",[178] and the placing of the groups "like" Islamic Jihad, Hamas, al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya in Egypt (whose acts of resistance have killed numerous civilians)[266]) "on the list of terrorist organisations".[267] as an example of the anti-Muslim wrong doing by Westerners.
Others describe HT as "entry level" Islamism,[214] or the first part of a "conveyor belt" (Zeyno Baran)[268] for young Muslims that initiates a process leading to "graduation" (Shiv Malik)[263][269] to violence. Zeyno Baran argues that Hizb ut-Tahrir safeguards its mission as "an ideological and political training ground for Islamists" by avoiding violence, and acting within "the legal system of the countries in which it operates".[270] Other organizations handle the planning and execution of terrorist attacks.[248][271]
Baran argues that as members become "impatience with the lack of success HT has had so far in overthrowing governments", they leave the party to create/join "splinter groups" less wedded to the idea that attacks on "enemies of Islam" must wait for a caliph.[268] Baran lists four groups involving former HT members,[Note 31] the most noted being Omar Bakri Muhammad's group Al-Muhajiroun.[272] Bakri, Muhajiroun and/or it front groups desire to turn the UK into an Islamist state,[273] have praised the 9/11 hijackers as "magnificent",[274] and bin Laden as "a hero who stands for divine justice and freedom from oppression",[275][262] and claim to have recruited many young British Muslims for ‘military service’ jihad in Afghanistan.[276][277][278]
HT "reject(s) the charge" of "incit[ing] others to commit violent acts", maintaining that there are "many academics that reject the allegation".[Note 32] HT points out that the British government, in a classified report, discounted the conveyor belt theory, stating "We do not believe that it is accurate to regard radicalisation in this country as a linear 'conveyor belt' moving from grievance, through radicalisation, to violence … This thesis seems to both misread the radicalisation process and to give undue weight to ideological factors."[280] (In reply conservative columnist Andrew Giligan writes: "In fact, at least 19 terrorists convicted in Britain have had links with al-Muhajiroun, including Omar Khayam, sentenced to life imprisonment as leader of the “fertiliser bomb” plot, and Abdullah Ahmed Ali, the ringleader of the airliner “liquid bomb” plot, who is also serving life."[280])
According to Michael Whine, a "partial list" of terrorists or accused terrorists "who were also HT members and/or influenced by its teachings" includes:
- In Britain: Faisal Moustafa, Shafihur Rehman and Iftikar Sattar, who in 1995 were arrested and charged with conspiring to assassinate the Israeli ambassador, were reported to have been in possession of HT literature and to have helped organize HT meetings in Manchester.[281] Omar Khan Sharif and Asif Hanif, the Mike’s Place suicide bombers, had contact with HT before moving on to more extreme organisations.[282] Mohammad Babar, who is linked to the seven men currently on trial in London on charges of planning terrorist attacks between January 2003 and April 2004, has stated that he was a member of HT while in college.[283] Imam Ramee, an American, spoke on behalf of HT while living in Manchester, and was the featured speaker at the HT organized Muslim Unity Action March against the war in Iraq on March 15, 2003. He was reportedly an associate of Abu Hamza al-Masri, and is said to have preached to “shoe bomber” Richard Reid, along with Hanif and Sharif, at the North London Mosque in Finsbury Park.[284][285]
- In Germany, HT leader Shaker Assem lectured to the 9/11 terrorists after one of the plot leaders, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, facilitated his introduction.[286]
- In Russia, HT leaders Alisher Musayev and Akram Dzahalolov were among 55 party members arrested in June 2003 for possession of plastic explosives, grenades, TNT, and detonators. In August 2005, 9 members were convicted of these offences and of incitement to racial hatred.[287]
- In Syria, the assassins of Syrian cleric Muhammed Amin Yakan, who after being reported to be mediating between the government and the banned Muslim Brotherhood was gunned down in Aleppo in December 1999, were said to have been HT members.[288]
- In Egypt, Salih Sirriya—a Palestinian HT member—led a coup attempt in April 1974 along with approximately 100 other members. Together, they stormed the Technical Military Academy in Heliopolis, where they attacked the armory. They seized weapons and planned to assassinate President Sadat, but were apprehended after an ensuing firefight that killed eleven HT members and injured many others. Sirriya was tried, convicted and executed in November 1976.[289]
- In Denmark, HT members compiled a “hit list” of Danish Jewish community leaders, for which they were convicted and imprisoned in August 2002. In particular, HT leader Fadi Ahmad Abdel Latif was convicted of incitement to racial hatred.[290]
Journalist Shiv Malik [263][291] notes
- Among al-Qaeda leaders, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, (former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq), and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (architect of the 9/11 attacks), were both former members of Hizb ut-Tahrir according to intelligence sources.[263][292]
Political spectrum
HT has been compared to both the political left and to fascism. Its "methodology and linguistic foundations",[293] some "organizational principles"[294] are said to have resulted from heavy "borrowing from socialist concepts"[295] or to have "Marxist-Leninist undertones"[293] (utopian ultimate goal -- communism or Caliphate,[296] dislike of liberal democracy,[296] a well-organized centralized[Note 33] vanguard party[297] made up of secretive cells,[296][75] high importance placed on spread of its ideas/ideology,[296] worldwide ambitions[296] for revolutionary[298][299] transformation of the social/political system), or resemble a "Socialist student movement", with lots of pamphlets and "fiery speeches delivered by a small cadre of speakers from within their party structure".[300][301]
It is known for "borrowing expressions" of the Western political left -- such as ‘Sexism, like racism, is the product of the power structure’[97][Note 34] -- in "seek[ing] social justice" and "serv[ing] the poor" rather than foreign powers,[303] while denouncing "capitalism" and the inequality it produces,[304] "imperialism",[305] governments made up of the economic elite, ruling "on behalf of the economic elite".[149] Like leftwing groups, many of its critics and enemies in politics and media are conservative or right wing -- as the party itself has noted.[306]
On the other hand, its ideology has also been called "reactionary",[307] "escapist fascism"[51] and "Islamic fascism".[308] HT texts specifically denounce the concepts "democracy", "human rights", freedom of speech, religion, etc.[309][134] Its constitution's provision for financial "revenue gained via occupation"[Note 35] and a subordinate legal status of and special taxes on non-Muslims[Note 36] has been attacked as revealing a "colonialist mindset", by critics Ahmed and Stuart.[310] Along with the belief in the supremacy -- moral, legal, political -- of its (religious) communal group over all others, the party's belief in revealed truth as the basis of doctrine, anti-semitism,[206][207][198] a return to the gold standard, and restoring slavery as a category of citizenship,[311][312] are also at odds with leftist tenets.
Australian writer and journalist Ramon Glazov describes HT's marketing of its ideology (though not its substance) as "similar to pushing libertarianism as a ‘neither Right nor Left’ cure-all ideology."[297]
Notes
- ^ HT’s ideology and strategy are centralised. HT global leadership issues strategy communiqués to the executive committees of national branches[1]
- ^ former HT Britain leader Jalaluddin Patel.[2]
- ^ "Hizb ut-Tahrir's ideology and its method of work has been meticulously thought out and published in many detailed books; including one on the subject of thinking itself. We have published a draft constitution for the coming Khilafah State, and this along with many of our books is available in the English language."[4] The party quotes Oxford Analytica 2008 in the Information Pack: "Hizb ut-Tahrir has remained remarkably consistent in ideology and strategy."[5]
- ^ Description by Jalaluddin Patel, (leader at the time of Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain) in a 2004 interview with Mahan Abedin of the Jamestown Foundation think tank.[2]
- ^ Since the draft constitution stipulates that all judges in the caliphate (who must be Muslim males) are appointed and dismissed solely by either the Caliph or the Qadi al-Qudaa, (Supreme Judge) who is appointed by the Caliph.[33][22]
- ^ By HT definition, ‘Islamic lands’ include Muslim-majority countries, ‘even if it had not been ruled by Muslims’, and non-Muslim majority countries that were once ‘ruled by Muslims under the authority of Islam.’ "… [L]ands that were ruled by Muslims under the authority of Islam and the rules of Islam were applied on them. […] This means the rules regarding the lands of such countries remain as they were when they were under the authority of Islam. […] Also any land, in which there is a Muslim majority, even if it had not been ruled by Muslims, it will be considered as Islamic land because its people have embraced Islam over it." [37][38]
- ^ The two statement are not actually in contradiction as media pack does not say the Caliphate that HT wants to create will not "engage in an armed struggle", only that the party itself will not.
- ^ Michael Whine, Government and International Affairs Director at the Community Security Trust (the defense agency of the UK Jewish community)[42]
- ^ Namely, Umayyad Andalusia, Fatimid Egypt, Safavid Persia, Timurid Kharasan, and Mughal India][49]
- ^ Abu Nuwas was not only celebrated but as a Hizb ut-Tahrir reply points out was forced to flee Baghdad at one point for his writings, and spent time in prison.Cite error: The
<ref>
tag has too many names (see the help page). - ^ Subhanahu wa ta’ala, which means glorified is Allah. It is an expression of honour written after the name Allah.
- ^ Again, the media pack statement is not actually in contradiction with the texts, because the media pack never says the Caliphate will not "engage in an armed struggle", only that the party itself will not.
- ^ The caliphate would "strive to represent the diversity inherent in Islam."[2]
- ^ (this would render Shia Muslims, who follow Ja'fari jurisprudence, apostates)
- ^ In regards to those that use violence, such as the highway robbers, who attack people, forcibly obstruct the highways, steal property and kill, the department of internal security will despatch a police force to pursue them and impose the relevant punishment upon them, which may be killing and crucifying, amputating their opposite limbs, or deporting them to another place ... [83]
- ^ Ibrahima had a Muslim father but was raised as a Christan after her father left her Christian mother. She was reportedly turned in to the authorities by one of her relatives for allegedly committing adultery after Mariam married a Christian (Daniel Wani).[95] (While a Muslim man may marry a non-Muslim woman, the reverse is not allowed under sharia.)
- ^ literally judge of the 'Court of Unjust Acts'
- ^ “It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allah and the Last Day to travel for a day and night’s journey [longer than 24 hours] except with a mahram. ... A mahram is any man from the maharim of a woman (unmarriageable male kin)"[103]
- ^ In response to the then Leader of the Commons Jack Straw’s comments about the niqab, or face veil, a number of Muslim organisations signed a 10 point statement saying in part: ‘We urge people to be supportive for a woman’s right to wear the veil as on one hand, this complies with the values upon which western civilization was founded – the protection of human and religious rights’.[111]
- ^ "The American Muslim Political Coordination Council (AMPCC) composed of the American Muslim Council (AMC), the American Muslim Alliance (AMA), the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR), the American Muslim Political Action Committee (AMPAC), and cooperating organizations such as ISNA, ICNA, the United Muslim American Association (UMAA), and the Islamic Community of America led by Imam Warith Deen Muhammad, have considered the matters of politics in America. These organizations have sought guidance from renowned Islamic scholars from all over the world and decided that it was in the best interests of Muslims in America and Muslims worldwide to participate in politics without creating a political party." [133]
- ^ the three other actions are:
- Culturing people about Islam in a concentrated manner in study circles with the culture of the Party.
- Culturing people in a collective manner with all the possible means.
- Adopting the real interests of the Ummah.[159]
- ^ Currently there is no Dar al-Islam but will be once the new caliphate is established according to HT teachings.
- ^ On 5 September 2006, US President George Bush stated: “This caliphate would be a totalitarian Islamic empire encompassing all current and former Muslim lands, stretching from Europe to North Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia”[179]
- ^ Jonathan Spyer in Jerusalem in 2007 writing in the The Guardian[194]
- ^ "politicians and media in the west, ... frequently throwing accusations of anti-Semitism against anti-Zionists".[202][203]
In its Australian media pack, HT included a 2007 reply to UK Prime Minister David Cameron Hizb ut-Tahrir denied any anti-semitism, stating Hizb ut-Tahrir, was "utterly and unashamedly opposed to Israel, is similarly utterly and unashamedly opposed to racism, tribalism, nationalism and any other form of race-based discrimination or hatred."[204] - ^ "it claims to be non-violent";[217] "The main objective of the party is a non-violent overthrow of the currently ruling governments";[218]
- ^ "Ideological affinities between HT and al-Qaeda are demonstrated in the fact that both view current rulers as apostates because the Islamist project is not implemented in its totality, and Islam as an all-encompassing socio-political system that has been in absence since the Ottoman state’s demise."[197](for example, a 1996 HT leaflet describes Najmuddine Arbakan, then president of the Islamic Welfare (Rafah) party – an Islamist party – who was appointed as Prime Minister of Turkey, as being an apostate.[221] An internet archive search reveals this leaflet was posted on Khilafah.com.[222] As of 2009 this leaflet was uploaded on HT Pakistan’s website, available at http://www.hizb-pakistan.org/home/leaflets/leaflets-international/adopting-secularism-in-government-is-apostasyfrom-islam [accessed 31.08.2009]
- ^ "From al-Qaeda Training Manual: "After the fall of our orthodox caliphates on March 3, 1924 and after expelling the colonialists, our Islamic nation was afflicted with apostate rulers who took over in the Moslem nation. These rulers turned out to be more infidel and criminal than the colonialists themselves."Cite error: A
<ref>
tag is missing the closing</ref>
(see the help page). - ^ Examples being HT organized protest "Thousands protest in London, calling on armies to defend Gaza"[240]
- ^ Show on BBC Panorama programme[209]
- ^ Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Akramiye, Hizb un-Nusrat (both of Uzbekistan) and Al-Muhajiroun (UK).[268]
- ^ The one study it cites -- "Hizb ut-Tahrir – The Next Al-Qaida, Really?" -- mentions neither the term "radicalization" nor the phrase "conveyor belt".[279]
- ^ MA: ... Would you say HT is a centralized party with a central executive directing all the Vilayas?
JP: Yes we have one central leadership or Qiyada headed by the scholar and thinker ‘Ata Abu Rishtah. ...[2] - ^ or "the inability of the capitalist system to solve social problems"[302]
- ^ the Kharaj tax, "a right imposed on the neck of the land that has been conquered from the Kuffar"[310]
- ^ "Jizya is a right that Allah enabled the Muslims to take from the Kuffar [disbelievers] as a submission from their part to the rule of Islam"[310]
References
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.68
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Abedin, Mahan (10 August 2004). "Inside Hizb ut-Tahrir: An interview with Jalaluddin Patel, Leader of Hizb ut Tahrir in the UK". Spotlight on Terror. 2 (8). Jamestown Foundation.
- ^ KARAGIANNIS, EMMANUEL; MCCAULEY, CLARK (2006). "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: Evaluating the Threat Posed by a Radical Islamic Group That Remains Nonviolent". Terrorism and Political Violence. 18 (2): 317. doi:10.1080/09546550600570168. S2CID 144295028. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
The doctrine of Hizb ut-Tahrir has not changed in the last fifty years, although its leadership has occasionally attempted to provide an alternative Islamic view on contemporary issues such as space exploration. In fact, an-Nabhani's writings constitute the basis for Hizb ut-Tahrir's ideological platform and any major changes would undermine the essence of the party
- ^ HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.17
- ^ HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.5
- ^ a b Whine , Is Hizb ut-Tahrir Changing Strategy or Tactics?, circa 2006: p.3
- ^ a b c d Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.110
- ^ a b c "Challenging the Demonisation of the Caliphate". Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain. 28 JUNE 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Re-establishing the Khilafah is the Most Important Obligation upon the Ummah and a Vital Issue". ht-bangladesh.info. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^ "Hizb ut-Tahrir Emerges in America" (PDF). Anti-Defamation League. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
Speaker after speaker spoke of the important duty Muslims have to bring back the Khilafah and to replace capitalism and democracy with an Islamic system of governance that will, as the speakers claimed, "deliver humanity from the darkness it has plunged into."
- ^ an-Nabhani, The Islamic State, 1998: p.3
- ^ a b Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:18
- ^ "The Re-establishment of the Khilafah is an obligation upon all Muslims". khilafah.com. 24 June 2007. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Hizb ut-Tahrir, 2000, p.67
- ^ a b Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.19
- ^ a b c d "Answer to Question. The Reality of the Disputes between the Agent States of a Major State". HT Central Media Office. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
- ^ Malaysia, Hizbut Tahrir. "Poll: Muslims Show Support for Caliphate". Hizbut Tahrir Malaysia. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ^ "Muslims Believe US Seeks to Undermine Islam". WorldPublicOpinion.org. 24 April 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
large majorities [in the large Muslim countries of Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia and Pakistan] agree with goals that involve expanding the role of Islam in their society. On average, about three out of four agree with seeking to `require Islamic countries to impose a strict application of sharia,` and to `keep Western values out of Islamic countries.` Two-thirds would even like to `unify all Islamic counties into a single Islamic state or caliphate.`
- ^ [1]|What is the Khilafah (Caliphate)? |Khilafah.com |from archive.org captured 2 May 2007| accessed 8 December 2015
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 34
- ^ a b c HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.2
- ^ a b c d e f Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.113-4
- ^ a b Asghar, Akmal (9 October 2007). "New Caliphate, New Era" (Summer 2005). Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 40
- ^ Nethaam al-Huqm fil-Islam, Chapter entitled Majlis al-Ummah (not available online)
- ^ a b Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 35
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.17
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 35, section e
- ^ an-Nabhani, The System of Islam, 2002: p.61
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 38
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009
- ^ a b Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 26
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Articles 69, 79
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 3
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 35a
- ^ a b Abdul Qadeem Zallum, How the Khilafah was Destroyed, 2000: p.199
- ^ (source: Hizb ut-Tahrir, The Ummah’s Charter (Meethaq ul-Ummah) (London: Khilafah Publications, November 1989), p.19)
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, The Inevitability of the Clash of Civilisation, p.47
- ^ a b ‘The Fallacy of the Methodology of the Muslim Scholastics’, in Taqiuddin an-Nabhani, The Islamic Personality (‘al-Shakhsiyyah al-Islāmiyyah’), Vol. 1 (Lebanon: Dar al-Ummah, 2003). Quote translated into English; Arabic edition available from the HT website at http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.org/PDF/AR/ar_books_pdf/Shakhsiyah1.pdf [accessed 25.08.2009]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
HT-67
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Rich, Dave (July 2015). "Why is the Guardian giving a platform to Hizb ut-Tahrir?". Left Foot Forward. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- ^ a b Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.3, 20-25
- ^ a b Whine, Michael (4 August 2006). "Is Hizb ut-Tahrir Changing Strategy or Tactics ?" (PDF). Thecst.org.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ a b The Ummah's Charter. Hizb ut-tahrir. 1989. p. 85. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
Indeed, Allah (swt) has ordered the Muslims to carry the Da'wah to all mankind and to bring them into the Khilafah state. He (swt) has legislated Jihad as a method to carry the Da'wah. So the state must rise to declare Jihad against the Kuffar without any lenience or hesitation.
- ^ a b HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.15
- ^ Whine, Is Hizb ut-Tahrir Changing Strategy or Tactics?, circa 2006: p.?
- ^ an-Nabhani, The Islamic State, 1998: p.238-9
- ^ a b c d e Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.21
- ^ a b Kadri, Heaven on Earth, 2012: p.276
- ^ DIAB, KHALED (2 JULY 2014). "The Caliphate Fantasy". New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
sardar-14-11-2005
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
WILHT
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 61
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 56
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, circa 2011: Article 149
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, circa 2011: Article 121
- ^ Taqiuddin an-Nabhani, The Economic System of Islam, 4th edn. (London: Al-Khilafah Publications, 1997), p.228-229
- ^ Taqiuddin an-Nabhani, The Economic System of Islam, 4th edition. (London: Al-Khilafah Publications, 1997), p.230
- ^ a b Hizb ut-Tahrir, Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, circa 2011: Article 129
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, circa 2011: Article 143
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, circa 2011: Article 128
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, circa 2011: Article 131
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, circa 2011: Article 163
- ^ Radical Islam in Central Asia: Responding to Hizb ut-Tahrir. International Crisis Group. 30 June 2003. p. 5.
- ^ a b Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:28
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Institutions of State in the Khilafah, 2005: p.78
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.20
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, The Ummah’s Charter, p.85
- ^ ‘Jihad’ in an-Nabhani, The Islamic Personality, Vol. 2, p.100
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir (2002). The Inevitability of the Clash of Civilisations (hatmiyyat sira'a Il-hadharat) (PDF). London: Al-Khilafah Publications. p. 57.
- ^ Taqiuddin an-Nabhani, Concepts of Hizb ut-Tahrir (Mafahim Hizb ut-Tahrir) (London: Al-Khilafah Publications), p.10.
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, The Inevitability of the Clash of Civilisations, p.59
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Hizb ut-Tahrir, 2000, pp.26-27
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.21-3
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
KARAGIANNIS-2006-317
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 12
- ^ a b c Igor Rotar, “Central Asia: Hizb-Ut-Tahrir Wants Worldwide Sharia Law”, Forum 18, October 29, 2003.
- ^ a b Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:19
- ^ an-Nabhani, Concepts of Hizb ut-Tahrir , 2002: p.6
- ^ Taji, Mustafa (1 NOVEMBER 2013). "How Muslims should tackle hudood correctly (video)". Hizb ut-Tahrir. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ a b Hizb ut-Tahrir, Institutions of State in the Khilafah, 2005: p.113
- ^ a b Abdul Qadeem Zallum, How the Khilafah was Destroyed, 2000: p.193
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Institutions of State in the Khilafah, 2005: p.94-5
- ^ a b "Press Release: Quilliam Director Maajid Nawaz attacked in Pakistan". 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
Maajid was in a restaurant in Lahore with friends when he was attacked by a man subsequently identified as Tayyab Muqeem, a British Muslim who was sent to Pakistan by the British branch of HT in order to recruit Pakistanis into HT.
- ^ a b Smith, Nicola (4 July 2009). "British Islamists plot against Pakistan". Sunday Times. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin (1997). The Economic System of Islam (PDF) (4th ed.). London: Al-Khilafah Publications. pp. 228–229. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- ^ a b c d Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.18
- ^ Taqiuddin an-Nabhani, The Economic System of Islam, 4th edn. (London: Al-Khilafah Publications, 1997), p.230
- ^ ‘The Social System’ in ‘A Draft Constitution of the Islamic State’, in an-Nabhani, The Islamic State, p.261. Article 109 stipulates: ‘Men and women are basically to be segregated from each other. They should not mix together except for a need permitted by the Shar’a [shariah]. The Shar’iyah permission for mixing in this case should be there, such as in buying and selling and pilgrimage.’
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 113
- ^ an-Nabhani, The System of Islam, 2002: p.58
- ^ Kazi, Tehmina (7 October 2011). "The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims". Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Institutions of State in the Khilafah, 2005: p.112
- ^ a b Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 7
- ^ Newton, Jennifer (15 May 2014), "The wedding picture that signed a pregnant woman's death warrant: Sudanese Muslim doctor to be flogged and hanged... for marrying a Christian", The Daily Mail, UK: Amnesty, retrieved 18 May 2014
- ^ Hizb ut Tahrir. Wilayah Sudan (23 May 2014). "The Ruling on Apostasy and the Issue of the Application of the Shar'i Provisions The Enemy in a State of Alertness… Defeated Rulers… An Eager Ummah… A Sincere Hizb and the Consequence for the God-Fearing". Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
glazov-troll
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.40
- ^ "Worldwide Muslim Pew Survey Shows Majority Want Sharia But Disagree On What To Include: Survey". Huffington Post. 30 April 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Views on punishments such as chopping off thieves' hands or decreeing death for apostates is more evenly divided in much of the Islamic world, although more than three-quarters of Muslims in South Asia say they are justified.
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 112
- ^ a b c Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 114
- ^ Re: 'Of course women have a right to choose. But agreeing to wear a jilbab is no choice at all' Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain
- ^ "Ameer's Q&A: Answer to a Question. Women Travelling". Hizb ut-Tahrir. 31 May 2003. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
- ^ a b Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 116
- ^ The Social System’ in ‘A Draft Constitution of the Islamic State’, in an-Nabhani, The Islamic State, 262-263
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 109
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 118
- ^ Editorial (17 June 2007). "Jilbab and the Muslim Woman's Dress Code". khilafah.com. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ Hall, Louise (6 March 2015). "Child bride case: Man jailed for 'marrying' 12-year-old girl in backyard ceremony". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ^ ‘Muslims vow to Honour and Obey’, The Birmingham Post, 21 August 2003.
- ^ ‘Joint statement about the veil from Muslim groups, scholars and leaders’, Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain website, 22 October 2006, available at www.hizb.org.uk/hizb/in-the-community/working-together/joint-statementabout- the-veil-from-muslim-groups-scholars-and-leaders.html [accessed 28.08.2009][dead link]
- ^ Babakulov, Ulugbek (30 August 2002). "Kyrgyzstan: Hizb ut-Tahrir Bolstered by Female Recruits". Religioscope. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
- ^ HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.3
- ^ Umm Mustafa, ‘Why I left Hizb ut-Tahrir’, New Statesman
- ^ Hizbut Tahrir, System of Islam, 2002: p.38
- ^ an-Nabhani, The System of Islam, 2002: p.39
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, The American Campaign to Suppress Islam, 2010: p.12
- ^ Hizbut Tahrir, System of Islam, 2002: p.53, 56
- ^ Hizbut Tahrir, Dangerous Concepts, 1997: p.28-42
- ^ see also Sardar, Ziauddin (14 November 2005). "Ziauddin Sardar explains the long history of violence behind Hizb ut-Tahrir". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
During a recent debate on PTV, the Pakistani satellite channel, a prominent member of HT told me emphatically: 'The idea of compromise does not exist in Islam.' This is standard HT rhetoric, ...
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Muslim party condemns Blair's ban". BBC News. 6 August 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- ^ Hizbut Tahrir, System of Islam, 2002: p.37-8
- ^ a b c HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2009: p.12
- ^ Sadek, Hamid (2007). "11. Islamic Political Radicalism in Britain vy". In Abbas, Tahir (ed.). Islamic Political Radicalism: A European Perspective. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 145–159. ISBN 9780748625277. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
- ^ ‘Hizb ut-Tahrir’s view on the upcoming elections’, Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain website, 23 April 2008, available at www.hizb.org.uk/hizbdev/resources/issues-explained/hizb-ut-tahrir-s-view-on-the-upcoming-elections.html [accessed 30.08.2009][dead link]
- ^ Abdul Qadeem Zaloom, Democracy is a System of Kufr: It is Forbidden to adopt, implement or call for it (London: Al-Khilafah Publications, 1995), p.16
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.38
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, The American Campaign to Suppress Islam, 2010: p.13
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.39
- ^ "Adopting Secularism in Government is Apostasy from Islam". islamic system. 3 July 1996. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
- ^ see also: Matthew Herbert, “The Plasticity of the Islamist Activist: Notes from the Counterterrorism Literature,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 32 (2009), 399.
- ^ Ali, Mir Amir. "American Elections and Hizb At-Tahrir". Retrieved 25 February 2016.
- ^ a b Hizb ut-Tahrir, The American Campaign to Suppress Islam, 2010: p.3
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, The American Campaign to Suppress Islam, 2010: p.20-1
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, The American Campaign to Suppress Islam, 2010: p.24
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, The American Campaign to Suppress Islam, 2010: p.27-8
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.39-40
- ^ "Taqi Al-Din Al-Nabhani and the Islamic Liberation Party" (PDF). Users.dickinson.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 13
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, The Ummah’s Charter, p.66
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.44
- ^ Hizbut Tahrir, Dangerous Concepts, 1997: p.6,15,16
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.64
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir. The Methodology of Hizb ut-Tahrir for Change. p. 25.
- ^ "Warning over Muslim call not to vote". BBC. 11 April 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^ "Hizb ut-Tahrir urges Muslims not to vote in general election". 5pillars. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^ a b c An Open Letter to the Muslims in Britain regarding the Dangerous Call of Integration' [Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain Leaflet, posted on Ummah.com Forum], 17 May 2002
- ^ a b c HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2009: p.13
- ^ Mustafa, Taji (9 July 2007). "Cameron got it wrong". Guardian. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
- ^ see also "DHIMMI – Non-Muslims living in the Khilafah".
- ^ an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin (1997). The Economic System of Islam (PDF) (4th ed.). London: Al-Khilafah Publications. pp. 228–229. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
- ^ Taqiuddin an-Nabhani, The Economic System of Islam, 4th edn. (London: Al-Khilafah Publications, 1997), p.230
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 185
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 186
- ^ Beirut, Lebanon: Dar ul-Ummah, 1963, p.450.
- ^ Islamism is peace or we declare war on you| quilliamfoundation.org
- ^ ‘Jihad’ in an-Nabhani, The Islamic Personality, Vol. 2, p.100
- ^ "Official Website. Hizb ut-Tahrir. About Us". Retrieved 9 February 2016.
- ^ Zeidan, David (2001). "The Islamic Fundamentalist View of Islam as a Perennial Battle" (PDF). Middle East Review of International Affairs. 5 (4): 26–53. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ an-Nabhani, The Islamic State, 1998: p.187-191
- ^ Taji-Farouki, A Fundamental Quest, 1996: p.72
- ^ "Media Information Pack. Hizb ut-Tahrir's Work in Australia". 9 July 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
DavidCommins
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ an-Nabhani, The System of Islam, 2002: p.64
- ^ an-Nabhani, The System of Islam, 2002: p.73
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir, Hizb ut-Tahrir, 2000, p.15
- ^ a b Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.25
- ^ Abdul Qadeem Zallum, How the Khilafah was Destroyed, 2000: p.1
- ^ Hizbut Tahrir, Dangerous Concepts, 1997: p.6
- ^ Hizbut Tahrir, Dangerous Concepts, 1997: p.13-27
- ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:13-4
- ^ a b ‘Emigration from the Land of Kufr to the Land of Islam’, in an-Nabhani, The Islamic Personality, Vol. 2, p.225
- ^ ‘Emigration from the Land of Kufr to the Land of Islam’, in an-Nabhani, The Islamic Personality, Vol. 2, p.226
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.62-3
- ^ ‘Egypt/Uzbekistan “crooked” partners in “War against Terrorism”’, Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain Press Release, 4 July 2002. An internet archive search reveals this leaflet was posted on Khilafah.com. See web.archive.org/web/20050226075046/www.khilafah.com/ home/category.php?DocumentID=4511&TagID=3 [accessed 20.08.2009]
- ^ a b c d e Hizb ut-Tahrir (9 October 2001). "Communiqué from Hizb ut-Tahrir – America and Britain declare war against Islam and the Muslims". Archived from the original on 1 March 2005. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:15
- ^ Hizb ut-Tahrir (1996). The American Campaign to Suppress Islam (PDF). Al-Khilafah Publications. p. 9. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ^ Hizbut-Tahrir (1996). The American Campaign to Suppress Islam (PDF). Al-Khilafah Publications. p. 7. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ "Imam calls for US and Europe's destruction from Temple Mount pulpit - The Times of Israel". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:9
- ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:10
- ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:4
- ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:14
- ^ Taji-Farouki, Suha (2003). "Islamists and the Threat of Jihad: Hizb al-Tahrir and Al-Muhajiroun on Israel and the Jews". In Turner, Bryan S. (ed.). Islam: Islam and social movements, Volume 4. London, New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 238. ISBN 0-415-12351-8. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ Taji-Farouki, A Fundamental Quest, 1996: p.162
- ^ Taji Mustafa speaking at the al-Quds Day rally in London, 28 September 2008, http://www.inminds.com/qudsday2008.php video hosted by In Minds, available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHeZrlztGKg&feature=player_embedded [accessed 22.10.2009]
- ^ ‘Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain (HT) promotes violent jihad’, Centre for Social Cohesion press release 18 April 2009, available at http://www.socialcohesion.co.uk/files/1241628511_1
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.111
- ^ a b "The rise and rise of Hizb ut-Tahrir". The Guardian. 9 October 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ a b "Palestine: Why only a One State Solution will work," Hizb ut-Tahrir, Press Release (7 June 2007). Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^ ‘Racism and Antisemitism’, House of Commons debate, Hansard, 31 March 1994, 1115-1120, available at www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1994-03-31/Debate-6.html [accessed 15.08.2009]
- ^ a b Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.45
- ^ a b Sandra Laville "Banned groups with roots in UK appeal to disaffected young Muslims," The Guardian (6 August 2005).
- ^ Lambroschini, Sophie. "Germany: Court Appeal By Hizb Ut-Tahrir Highlights Balancing Act Between Actions, Intentions", Radio Free Europe, 26 October 2004.
- ^ "NUS representative addresses government committee on campus incitement"". NUS Online. ?. Archived from the original on 20 May 2007.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
guardian-aslam
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ ‘Hizb ut-Tahrir Calls For Replacing the Israeli Apartheid State with Khilafah’, Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain Press Releases, 19 May 2008, available at www.hizb.org.uk/hizb/press-centre/press-release/hundreds-attend-palestine-meeting-marking-60-years-ofoccupation-and-oppression.html [accessed 26.08.2009]
- ^ a b c d HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.14
- ^ Mustafa, Taji (9 July 2007). "Media Information Pack. Cameron Got it Wrong". Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ ‘Statement regarding the false accusations levelled against Hizb-ut-Tahrir by the German press and German politicians to the members of parliament, the political wings, and to all the citizens of this country’, Hizb ut-Tahrir Germany
- ^ a b c "The Muslim Ummah will never submit to the Jews," Hizb ut-Tahrir (3/11/1999)
- ^ a b "The Arab and Muslim rulers' betrayal of the issue of Palestine and its people". Khilafa.com. Hizb ut-Tahrir. 21 May 2001. Archived from the original on 17 June 2001. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ The Challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir, 2004: p.2
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
Tharper
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b ‘Adopting Secularism in Government is Apostasy from islam’, Hizb ut-Tahrir Leaflet, 2 July 1996. An internet archive search reveals this leaflet was posted on Khilafah.com. See http://web.archive.org/web/20041109225357/www.khilafah.com/home/category.php?DocumentID=13&TagID=3 [accessed 31.08.2009]. This leaflet is currently uploaded on HT Pakistan’s website, available at http://www.hizb-pakistan.org/home/leaflets/leaflets-international/adopting-secularism-in-government-is-apostasyfrom-islam [accessed 31.08.2009]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
AIUAR-uzbek-2011
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
HRW-2004
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
bbc-faq
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.3
- ^ McCauley, Clark; Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2009). "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: The Challenge of a Non-Violent Radical Islam". Retrieved 6 March 2016.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Emmanuel Karagiannis and Clark McCauley, “Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: Evaluating the Threat Posed by a Radical Islamic Group That Remains Nonviolent,” Terrorism and Political Violence 18 (2006), 328.
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.7
- ^ a b The Challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir, 2004: p.58
- ^ a b Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:11
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.23-4
- ^ source: ‘Adopting Secularism in Government is Apostasy from islam’, Hizb ut-Tahrir Leaflet, 2 July 1996.
- ^ See http://web.archive.org/web/20041109225357/www.khilafah.com/home/category.php?DocumentID=13&TagID=3 [accessed 31.08.2009].
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
GlobalSecurity
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Blears, Hazel (25 February 2009). "Many Voices: understanding the debate about preventing violent extremism" (PDF). lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
- ^ HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.5-6
- ^ "Media Information Pack. Hizb ut-Tahrir and Violence". 9 July 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.2-3
- ^ HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2010: p.4
- ^ a b Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.153-56
- ^ Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ... Macmillan. p. 274-5. ISBN 9780099523277.
- ^ Manzoor, Sarfraz (3 July 2010). "Hadiya Masieh: How 7 July bombings made me question my beliefs". The Observer. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
- ^ 'Stealth' Islamists recruit students The Times Online
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Iraq: a New Way Forward". hizb.org.uk. 27 March 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2010). Political Islam in Central Asia: The Challenge of Hizb Ut-Tahrir. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 9781135239428. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
From Hizb ut-Tahrir's point of view, the justification of non-violence lies in the sacred example of Prophet Muhammad, who did not initially use physical force to establish the first Islamic state, but rather criticized the pagan leaders of Mecca and gathered followers around him. Moreover, the the group claims that the verses for jihad came after the Islamic state was established in Medina and not before that. According to Hizbut-Tahrir, `when the Messenger of Allah waged wars, they were not fought by individuals ... rather they were fought by individuals who belonged to a state. Therefore, the army was an army that belonged to a state.'
- ^ John Pike. "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami (Islamic Party of Liberation)". Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.46
- ^ Nawaz, Maajid (3 March 2015). "The Education of 'Jihadi John'". New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Unlike Al Qaeda, Hizb-ut-Tahrir argues for military coups, not terrorism, to achieve power.
- ^ Kadri, Heaven on Earth, 2012: p.275
- ^ "Thousands protest in London, calling on armies to defend Gaza". Hizb ut-Tahrir Central Media Office. 11 January 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:22
- ^ Wojciech Grabowski "Hizb ut Tahrir – between violence and politics," pp.7
- ^ pp. 9 Archived 25 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2010). Political Islam in Central Asia: The Challenge of Hizb Ut-Tahrir. Routledge. p. 113. ISBN 9781135239428. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ Karagiannis, Political Islam in Central Asia , 2010: p.113
- ^ “Martyrdom Operations,” Al Waie, vol. 15. issue 170 (June 2001), originally (though no longer) available at http://www.al-waie.org/home/issue/170w0doc.zip
- ^ a b Whine , Is Hizb ut-Tahrir Changing Strategy or Tactics?, circa 2006: p.6
- ^ a b MACKINNON, MARK (22 August 2007). "Growing Muslim movement offers alternative to Hamas". Globe and Mail. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ Khadduri, Majid (1955). "5. Doctrine of Jihad". War and Peace in the Law of Islam (PDF). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 60. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
[Unlike the five pillars of Islam, jihad was to be enforced by the state.] ... unless the Muslim community is subjected to a sudden attack and therefore all believers, including women and children are under the obligation to fight -- [offensive jihad of the sword] is regarded by all jurists, with almost no exception, as a collective obligation of the whole Muslim community," meaning that "if the duty is fulfilled by a part of the community it ceases to be obligatory on others.
- ^ DEFENCE OF THE MUSLIM LANDS The First Obligation After Iman
- ^ Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2010). Political Islam in Central Asia: The Challenge of Hizb Ut-Tahrir. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 9781135239428. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ Karagiannis, Political Islam in Central Asia , 2010: p.112
- ^ see also KARAGIANNIS, EMMANUEL; MCCAULEY, CLARK (2006). "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: Evaluating the Threat Posed by a Radical Islamic Group That Remains Nonviolent". Terrorism and Political Violence. 18 (2): 317. doi:10.1080/09546550600570168. S2CID 144295028. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
[While HT believes that offenseive jihad is reserved for a Caliphate,] It is important to note, however, that the group recognizes that 'Islam permits Muslims to resist the occupation of their land,' a reference to the resistance movements in Afghanistan and Iraq. In other words, Hizb ut-Tahrir differentiates between jihad sanctioned by the Caliph and resistance against foreign invaders.
- ^ "Press Release. It's America, not Pakistan, that is not in a position to fight another open war". Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain. 14 September 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
- ^ Manuela Paraipan "Hizb ut Tahrir: An Interview With Imran Waheed," Worldpress.org (12 September 2005).
- ^ The Impact Of 7 July 2005 London Bomb Attacks On Muslim Communities In The EU The European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, November 2005, p. 19
- ^ Elaine Sciolino "For a decade, London thrived as a busy crossroads of terror," The New York Times (10 July 2005).
- ^ "Country Advisories & Intel Reports. July 8, 2005: United Kingdom". Terrorism Research Center. 8 July 2005. Archived from the original on 25 March 2006. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- ^ a b Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:51
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
HTGAAW
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.33
- ^ a b Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:48 Cite error: The named reference "ZBHTIPI2004:48" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
allahandthecaliphate
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:13
- ^ Taji-Farouki, Suha (October 2000). "Islamists and the Threat of Jihad: Hizb al-Tahrir and al-Muhajiroun on Israel and the Jews". Middle East Studies. 36 (4): 24. doi:10.1080/00263200008701330. JSTOR 4284112. S2CID 144653647.
- ^ Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.32-3
- ^ Hizbut Tahrir, Dangerous Concepts, 1997: p.9-10
- ^ a b c Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:53
- ^ [2] Archived 8 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:49
- ^ Baran, Zeyno (10 July 2008). "The Roots of Violent Islamist Extremism and Efforts to Counter It Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs United States Senate" (PDF). investigativeproject.org. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- ^ Wiktorowicz, Quintan (2005). Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West. Lanham Maryland: Bowman and Littlefield. p. 10. ISBN 0-7425-3640-8. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
- ^ Taji-Farouki, ‘Islamists and the Threat of Jihad’, p.36.
- ^ Blogging the Qur’an: Suras 72, “The Jinn,” 73, “The Mantled One,” 74, “The Cloaked One,” 75, “Resurrection,” and 76, “Man” (JihadWatch)
- ^ Press Release, Al-Muhajiroun, September 16, 2001.
- ^ ‘Suicide bombing reveals UK link to terror’, Yorkshire Post, 29 December 2000
- ^ ‘One in Seven UK Terror-related Convictions Linked to Islamist Group Now Threatening to Relaunch’, Centre for Social Cohesion Press Briefing, 1 June 2009
- ^ Peter Foster and Maurice Weaver, “Young Britons Heed the Call to Arms for Holy War”, Daily Telegraph (London), December 29, 2004.
- ^ Mayer, Jean-François (April 2004). PSIO Occasional Paper 4/2004 Hizb ut-Tahrir – The Next Al-Qaida, Really ?. Geneva: PSIO. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
Mayer-2004
- ^ a b Gilligan, Andrew (25 July 2010). "Hizb ut Tahrir is not a gateway to terrorism, claims Whitehall report". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ Shafiq Mohammed, letter to the editor, Q News (London), March 15-21, 1996.
- ^ Prosecution Opening Note, The Queen v Parveen Akther Sharif, Zahid Hussain Sharif, Tahira Shad Tabassum, Central Criminal Court, London, April 1, 2004
- ^ Nicola Woolcock, “The al-Qaeda Supergrass Who Wanted to Wage in Britain,” Timesonline, March 24, 2006 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,1-61-2101149-61,00...
- ^ Yakub Qureshi, “Muslim Cleric’s Battle over FBI Terror,” Manchester Evening News online, August 18, 2005
- ^ Whine , Is Hizb ut-Tahrir Changing Strategy or Tactics?, circa 2006: p.5
- ^ Andreas Ulrich, “A Dagger in the Heart — The Fundamentalist Group Hizb ut-Tahrir Intensifies its Propaganda in Germany, its Aim Being to Set Up a Transcontinental Theocracy and to Eliminate Israel”, Der Spiegel, November 18, 2002
- ^ Alexander Verkhovsky, “Is Hizb ut-Tahrir an Extremist Organization?”, SOVA Center for Information and Analysis, Moscow, http://sova-venter.ru
- ^ “Political Islam in a Changing Middle East: The Reality,” Young Muslims Organisation, Summer Term 2000, London.
- ^ Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), pp. 27-28
- ^ “Sentinel Worldview”, Jane’s Intelligence Review, December 2002
- ^ [3] Archived 8 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Robert S. Leiken and Steven Brooke, “Who Is Abu Zarqawi?”, The Weekly Standard, Vol. 9, Issue 35 (May 24, 2004)
- ^ a b Nixon, The Challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir, 2004: p.xiv
- ^ The Challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir, 2004: p.5
- ^ The Challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir, 2004: p.3
- ^ a b c d e Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:24
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
glazov-quote
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ahnafa, Mohammad Iqbal (2009). "Between revolution and reform: The future of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia". Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict: Pathways Toward Terrorism and Genocide. 2 (2): 69–85. doi:10.1080/17467580902822163. S2CID 144474811. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- ^ "Revolutionary and Extremist Ideologies of Hizb ut-Tahrir and Al-Muhajiroon Are Behind the Woolwich Killing". Islam Against Extremism. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- ^ Frances, William Scates (12 February 2015). "Why ban Hizb ut-Tahrir? They're not Isis – they're Isis's whipping boys". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
something like the Muslim equivalent of a Socialist student movement. Its prominent members are mostly tertiary-educated and imagine themselves as a sort of Muslim consulate to the west.
- ^ see also COOTES, TIMOTHY (10 November 2015). "Islamist Intolerance and Its Useful Idiots". Quadrant Online. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Hizb ut-Tahrir does invite a comparison, but not with conservatism. Its positions and grievances closely resemble those of the political and cultural left.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
SfAitW2005
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ HT Britain, Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack, circa 2009: p.7
- ^ "Capitalism: of the rich, by the rich and only for the rich". Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
- ^ Karagiannis, Political Islam in Central Asia , 2010: p.78
- ^ "Exposing the right wing anti-Islam alliance". Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
- ^ Baran, Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam’s Political Insurgency, 2004:1
- ^ Bevege, Alison (14 October 2014). "Islamic fascists unveil their hate". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- ^ Hizbut Tahrir, System of Islam, 2002: p.38-9
- ^ a b c Ahmed & Stuart, Hizb Ut-Tahrir, 2009: p.18-19
- ^ Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ... Macmillan. p. 275. ISBN 9780099523277. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
According to the draft constitution that it hopes will one day form the basis for a revived caliphate, Muslims should look forward to a world in which apostates are executed, women and infidels are put in their proper place, and slavery is restored as a category of citizenship.
- ^ Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State, 2011: Article 19
Books and journal articles
- Abdul Qadeem Zallum (1421 AH / 2000 CE). How the Khilafah was Destroyed (PDF). London: Al-Khilafa Publications. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - Ahmed, Houriya; Stuart, Hannah (2009). HIZB UT-TAHRIR IDEOLOGY AND STRATEGY (PDF). Henry Jackson Society. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- Zeyno Baran, ed. (September 2004). The Challenge of Hizb ut-Tahrir: Deciphering and Combating Radical Islamist Ideology. Conference Report (PDF). The Nixon Center. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- Baran, Zeyno (December 2004). "Hizb ut-Tahrir: Islam's Political Insurgency" (PDF). Nixon Center. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
- Gross, Ariela (2012). Reaching wa'y. Mobilization and Recruitment in Hizb al-Tahrir al-Islami. A Case Study conducted in Beirut. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz. ISBN 978-3-87997-405-4.
- Hamid, Sadek (2007). "Islamic Political Radicalism in Britain: the case of Hizb-ut-Tahrir". In Tahir Abbas (ed.). Islamic Political Radicalism: A European Perspective. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 145–59. ISBN 978-0-74863-086-8.
- Hizb ut-Tahrir (1997). Dangerous Concepts, to Attack Islam and Consolidate the Western Culture (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- Hizb ut-Tahrir (February 2011). The Draft Constitution of the Khilafah State (PDF). Khilafah. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
- Hizb ut-Tahrir (2005). The Institutions of State in the Khilafah: In Ruling and Administration (PDF). London: Hizb ut-Tahrir. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ... Macmillan. ISBN 9780099523277.
- Karagiannis, Emmanuel (2010). Political Islam in Central Asia: The Challenge of Hizb Ut-Tahrir. Routledge. p. 112. ISBN 9781135239428. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
- KARAGIANNIS, EMMANUEL; MCCAULEY, CLARK (2006). "Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami: Evaluating the Threat Posed by a Radical Islamic Group That Remains Nonviolent". Terrorism and Political Violence. 18 (2): 315–334. doi:10.1080/09546550600570168. S2CID 144295028. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
- Hizb ut-Tahrir (circa October 2010). The American Campaign to Suppress Islam (PDF). Retrieved 10 February 2016.
{{cite book}}
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(help) - an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin (1998). The Islamic State (PDF). London: De-Luxe Printers. ISBN 1-89957-400-X.
- an-Nabhani, Taqiuddin (1423 AH – 2002 CE). The System of Islam, (Nidham ul Islam) (PDF). Al-Khilafa Publications. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - Taji-Farouki, Suha (1996). A Fundamental Quest: Hizb al-Tahrir and the Search for the Islamic Caliphate. London: Grey Seal. ISBN 1-85640-039-5. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
- Valentine, S. R. (13 May 2010). "Monitoring Islamic Militancy: Hizb-ut-Tahrir: "The Party of Liberation"". Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. 4 (4): 411–420. doi:10.1093/police/paq015.
- Valentine, Simon Ross (12 February 2010). "Fighting Kufr and the American Raj: Hizb-ut-Tahrir in Pakistan" (PDF). Brief Number 56. Pakistan Security Research Unit (PSRU) at the University of Bradford. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
- Valentine, S. R. (December 2009). "Hizb-ut-Tahrir in Pakistan". American Chronicle.
- Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain (circa 2010). "Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack". slideshare.net. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
{{cite web}}
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(help)
External links
- Hizb ut-Tahrir| The Liberation Party | Britain (Official website)
Category:Hizb ut-Tahrir Category:Islam and antisemitism Category:Islamic activist organizations Category:Islamist groups Category:Sunni Islamic political parties Category:Pan-Islamism Category:Transnational political parties