Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
larryhammick at telus dot net
At Wiki I do a little on mathematics and a fair amount on Islamist, mostly Sunni, terrorism.
Below is my official secret Testing Ground.
A circular permutation on a set of k elements has sign
.
Let i be the order of m in
.
The permutation
consists of
orbits, each of size i, whence
![{\displaystyle \epsilon (\tau _{m})=(-1)^{(i-1)(p-1)/i}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d61263c57c6906762532dea52c3bcae39a0568a)
If i is even then
and so
![{\displaystyle m^{(p-1)/2}=m^{{\frac {i}{2}}{\frac {p-1}{i}}}=(-1)^{(p-1)/i}=\epsilon (\tau _{m})}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/482b99e37ae26e9c4b8dd64a31746ab0a23f6a92)
If i is odd then 2i divides p-1, so
![{\displaystyle m^{(p-1)/2}=m^{i{\frac {p-1}{2i}}}=1=\epsilon (\tau _{m})}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f33841df34c04aa11090b4de984e3c8aefa20d40)
In both cases, Zolotarev's lemma follows from Euler's Criterion.