Pha Taem National Park (Thai:อุทยานแห่งชาติผาแต้ม ) is a national park in Thailand's Ubon Ratchathani Province. It is designated as a national park with the Mekong River, which forms the border between Thailand and Laos.^[1] Professors and students from Silpakorn University's Department of Archaeology discovered prehistoric ancient paintings 3,000-4,000 years old at Pha Taem.^[1] Other tourist attractions in Pha Taem include the Giant Creeping Plant (เถาวัลย์ยักษ์)^[2], Sao Chaliang (เสาเฉลียง)^[2], Soi Sawan Waterfall (น้ำตกสร้อยสวรรค์)^[3], Saeng Chan Waterfall (น้ำตกแสงจันทร์)^[4], and Thung Namuang Waterfall (น้ำตกทุ่งนาเมือง)^[5]. The best times to visit Pha Taem are January, February, March, November, and December^[6]. It was designated as Thailand's 74th national park on December 31, 1991^[7], covering an area of approximately 340 square kilometers.^[8]

In the past, only a few local peasants from the surrounding region dared to access the Pha Taem area. ^[1] Because it is believed that Pha Taem is a prohibited location, and the mountain is protected by the holy.^[1] Pha Taem is renowned as the "Mountain of Death," and anybody who trespasses risks becoming ill or, worse, dying.^[1] The Pha Taem region has been widely publicized.^[1] Following that, professors and students from Silpakorn University Department of Archaeology researched and uncovered prehistoric ancient paintings 3,000-4,000 years old at Pha Taem, Ban Kum, Huai Phai sub-district, Khong Chiam district, Ubon Ratchathani province.^[1] In the original dialect, "Taem" refers to a drawing, painting, stamping, or any other action that uses color to create images, marks, or symbols.^[8] It is the site of prehistoric paintings dating from 3,000 to 4,000 years old, divided into four groups, the longest of which is 180 meters long and contains over 300 images.^[8] Furthermore, Pha Taem is surrounded by densely packed trees. ^[8]As a consequence, they began to draft a memorandum from the department dated May 26, 1981 and requested to the Royal Forest Department that the forest and mountain in the Pha Taem zone be designated as a national park.^[1] It was designated as the 74th national park of Thailand.^[7] Pha Taem National Park is approximately 340 square kilometers in size.^[8] The district of Khong Chiam encompasses the area. Ubon Ratchathani Province's Si Mueang Mai District and Pho Sai District have fertile forest conditions.^[1] a variety of wild animals There are numerous natural beauty features in the area, including Pha Chan, Soi Sawan Waterfall, Sao Chaliang, Tham Patihan, Phu Na Tham, and others.^[1] There have also been discoveries of ancient paintings.^[1] Prehistoric times, approximately 3,000-4,000 years old, in the Pha Kham, Pha Taem, Pha Chek, and Pha Moei areas, and currently a national park.^[1] It is designated as a national park with the Mekong River, which forms the border between Thailand and Laos, is the longest national park boundary in Thailand.^[1] allowing for a view of the forest on the Laos side.^[1]

There are three primary seasons in Pha Taem National Park. The annual average temperature at Ubon Ratchathani's Pha Taem National Park ranges from 31°C (87°F) to 36°C (97°F). The drier months, which are January, February, March, November, and December, are the best times to visit Pha Taem.

• Rainy season: From May to October, Thailand has heavy rainfall brought on by the southwest monsoon. Beginning about May, it causes the weather to start being humid and wet. The wettest month of the year is August as well.

• Cool season is during the monsoon season (October to February): Typically, the air is dry and cold. The months of December and January are the coldest.

• Hot season (February to May): April often has the highest temperatures of the year. The usual range of temperatures is 38 to 42 °C.^[6]

Pha Taem National Park has a mountainous area that is contiguous, high and low, alternating throughout the area. The altitude of the area is between 100-600 meters above sea level. The eastern boundary line uses the country's borderline and borders with Laos. Which has the Mekong River as a boundary along a length of approximately 63 kilometers. The overall condition of the area is a stone courtyard. Around the boundary next to the banks of the Mekong River is a steep cliff. There are important mountains such as Phu Pha Kham (ภูผาขาม), Phu Pha Moei (ภูผาเมย), Phu Pha Chek (ภูผาแต้ม) , Phu Pha Soi (ภูผาสร้อย), Phu Ya Phae (ภูหญ้าแพ), Phu Chana Dai (ภูชนะได), Phu Pha Natham (ภูผานาทาม), Phu Long, Phu Pang, (ภูฟลงภูปัง) Phu Chan Daeng (ภูจันทร์แดง), Phu Luang (ภูหลวง), Phu Samui and Phu Krabo (ภูกระโบ). Huai Chang (ห้วยช้าง), Huai Phu Long (ห้วยภูล่อง), Huai Hung (ห้วยฮุง), Huai Lan (ห้วยลาน), Huai Phoe (ห้วยโพธิ์), Huai Yae (ห้วยแย้), Huai Kuay (ห้วยกวย), Huai Ka Ak (ห้วยขี้ก้าง), Huai Yai (ห้วยใหญ่),Sung, and La Loi all have their watersheds in Pha Taem National Park ^[9]

The main attraction of Pha Taem National Park is a large collection of ancient paintings.^[10] and is also known as "Color painting source" or "Cave art source’.^[10] "Tham Taem" is a color painting located in Ban Mai Dong Samrong Village, Na Kham Sub-district, Si Mueang Mai District.^[10] Ubon Ratchathani Province The paintings were discovered in a cliff shed on a sandstone mountain.^[10]

Most of the paintings in Pha Taem represent a red picture found scattered along the cliffs along the Mekong, such as Pha Chek, Ngong Taem, Pha Moei, and Pha Kham, but Pha Taem is the most outstanding.[6] Because it is a relatively complete painting, it can be divided into four major groups.^[2]

1. Images of hands and people (men and women)
2. Animals (such as elephants, dogs, catfish, and poultry)
3. Objects (such as fishbones and Isaan fishing tools)
4. Geometric patterns (Yak pattern, line shape, three-sided, four-sided)

This is a collection of the most ancient paintings in Thailand. It also has the longest length in Thailand, at about 180 meters.^[10] There were pictures of 5-6 people holding hands in a row among the evidence of color paintings discovered. Some parts of the image have been damaged, cracked, lost, or deteriorated over time.^[10]Looking at it, it appears to be a caravan of people from the past.^[10] It is assumed that in the past, this area was most likely the path that ancient people traveled to communicate between towns.^[10]The location is not far away, about 1.5 kilometers from where the paintings were discovered.[5] Found traces of a cart in ancient times.^[10]It was caused by the wagon wheels repeatedly rubbing against the sandstone surface.^[10] As time passed, a deep trench formed on the stone floor, as seen today.^[10] Another source of evidence supporting the procession image is the ancient wagon tracks.^[10] The expeditionary group discovered Tam Taem cave, which people in ancient times may have used as a temporary rest and scribbled on the cliff wall to convey the story.^[10]

Nearby attractions include the "giant creeping plant," which is located 50 meters from the Thung Na Muang waterfall. Due to its size and age (it is roughly 400 years old), this enormous plant resembles a log or a tree more than a creeping plant, and the locals think it is a forbidding tree. Today, this enormous vine is recognized as one of the most well-liked unseen cliffs that people climb. It is one of the most popular places to shoot some photos.^[2]

Pha Taem Park is thought to have the most "Sao Chaliang," or poles, terraces, or stone pillars. (distorted from the word "Salieng(สะเลียง)" in the language of tribute, which means stone pillars). Small Sao Chaliang (located at Pha Taem's entrance), Big Sao Chaliang (located at Ban Pha Anchan(บ้านผาอัญชัน)), Sao Chaliang Phu Om Kom, Double Sao Chaliang (located in Pha Taem National Park's Dong Na Tham Forest (ป่าดงนาทาม) which has the beautiful view of the sunset). ^[2]

Soi Sawan Waterfall is a large, 30-meter-high waterfall that flows from the Huai Soi and Sae Phai rivers. The water flows from the top of the mountain and converges like a necklace (soi in Thai), hence the name "Soi Sawan Waterfall." The waterfall is about 15 kilometers from the Pha Taem prehistoric paintings. When you arrive at the checkpoint at Soi Sawan Waterfall, you must park in the designated area. Then walk for another 500 meters along the paved road, which is flanked on both sides by dense bamboo, and descend the stairs, which are surrounded by greenery to waterfall. At the start, there is a beautiful long stream of waterfalls falling from the cliff. Many small shallow pools are lined up along the flow of the waterfall in front. The beauty of the second part of the Soi Sawan Waterfall can be found by carefully walking across this pool to the opposite side. The stream that traverses the small puddle and the rocks you just walked across will be visible on the lower left-hand side, flowing into a large basin and forming another small waterfall below.^[3]

“Saeng chan Waterfall," which is also known as "Long Ru Waterfall." Only one kilometer separates this waterfall from Thung Na Muang Waterfall. This waterfall is quite stunning and has a unique feature in that a small trickle of water rushes down the cliff's face through what looks like a hole in the rock. The view of the falling water will be akin to that of the full moon shining onto the earth for those viewing the waterfall at noon when the sunlight beams through the hole.^[4]

Another waterfall in the Pha Taem National Park area, Thung Na Mueang Waterfall only has water flowing during the rainy season. About 2 kilometers separate it from Saengchan Waterfall (Lod Ru waterfall). Due to the fact that the stream of the Thung Na Mueang Waterfall will flow down the creek into the rock cliff, it is also referred to as "Lod Ru Waterfall," leading some individuals to mistake it for "Saengchan Waterfall," which is also known as "Lod Ru Waterfall." It kept moving through different crevices until it finally reappeared beneath a huge slab of stone that was in a ravine that resembled a cave, at which point it fell as a waterfall.The region around the Thung Na Muang Waterfall is both stunning and enigmatic. There are numerous Bok (ponds) throughout the neighborhood. Some Bok are oddly shaped, while others have waters that are so clean they mirror-like reflect the color of the sky. If somebody is unable to visit "Sam Phan Bok," a well-known tourist destination in the province of Ubon Ratchathani, between the months of winter and summer, they should try to visit Thung Na Mueang Waterfall during that time, as it would have a similar ambience. However, the Thung Na Mueang Waterfall is not as large or impressive as the one in "Sam Phan Bok." ^[5]

Feedback

1. Please lead section.
2. Please add Thai names to all mountains in Geography section.
3. Some fragments and run-on sentences are found. Please revise.
   

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