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Formation
Prior to the formation of the Constitionalist and Conventionalists, the two groups worked together to defeat General Victoriano Huerta. Huerta had overthrown President Francisco Madero and taken over the government in 1913. Opposition to Huerta was led by Venustiano Carranza, along with generals, Pancho Villa and Alvaro Obregón. They were loosely allied with Emiliano Zapata. Together, they defeated Huerta in 1914.[1] At The Convention of Aguascalientes in September of 1914, the winning revolutionary factions were unable to agree and a civil war ensued between the Constitutionalists and Conventionalists.[2]
Goals
The Conventionalists called for more radical, immediate land reform which Carranza’s government did not agree with.[1] They also wanted to implement the Plan of Ayala (1911), written by Emiliano Zapata calling for the redistribution of land.[3] In addition, Villa and Zapata wanted a decentralized federal government with more state autonomy.[4] With this, the Conventionalists garnered the support of the countryside.
Participation during the civil war and fall
At the start of the civil war, the Conventionalists captured Mexico City in late 1914. There were approximately 150,000 soldiers in both factions in 1915.[1] By spring of 1915, Obregón began to defeat the Conventionalists. Zapata retreated to his home state, occasionally sending troops to Villa. Villa was defeated at the Battle of Celaya, followed by losses at León, Santa Ana, Aguascalientes, and Agua Prieta.[5] By 1917, Carranza was elected president and the civil war was over. Guerilla skirmishes would continue separately by the armies of Zapata and Villa near their home states. In 1919, Zapata was killed by Carranza’s government.[1] Villa signed a peace treaty with Carranza’s successor, Adolfo de la Huerta in 1920 but died in an ambush three years later in 1923.[6]
Construction and Design
Today, many güiros are made of wood or fiberglass. [7] Often, the calabash gourd is used.[1] In the Arawakan language, a language of the indigenous people of Latin America and spread throughout the Caribbean spoken by groups such as the Taíno, güiro referred to fruit of the güira and an instrument made from fruit of the güira.[8] The güiro is classified as part of the scraper idiophone division.
History
The Taíno people of the Caribbean have been credited with the origins of the güiro.[9] The Taínos of Puerto Rico developed the güajey, a long gourd or animal bones with notches, was an antecedent of the modern day güiro.[10] The güiro is also believed to have origins in Africa and brought over to Latin American and the Caribbean by African slaves.[11]
Use in music
Across Latin American and the Caribbean, the güiro can be found in a variety of traditional, folk dance music and used in dance ensembles and religious festivals.[7] In the Yucatan Peninsula, the güiro is used in two Mayan dances, the mayapax and the jarana.[9] In Cuba, the güiro is used in the genre danzón.[9] In Puerto Rico, the güiro often associated with the music of the jíbaro and is used in the musical genres of the plena, the seis, and the danza.[10] [12]In the Carribean coast, the güiro was used in traditional, folk dance cumbia music and is still used in modern cumbia music.[9] In Panama, the güiro can be found in folk dances such as the merjorana and cumbia.[7]
- ^ a b c d e Wasserman, Mark (2012). The Mexican Revolution: A Brief History With Documents. Boston: Bedford/St.Martin's. pp. 11, 12, 63, 69, 112, 121.
- ^ "Civil War: Constitutionalist Viewpoint - The Mexican Revolution and the United States | Exhibitions - Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
- ^ Koth, Karl B. (2002). Waking the dictator : Veracruz, the struggle for federalism and the Mexican Revolution, 1870-1927. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-55238-031-9.
- ^ "Civil War: Conventionist Viewpoint - The Mexican Revolution and the United States | Exhibitions - Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ "Notable Battles of the Civil War - The Mexican Revolution and the United States | Exhibitions - Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ "Select Your Library - Credo Reference". search.credoreference.com. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
- ^ a b c Schechter, John. "Güiro". Oxford Music Online.
- ^ C., Resnick, Melvyn (1981). Introducción a la historia de la lengua española. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0878400834. OCLC 7875400.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Mark., Brill (2011). Music of Latin America and the Caribbean. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131839441. OCLC 653122923.
- ^ a b Ríos, Kristof (2014). "Puerto Rico". In Stavans, Ilan (ed.). Latin Music: Musicians, Genres, and Themes. Santa Barbara: Greenwood.
- ^ Gackstetter, Nichols, Elizabeth (2015). Pop culture in Latin America and the Caribbean. Robbins, Timothy R. Santa Barbara, CA. ISBN 9781610697538. OCLC 919876279.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Solís, Ted (1995). "Jíbaro Image and the Ecology of Hawai'i Puerto Rican Musical Instruments". Latin American Music Review / Revista de Música Latinoamericana. 16 (2): 123–153. doi:10.2307/780370. JSTOR 780370.