Jouries Mario Belougi (born 5 May 1975) is a national pro-democracy activist Indonesia.  Belougi played an important role in the movement to free democracy from government dogmatism in the 1990s.^[1]He was the initiator of protests against the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution to hold poll in East Timor 1999, and was a pioneer and practitioner of Grassroots Political Studies (GPS)  ).^[2]

Belougi's name became controversial after being mentioned as the mastermind behind the flag-raising incident in the Philippines on Miangas Island, North Sulawesi in 2005.^[3]

J. Mario Belougi was born in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.  He started his career in the world of activists at the age of fifteen, becoming a street activist in Makassar City.  The harsh life on the streets brought Belougi into the world of the movement and he became a protester in Indonesia in the 1990s.  He was wanted by the authorities in 1994 for his role in building a pro-democracy movement against the authoritarian attitude and dogmatism of the government that restricts freedom and deprives people of basic rights in democracy and politics.  Belougi again became a scourge for the government after being suspected as the mastermind behind the rejection of the 1997 election results which were considered full of lies and deceiving the people, this was related to the government's attitude that it did not recognize the leadership of Megawati Soekarno Putri as the general chairman of the Indonesian Democratic Party and stopped the management of the Council.  The central leadership of the United Development Party.  He was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali, in April 1998, but fled to the conflict area Timor Leste.  ^[4]

In the era of President B.  J. Habibie, Belougi participated in social and humanitarian affairs after the political turmoil among the pro-independence and pro-integration people of Timor-Leste.  He was reportedly a victim of the Liquiçá Catholic Church massacre in April 1999. Opposition figure Laurie Brereton accused Belougi of having emotional ties to pro-integration militias and of knowing plans to attack Catholics. ^[5]

The situation became even more chaotic after the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) approved Resolution 1246, 11 June 1999, on the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET).  [^[6]

In a state of emergency, Belougi coordinated the protests which were followed by a wave of demonstrations in almost all corners of the country, and the occupation of the American and Australian embassies in Jakarta by protesters.  Belougi said that the United Nations had carried out discriminatory actions and monopolized Indonesia's position in the international community regarding the East-East issue. Prior to the vote, Belougi and several of his colleagues were arrested by the International Peacekeeping Force for provocative acts committed against Australian media staff at the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Camp on the border with West Timor.  ^[7]

After the popular vote on August 30, 1999, Belougi held a peaceful demonstration for East Timor in Palu, Central Sulawesi, in his speech Belougi urged all parties to respect the democratic and political rights of the people of East Timor who chose independence.  and did not blame President BJ Habibie for the liberation of East Timor from the Republic of Indonesia.  Belougi's solidarity with the Timorese people was met with several responses.  The former Governor of East Timor, Mario Viegas Carrascalao also appreciated Belougi as a pro-democracy activist and leader of the non-violent movement, while a pro-integration figure,  José Abilio Osorio Soares sees Belougi's actions as a form of betrayal of democracy and state sovereignty.^[8]

Belougi's name again became controversial after he was suspected of being the mastermind of the Miangas Island incident in 2005, as a form of criticism of the Indonesian government for ignoring environmental sovereignty, democratic and political rights which had an impact on social and economic inequality in the islands.  far away.  ^[9]

This incident attracted the attention of the international community and received special attention from the Indonesian government when building public facilities such as airports and seaports, in addition to granting legal citizenship to residents living in the outer islands to participate in the implementation of the 1945 Constitution. Elections and in national development  .^{[10] [11]}