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Geology

Kuro-Shima is located in the southwest of the Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa, Japan^[1], and is located 10 km away from Taketomi^[2]. It's a small island with low terrain, not rising above 15 meters high and about 3.5 kilometres wide. The island consists of a geology mainly composed of coral limestone that has been uplifted^[3]. Its coastlines are marked by notched cliffs made mostly of Ryukyu Limestone, also known as Pleistocene coral limestone, reaching heights of 3 to 4 meters. The cliffs display signs of erosion, which are caused by waves and collapses triggered by factors such as the enlargement of notches and intense wave impacts like tsunamis and storms. Furthermore, the island's geology is also influenced by the interactions between "modern" fringing reefs and "ancient" uplifted coral limestone cliffs^[4], as the coral reefs affect how waves behave and erosion happens along the coast and helps reduce the impact of large waves. The interaction between these fringing reefs and the coastal cliffs contributes to the dynamic coastal environment of Kuro-Shima, with the geological attributes of the island impacting its vulnerability to erosion^[5].

In contrast to Taketomi-jima Island, where Pandanus odorifer vegetation covers the surface of the cliffs, Kuro-Shima's cliffs lack such vegetation on the seaward edge. However, inland areas of Kuro-shima contain the growth of Pandanus odorifer vegetation^[6].

References

^ Kogure, Tetsuya; Yukinori, Matsukura (07/2010). "Critical notch depths for failure of coastal limestone cliffs; case study at kuro-shima island, okinawa, japan". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 35 (9): 1044-1056. Retrieved 2 April 2024. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Kogure, Tetsuya (2022). "Rocky coastal cliffs reinforced by vegetation roots and potential collapse risk caused by sea-level rise". Catena (Giessen). 217: 106457. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
^ Kogure, Tetsuya; Yukinori, Matsukura (07/2010). "Critical notch depths for failure of coastal limestone cliffs; case study at kuro-shima island, okinawa, japan". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 35 (9): 1044-1056. Retrieved 2 April 2024. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Kogure, Tetsuya; Matsukura, Yukinori (2012). Ancient Cliffs and Modern Fringing Reefs: Coupling Evidence for Tsunami Wave Action. p. 205. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
^ Kogure, Tetsuya; Yukinori, Matsukura (07/2010). "Critical notch depths for failure of coastal limestone cliffs; case study at kuro-shima island, okinawa, japan". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 35 (9): 1044-1056. Retrieved 2 April 2024. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Kogure, Tetsuya (2022). "Rocky coastal cliffs reinforced by vegetation roots and potential collapse risk caused by sea-level rise". Catena (Giessen). 217: 106457. Retrieved 2 April 2024.

[1] Kogure, Tetsuya; Yukinori, Matsukura (07/2010). "Critical notch depths for failure of coastal limestone cliffs; case study at kuro-shima island, okinawa, japan". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 35 (9): 1044-1056. Retrieved 2 April 2024. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[2] Kogure, Tetsuya (2022). "Rocky coastal cliffs reinforced by vegetation roots and potential collapse risk caused by sea-level rise". Catena (Giessen). 217: 106457. Retrieved 2 April 2024.

[3] Kogure, Tetsuya; Yukinori, Matsukura (07/2010). "Critical notch depths for failure of coastal limestone cliffs; case study at kuro-shima island, okinawa, japan". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 35 (9): 1044-1056. Retrieved 2 April 2024. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[4] Kogure, Tetsuya; Matsukura, Yukinori (2012). Ancient Cliffs and Modern Fringing Reefs: Coupling Evidence for Tsunami Wave Action. p. 205. Retrieved 2 April 2024.

[5] Kogure, Tetsuya; Yukinori, Matsukura (07/2010). "Critical notch depths for failure of coastal limestone cliffs; case study at kuro-shima island, okinawa, japan". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 35 (9): 1044-1056. Retrieved 2 April 2024. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[6] Kogure, Tetsuya (2022). "Rocky coastal cliffs reinforced by vegetation roots and potential collapse risk caused by sea-level rise". Catena (Giessen). 217: 106457. Retrieved 2 April 2024.

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