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List of largest empires

01:48, 2017 April 1‎ TompaDompa


This is a list of the largest empires in world history, not a definitive one since the selection of political entities to be considered "empires" is difficult and fraught with controversy.

An empire involves the extension of a state's sovereignty over external territories inhabited by different ethnic groups. The term "empire" in this context (not necessarily a state ruled by an emperor) does not have a precise definition, but is generally applied to political entities that have, by the standards of their time, a very large territory, usually acquired by conquest. Rein Taagepera has defined an empire as "any relatively large sovereign political entity whose components are not sovereign" and its size as the area over which the empire has some undisputed military and taxation prerogatives.[1]

There is no clear consensus among historians on how to estimate territorial extension and population of an empire, if only because information on boundaries, and therefore population, is often ambiguous, when not lacking entirely. Thus, the present values, and the ensuing ranking, are approximate estimates, and ought to be taken only as a guidance.

This list is limited to empires whose greatest extent exceeded 2% of the total land area of the Earth (148,940,000 km2 (57,500,000 sq mi)).[2].

Empires at their greatest extent
Name Max. land area
(millions) 		% of world
land area 		Apex
(year) 		Span
(years)
British Empire 35.5 km2 (13.71 sq mi)[3] 23.84% 1920[3] 420[4]
Mongol Empire 24.0 km2 (9.27 sq mi)[5] 16.11% 1270[6]
1309[3] 		162[7]
Russian Empire 22.8 km2 (8.80 sq mi)[5] 15.31% 1895[5] 196[8]
Qing Empire 14.7 km2 (5.68 sq mi)[5] 9.87% 1790[5] 268[9]
Spanish Empire 13.7 km2 (5.29 sq mi)[3] 9.2% 1810[3] 483[10]
2nd French colonial Empire 11.5 km2 (4.44 sq mi)[3] 7.72% 1920[3] 150[11]
Abbasid Caliphate 11.1 km2 (4.29 sq mi)[5] 7.45% 750[5] 508[12]
Umayyad Caliphate 11.1 km2 (4.29 sq mi)[3] 7.45% 720[3] 89[13]
Yuan dynasty 11.0 km2 (4.25 sq mi)[3] 7.39% 1310[3] 97[14]
Portuguese Empire 10.4 km2 (4.02 sq mi)[15] 6.98% 1815[15] 499[16]
Xiongnu Empire 9.0 km2 (3.47 sq mi)[17] 6.04% 176 BC[17] 309[18]
Empire of Brazil 8.34 km2 (3.22 sq mi)[19] 5.6% 1889[19] 67[20]
Eastern Han Dynasty 6.5 km2 (2.51 sq mi)[21] 4.36% 100[21] 195[22]
Empire of the Great Ming 6.5 km2 (2.51 sq mi)[5] 4.36% 1450[5] 276[23]
Rashidun Caliphate 6.4 km2 (2.47 sq mi)[3] 4.3% 655[3] 29[24]
Göktürk Khaganate 6.0 km2 (2.32 sq mi)[17] 4.03% 557[17] 169[25]
Golden Horde Khanate 6.0 km2 (2.32 sq mi)[5] 4.03% 1310[5] 156[26]
Western Han Dynasty 6.0 km2 (2.32 sq mi)[17] 4.03% 50 BC[17] 215[27]
Achaemenid Empire 5.5 km2 (2.12 sq mi)[17] 3.69% 500 BC[17] 220[28]
Tang dynasty 5.4 km2 (2.08 sq mi)[5] 3.63% 715[5] 274[29]
Macedonian Empire 5.2 km2 (2.01 sq mi)[17] 3.49% 323 BC[17] 170[30]
Ottoman Empire 5.2 km2 (2.01 sq mi)[5] 3.49% 1683[5] 509[31]
Maurya Empire 5.0 km2 (1.93 sq mi)[6] 3.36% 250 BC[6] 139[32]
Roman Empire 5.0 km2 (1.93 sq mi)[17] 3.36% 117[17] 503[33]
1480[34]
Tibetan Empire 4.6 km2 (1.78 sq mi)[5] 3.09% 800[5] 224[35]
Timurid Empire 4.4 km2 (1.70 sq mi)[5] 2.95% 1405[5] 137[36]
Fatimid Caliphate 4.1 km2 (1.58 sq mi)[5] 2.75% 969[5] 262[37]
Eastern Turkic Khaganate 4.0 km2 (1.54 sq mi)[21] 2.69% 624[21] 49[38]
Hephthalite Empire 4.0 km2 (1.54 sq mi)[21] 2.69% 470[21] 262[39]
Hunnic Empire 4.0 km2 (1.54 sq mi)[17] 2.69% 441[17] 99[40]
Mughal Empire 4.0 km2 (1.54 sq mi)[5] 2.69% 1690[5] 316[41]
Great Seljuq Empire 3.9 km2 (1.51 sq mi)[5] 2.62% 1080[5] 157[42]
Seleucid Empire 3.9 km2 (1.51 sq mi)[17] 2.62% 301 BC[17] 249[43]
Italian Empire 3.8 km2 (1.47 sq mi)[44] 2.55% 1938[44] 65[45]
Ilkhanate 3.75 km2 (1.45 sq mi)[5] 2.52% 1310[5] 79[46]
Khwarazmian Empire 3.6 km2 (1.39 sq mi)[3] 2.42% 1218[3] 37[47]
Chagatai Khanate 3.5 km2 (1.35 sq mi)[5] 2.35% 1310[3]
1350[5] 		81[48]
Gupta Empire 3.5 km2 (1.35 sq mi)[6] 2.35% 400[6] 230[49]
Sasanian Empire 3.5 km2 (1.35 sq mi)[17] 2.35% 550[17] 427[50]
Western Turkic Khaganate 3.5 km2 (1.35 sq mi)[21] 2.35% 630[21] 78[51]
1st French colonial Empire 3.4 km2 (1.31 sq mi)[3] 2.28% 1670[3] 280[52]
Ghaznavid Empire 3.4 km2 (1.31 sq mi)[5] 2.28% 1029[5] 209[53]
Delhi Sultanate 3.2 km2 (1.24 sq mi)[5] 2.15% 1312[5] 320[54]
German colonial Empire 3.2 km2 (1.24 sq mi)[55][56] 2.15% 1912[56] 34[57]
Song dynasty 3.1 km2 (1.20 sq mi)[5] 2.08% 980[5] 319[58]
Uyghur Khaganate 3.1 km2 (1.20 sq mi)[5] 2.08% 800[5] 100[59]
Western Jin dynasty 3.1 km2 (1.20 sq mi)[21] 2.08% 280[21] 51[60]
Khazar Khanate 3.0 km2 (1.16 sq mi)[6] 2.01% 850[6] 319[61]
Sui Dynasty 3.0 km2 (1.16 sq mi)[21] 2.01% 589[21] 37[62]

See also

General:

By era:

By region:

By area:

Note

  1. ^ Taagepera 1979, p. 117.
  2. ^ "The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Taagepera 1997, pp. 492–502.
  4. ^ From 1577 when Martin Frobisher took possession of Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island to Hong Kong handover in 1997 (Piers Brendon (2007). The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781-1997. Random House. ISBN 978-030726829-7.).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Taagepera 1997, pp. 492–502; Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006, pp. 222–3.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006, pp. 222–3.
  7. ^ 1206-1368
  8. ^ 1721-1917
  9. ^ 1644-1912
  10. ^ 1492-1975
  11. ^ 1830-1980
  12. ^ 750-1258
  13. ^ 661-750
  14. ^ 1271-1368
  15. ^ a b Brzezinski, Zbigniew (2013). Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power. New York City: Basic Books. p. 10. ISBN 9780465061815.
  16. ^ 1500-1999
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Taagepera 1979, pp. 121–2, 124–5, 127–9, 132–3; Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006, pp. 222–3.
  18. ^ 209-53 BCE
  19. ^ a b "Área Territorial Brasileira - Histórico". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 October 2016. A primeira estimativa oficial para a extensão superficial do território brasileiro data de 1889. O valor de 8.337.218 km2 foi obtido a partir de medições e cálculos efetuados sobre as folhas básicas da Carta do Império do Brasil, publicada em 1883. [The first official estimate of the surface area of the Brazilian territory dates from 1889. A value of 8,337,218 km2 (3,219,018 sq mi) was obtained from measurements and calculations made on drafts of the Map of the Empire of Brazil, published in 1883.]
  20. ^ 1822-1889
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Taagepera 1979, pp. 121–2, 124–5, 127–9, 132–3.
  22. ^ 25-220 CE
  23. ^ 1368-1644
  24. ^ 632-661
  25. ^ 552-569, 682-744
  26. ^ 1240-1396
  27. ^ 206 BCE-9 CE
  28. ^ 550-330 BCE
  29. ^ 618-907, less 690-705
  30. ^ 338-168 BCE
  31. ^ 1413-1922
  32. ^ 326-187 BCE
  33. ^ 27 BCE-476 CE
  34. ^ 27 BCE-1453 CE (end of the Eastern Roman Empire)
  35. ^ 618-842
  36. ^ 1370-1507
  37. ^ 909-1171
  38. ^ 581-630
  39. ^ 408-670
  40. ^ 370-469
  41. ^ 1526-1540, 1555-1857
  42. ^ 1037-1194
  43. ^ 312–63 BCE
  44. ^ a b Harrison, Mark (2000). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780521785037. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  45. ^ 1882-1947
  46. ^ 1256-1335
  47. ^ 1194-1231
  48. ^ 1259-1340
  49. ^ 320-550
  50. ^ 224-651
  51. ^ 581-659
  52. ^ 1534-1814
  53. ^ 977-1186
  54. ^ 1206-1526
  55. ^ "Germany from 1871 to 1918". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 29 September 2016. At its birth Germany occupied an area of 208,825 square miles (540,854 square km) and had a population of more than 41 million, which was to grow to 67 million by 1914.
  56. ^ a b Arnulf Scriba (2014). "Statistische Angaben zu den deutschen Kolonien". LeMO-Lebendiges Museum Online (in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 29 September 2016. [Figures relate to year 1912
  57. ^ 1884-1918
  58. ^ 960-1279
  59. ^ 740-840
  60. ^ 265-316
  61. ^ 650-969
  62. ^ 581-618

References

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