User:BryceH2331/Achilles tendon rupture
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Causes
The Achilles tendon is most commonly injured by sudden plantarflexion or dorsiflexion of the ankle, or by forced dorsiflexion of the ankle outside its normal range of motion.[1] Other mechanisms by which the Achilles can be torn involve sudden direct trauma to the tendon, or sudden activation of the Achilles after atrophy from prolonged periods of inactivity. Some other common tears can occur from overuse while participating in intense sports. Twisting or jerking motions can also contribute to injury.[1]
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, famously Ciprofloxacin, as well as other quinolones such as Pefloxacin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, and Levofloxacin, are known to increase the risk of tendon rupture, particularly the Achilles.[2] Tendon rupture occurs 95% of the time in the Achilles tendon, but other tendons are subject to ruptures such as the quadriceps, peroneus brevis (or fibularis brevis), biceps brachii, and supraspinatus.[2] With increasing concerns regarding the adverse effect profile of fluoroquinolones, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) implemented a Boxed Warning in 2008.[2][3] A revision of the Boxed Warning occurred in 2016, recommending the reservation of fluoroquinolones when applicable.[2][4] People who commonly fall victim to Achilles rupture or tear include recreational athletes, people of old age, individuals with previous Achilles tendon tears or ruptures, previous tendon injections or quinolone use, extreme changes in training intensity or activity level, and participation in a new activity.[5][6]
Sports
Most cases of Achilles tendon rupture are traumatic sports injuries. The average age of patients is 29–40 years with a male-to-female ratio of nearly 20:1. However, recent studies have shown that Achilles tendon ruptures are rising in all age demographics up to the sixth decade of life as remaining active has become popularized around the world.[7]
Corticosteroids
Direct steroid injections into the tendon have also been linked to rupture. The use of quinolone antibiotics can cause several forms of tendinitis and tendon rupture, including rupture of the Achilles tendon. The risk is higher in people who are older than 60, who are also taking corticosteroids, or have kidney disease; it also increases with dose and taking them for longer periods of time. As of 2016 the mechanism through which quinolones cause this, was unclear.[8]
Lead
Article body
References
- ^ a b Cobb, Darius (2018). Prevention and Treatment of Sports Injuries. United Kingdom: ED-Tech Press. pp. 244–245. ISBN 9781839473739.
- ^ a b c d Kim K., Grace (2010-Apr). "The Risk of Fluoroquinolone-induced Tendinopathy and Tendon Rupture What Does The Clinician Need To Know?". The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology. 3(4): 49–54. PMC 2921747. PMID 20725547.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); line feed character in|title=at position 68 (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Commissioner, Office of the (2020-08-07). "FDA updates warnings for fluoroquinolone antibiotics". FDA. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
- ^ Baik, Seo; Lau, Jason; Huser, Vojtech; McDonald, Clement J (2020-12). "Association between tendon ruptures and use of fluoroquinolone, and other oral antibiotics: a 10-year retrospective study of 1 million US senior Medicare beneficiaries". BMJ Open. 10 (12): e034844. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034844. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 7754651. PMID 33371012.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Lewis, Trevor; Cook, Jill (2014-06-01). "Fluoroquinolones and Tendinopathy: A Guide for Athletes and Sports Clinicians and a Systematic Review of the Literature". Journal of Athletic Training. 49 (3): 422–427. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-49.2.09. ISSN 1062-6050. PMC 4080593. PMID 24762232.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Khaliq, Yasmin; Zhanel, George G. (2003-06-01). "Fluoroquinolone-Associated Tendinopathy: A Critical Review of the Literature". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 36 (11): 1404–1410. doi:10.1086/375078. ISSN 1537-6591.
- ^ Meulenkamp B, Stacey D, Fergusson D, Hutton B, Mlis RS, Graham ID (December 2018). "Protocol for treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures; a systematic review with network meta-analysis". Systematic Reviews. 7 (1): 247. doi:10.1186/s13643-018-0912-5. PMC 6304227. PMID 30580763.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Bidell MR, Lodise TP (June 2016). "Fluoroquinolone-Associated Tendinopathy: Does Levofloxacin Pose the Greatest Risk?". Pharmacotherapy. 36 (6): 679–93. doi:10.1002/phar.1761. PMID 27138564. S2CID 206359106.