User:BrightBuds/Clonally transmissible cancer

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A transmissible cancer is a cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells that can be transferred between individuals without the involvement of an infectious agent, such as an oncovirus.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). The evolution of transmissible cancer has occurred naturally in other animal species, but human cancer transmission is rare.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

Humans

In humans, a significant fraction of Kaposi's sarcoma occurring after transplantation may be due to tumorous outgrowth of donor cells.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Although Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by a virus (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus), in these cases, it appears likely that transmission of virus-infected tumor cells—rather than the free virus—caused tumors in the transplant recipients.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

In 2007, four people (three women and one man) received different organ transplants (liver, both lungs and kidneys) from a 53-year-old woman who had recently died from intracranial bleeding. Before transplantation, the organ donor was deemed to have no signs of cancer upon medical examination. Later, the organ recipients developed metastatic breast cancer from the organs and three of them died from the cancer between 2009–2017.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

In 2014, a case of parasite-to-host cancer transmission occurred in a 41-year-old man in Colombia with a compromised immune system due to HIV. The man's tumor cells were shown to have originated from the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). In the 1990s, an undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma was transmitted from a 32-year-old patient to his 53-year-old surgeon when the surgeon injured his hand during an operation. Within five months, a tumor had developed on the hand of the surgeon and was subsequently excised. Histologic examinations of the tumor tissues from the patient and surgeon showed that both were morphologically identical.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). In 1986, a 19-year-old laboratory worker mistakenly punctured her hand with a needle previously used to extract human colonic cancer cells. No injection of the substance occurred, and the worker suffered a small puncture wound with bleeding. Within 19 days, she had developed a small cancerous nodule on her hand. The tumor was removed soon after, and has since shown no sign of reoccurrence.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

Other animals

Contagious cancers are known to occur in dogs, Tasmanian devils, Syrian hamsters, and some marine bivalves including soft-shell clams. These cancers have a relatively stable genome as they are transmitted.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Recent studies have tested whether other highly prevalent wildlife cancers, such as urogenital carcinomas in Californian sea lions, could also be contagious but so far there is no evidence for this.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

Clonally transmissible cancer, caused by a clone of malignant cells rather than a virus,Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). is an extremely rare disease modality,Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). with few transmissible cancers being known.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). The evolution of transmissible cancer is unlikely, because the cell clone must be adapted to survive a physical transmission of living cells between hosts, and must be able to survive in the environment of a new host's immune system.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Animals that have undergone population bottlenecks may be at greater risks of contracting transmissible cancers due to a lack of overall genetic diversity. Infectious cancers may also evolve to circumvent immune response by means of natural selection in order to spread.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Because of their transmission, it was initially thought that these diseases were caused by the transfer of oncoviruses, in the manner of cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). However, canine transmissible venereal tumor mutes the expression of the immune response, whereas the Syrian hamster disease spreads due to lack of genetic diversity.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

Canine transmissible venereal tumor

Main article: Canine transmissible venereal tumor

Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is sexually transmitted cancer which induces cancerous tumors on the genitalia of both male and female dogs, typically during mating. It was first described medically by a veterinary practitioner in London in 1810,Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). and was first experimentally transplanted between dogs in 1876 by Russian veterinarian M. A. Novinsky (1841–1914). A single malignant clone of CTVT cells has colonized dogs worldwide, representing the oldest known malignant cell line in continuous propagation,Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). a fact that was uncovered in 2006. Researchers deduced that the CTVT went through 2 million mutations to reach its actual state, and inferred it started to develop in ancient dog species 11 000 years ago.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma

Main article: Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma

Contagious reticulum cell sarcoma of the Syrian hamsterCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). can be transmitted from one Syrian hamster to another through various mechanisms. It has been seen to spread within a laboratory population, presumably through gnawing at tumours and cannibalism.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). It can also be spread by means of the bite of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

Devil facial tumour disease

Main article: Devil facial tumour disease

Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is a transmissible parasitic cancer in the Tasmanian devil.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Since its discovery in 1996, DFTD has spread and infected 4/5 of all Tasmanian devils and threatens them with extinction. DFTD has a near 100% fatality rate, and has killed up to 90% of Tasmanian devil populations living in some reserves.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). A new DFTD tumor-type cancer was recently uncovered on 5 Tasmanian devils (DFT2), histologically different from DFT1, leading researchers to believe that the Tasmanian devil "is particularly prone to the emergence of transmissible cancers".Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

Bivalves

Soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, have been found to be vulnerable to a transmissible neoplasm of the hemolymphatic system — effectively, leukemia.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). The cells have infected clam beds hundreds of miles from each other, making this clonally transmissible cancer the only one that does not require contact for transmission.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

Horizontally transmitted cancers have also been discovered in three other species of marine bivalves: bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus), common cockles (Cerastoderma edule) and golden carpet shell clams (Polititapes aureus). The golden carpet shell clam cancer was found to have been transmitted from another species, the pullet carpet shell (Venerupis corrugata).Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).

References