User:Beodizia/Imperial burials

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

No known Roman imperial burial has survived intact into modern times. Tombs of emperors in the west fell victim to desecration by later invaders and to popes wishing to use the sarcophagi and wealth therein. Tombs of emperors in the east were in turn looted and destroyed by later emperors, and by crusading forces and the Ottoman Turks.[1]

Classical (27 BC – 395)

Emperor and date of death Burial Fate of remains
Augustus (d. 14) Cremated and interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome.[2] Destroyed; the Mausoleum of Augustus was raided and destroyed in the 410 Sack of Rome, with the remains therein scattered[3]
Tiberius (d. 37) Cremated and interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome.[4]
Caligula (d. 41) Half-cremated and buried under shallow turf in the Lamian Gardens in Rome. Later exhumed, cremated and buried by his sisters.[4] His final burial place is unknown but was likely in or near the Lamian Gardens. It is also possible that he was interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus.[5] Unknown[5]
Claudius (d. 54) Cremated and probably interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome.[4] Destroyed; the Mausoleum of Augustus was raided and destroyed in the 410 Sack of Rome, with the remains therein scattered[3]
Nero (d. 68) Cremated and interred in a porphyry urn beneath a marble altar in the Mausoleum of the Domitii Ahenobarbi (his father's family) on the Pincian Hill, near the modern Church of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome.[4]
Galba (d. 69) Galba's mutilated body was left to rot in the Roman Forum and his head was brought to Otho's camp and paraded around on a pole. One of Galba's slaves, Argius, eventually buried the body in the garden of one of Galba's villas along the Via Aurelia. The head was also recovered and reunited with the body.[6]
Otho (d. 69) Buried by some of his loyal soldiers[7] in a modest grave at Brixellum.[8]
Vitellius (d. 69) Vitellius's body was mutilated, beheaded and then thrown in the Tiber river in Rome.[9] Unburied
Vespasian (d. 79) Cremated and interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome.[4][10] Ashes later moved and interred in the Temple of the gens Flavia in Rome in Domitian's reign.[10][11] Presumably destroyed; the Temple of the gens Flavia fell into ruin and perished at some point after 354.[12]
Titus (d. 81) Cremated and interred in an unknown location. Perhaps for a time interred in a chamber in the Arch of Titus.[13] Ashes later moved and interred in the Temple of the gens Flavia in Rome in Domitian's reign.[11]
Domitian (d. 96) Cremated by his nurse Phyllis at her villa. Domitian's ashes were later secretly deposited by Phyllis in the Temple of the gens Flavia in Rome and intermingled with those of his niece Julia Flavia so they would not be disturbed.[11]
Nerva (d. 98) Cremated and interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome.[14] Destroyed; the Mausoleum of Augustus was raided and destroyed in the 410 Sack of Rome, with the remains therein scattered[3]
Trajan (d. 117) Cremated and interred in a golden urn placed beneath the base of Trajan's Column in Rome.[14] Unknown; stolen in the Middle Ages[14]
Hadrian (d. 138) Cremated and privately buried at the ancient villa of Cicero in Pozzuoli. Exhumed by Antoninus Pius in 140 and re-interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian (the modern-day Castel Sant'Angelo) in Rome.[15] Destroyed; the ash urns of the emperors in the Mausoleum of Hadrian were stolen in the 410 Sack of Rome and the remains scattered[16]
Antoninus Pius (d. 161) Cremated and interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian (the modern-day Castel Sant'Angelo) in Rome.[17]
Lucius Verus (d. 169) Cremated and interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian (the modern-day Castel Sant'Angelo) in Rome.[18]
Marcus Aurelius (d. 180) Cremated and interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian (the modern-day Castel Sant'Angelo) in Rome.[18]
Commodus (d. 192) Initially buried in secret; later exhumed by Pertinax and interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian (the modern-day Castel Sant'Angelo) in Rome.[19]
Pertinax (d. 193) Beheaded, with his head being paraded around the camp of the soldiers behind his murder.[20] Later buried by Didius Julianus in the tomb of his grandfather's wife.[21] Pertinax was also later granted a state funeral by Septimius Severus, which involved the burial of an effigy.[20] Later probably transferred to Mausoleum of Hadrian (the modern-day Castel Sant'Angelo) in Rome.[22]
Didius Julianus (d. 193) Buried by his wife and daughter at the land of their family, by the fifth milestone of the Via Labicana.[23]
Septimius Severus (d. 211) Cremated and interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian (the modern-day Castel Sant'Angelo) in Rome.[24] Destroyed; the ash urns of the emperors in the Mausoleum of Hadrian were stolen in the 410 Sack of Rome and the remains scattered[16]
Geta (d. 211) Buried in a tomb in Rome; later transferred to the Mausoleum of Hadrian (the modern-day Castel Sant'Angelo) in Rome.[22]
Caracalla (d. 217) Cremated and interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian (the modern-day Castel Sant'Angelo) in Rome.[25]
Macrinus (d. 218) Unknown[26] Unknown
Diadumenian (d. 218) Unknown; his head was reportedly kept as a trophy by Elagabalus.[27] Unknown
Elagabalus (d. 222) Body thrown in the Tiber river in Rome.[28] Unburied
Severus Alexander (d. 235) Buried in a "large tomb" in Rome.[29]
Maximinus Thrax (d. 238) Head burnt in the Campus Martius and body thrown in running water.[30] Unburied
Gordian I (d. 238) Unknown[31] Unknown
Gordian II (d. 238) Body was never found after his death in battle.[31] Unburied
Pupienus (d. 238) Unknown[29] Unknown
Balbinus (d. 238) Buried in a marble sacrophagus near the Via Appia in Rome.[25] Destroyed; the sarcophagus of Balbinus was found by excavators in 1927–1928, broken into numerous fragments, and was later restored.[32]
Gordian III (d. 244) Buried in the Mausoleum of Gordian III in Zaitha (Mesopotamia).[31]
Philip the Arab (d. 249) Unknown[30] Unknown
Philip II (d. 249)
Decius (d. 251) Body was never found after his death in battle.[33] Unburied
Herennius Etruscus (d. 251) Body was never found after his death in battle.[34] Unburied
Trebonianus Gallus (d. 253) Unknown[33] Unknown
Hostilian (d. 251) Unknown[26] Unknown
Volusianus (d. 253)
Aemilianus (d. 253) Unknown[35] Unknown
Valerian (d. ?) Body skinned and stuffed and kept as a trophy in the Sasanian Empire.[36]
Gallienus (d. 268) Buried in the Mausoleum of Gallienus in Rome.[31]
Claudius Gothicus (d. 270) Unknown[25] Unknown
Quintillus (d. 270) Unknown[29] Unknown
Aurelian (d. 275) Buried in a tomb in Caenophrurium.[22]
Tacitus (d. 276) Unknown[29] Unknown
Florianus (d. 276) Unknown[37] Unknown
Probus (d. 282) Buried in a tomb in Sirmium.[29]
Carus (d. 283)
Carinus (d. 285) Unknown[25] Unknown
Numerian (d. 284) Unknown[30] Unknown
Diocletian (d. 311/312) Buried in the Mausoleum of Diocletian (the modern-day Cathedral of Saint Domnius) in Split.[28]
Maximian (d. 310) Probably buried in a mausoleum in Milan (the modern-day San Vittore al Corpo).[30]
Constantius Chlorus (d. 306) Buried in a tomb at an unknown location, possibly in or near Trier[38] or York.[39] Unknown
Galerius (d. 311) Buried in the Mausoleum at Romuliana (modern-day Gamzigrad) in Zaječar.[37]
Severus II (d. 307) Buried in the Mausoleum of Gallienus in Rome.[29]
Maxentius (d. 312) Unknown; his head was sent to Africa.[30] Unknown
Licinius (d. 325) Unknown[26] Unknown
Maximinus Daza (d. 313) Buried in a mausoleum in Tarsus.[40]
Constantine the Great (d. 337) Buried in Constantine's Mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[25]
Constantine II (d. 340) Body thrown in the Ausa river near Aquileia.[38] Unburied
Constans (d. 350) Buried in a tomb at an unknown location, possibly near the Roman villa of Centcelles in Spain.[25] Unknown
Constantius II (d. 361) Buried in Constantine's Mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[38]
Julian (d. 363) Initially buried in a tomb outside Tarsus. Sometime later transferred to the North Stoa of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[26]
Jovian (d. 364) Buried in the North Stoa of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[26]
Valentinian I (d. 375) Buried somewhere in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[33]
Valens (d. 378) Body was never found after his death in battle.[33] Unburied
Gratian (d. 383) Likely buried in the imperial mausoleum in Milan (the modern-day Basilica of San Lorenzo).[31]
Valentinian II (d. 392) Probably buried in the imperial mausoleum in Milan (the modern-day Basilica of San Lorenzo).[33]
Magnus Maximus (d. 388)
Theodosius I (d. 395) Buried in Constantine's Mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[29]

Western emperors (395–476)

Emperor and date of death Burial Fate of remains
Honorius (d. 423) Buried in the Mausoleum of Honorius in Rome.[34]
Constantine III (d. 411)
Constantius III (d. 421) Probably buried in the Mausoleum of Honorius in Rome.[38]
Valentinian III (d. 455) Probably buried in the Mausoleum of Honorius in Rome.[36]
Petronius Maximus (d. 455) Body cut into pieces by a mob and thrown in the Tiber riber in Rome.[30] Unburied
Avitus (d. 456) Buried next to the tomb of Saint Julian in Brioude, today the Basilica of St. Julien.[25]
Majorian (d. 461) Buried in a humble tomb near Dertona.[26]
Libius Severus (d. 465) Probably buried in the Mausoleum of Honorius in Rome.[26]
Anthemius (d. 472) Likely buried in a family tomb or common grave.[35]
Olybrius (d. 472) Probably buried in the Mausoleum of Honorius in Rome.[30]
Glycerius (d. ?) Likely buried in or near a church in Salona.[31]
Julius Nepos (d. 480) Unknown[26] Unknown
Romulus Augustulus (d. ?) Unknown[29] Unknown

Eastern emperors (395–1453)

Emperor and date of death Burial Fate of remains
Arcadius (d. 408) Buried in the South Stoa of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[35]
Theodosius II (d. 450) Buried in the South Stoa of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[29]
Marcian (d. 457) Buried in Constantine's Mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[30]
Leo I (d. 474) Buried in Constantine's Mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[26]
Leo II (d. 474) Buried somewhere in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[26]
Zeno (d. 491) Buried in Constantine's Mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[36]
Basiliscus (d. 476/477) Buried with his family in a dried-up cistern in Limnae in Cappadocia, where they had been starved to death.[25]
Anastasius I (d. 518) Buried in Constantine's Mausoleum in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.[35]

References

  1. ^ Johnson 2014, p. 203.
  2. ^ Davies 2010, p. 13.
  3. ^ a b c Balchin 2020, p. 41.
  4. ^ a b c d e Davies 2010, p. 19.
  5. ^ a b Beard, Mary (18 January 2011). "This isn't Caligula's tomb". A don's life. London. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  6. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 36.
  7. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 38.
  8. ^ Tacitus 1889, p. 102.
  9. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 41.
  10. ^ a b Meijer 2004, p. 44.
  11. ^ a b c McDermott & Orentzel 1979, p. 23–24.
  12. ^ Davies 2010, p. 24.
  13. ^ Davies 2010, p. 23.
  14. ^ a b c Davies 2010, p. 27.
  15. ^ Davies 2010, p. 35.
  16. ^ a b Gergerly 2005, p. 57.
  17. ^ Davies 2010, p. 40.
  18. ^ a b Davies 2010, p. 45.
  19. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 65.
  20. ^ a b Meijer 2004, p. 68.
  21. ^ Rantala 2017, p. 80.
  22. ^ a b c Johnson 2014, p. 200.
  23. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 70.
  24. ^ Meijer 2004, p. 73.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnson 2014, p. 206.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Johnson 2014, p. 213.
  27. ^ Bunson 1991, p. 130.
  28. ^ a b Johnson 2014, p. 208.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i Johnson 2014, p. 215.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnson 2014, p. 214.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Johnson 2014, p. 210.
  32. ^ Jucker & Cooney 1967, p. 15.
  33. ^ a b c d e Johnson 2014, p. 216.
  34. ^ a b Johnson 2014, p. 212.
  35. ^ a b c d Johnson 2014, p. 205.
  36. ^ a b c Johnson 2014, p. 218.
  37. ^ a b Johnson 2014, p. 209.
  38. ^ a b c d Johnson 2014, p. 207.
  39. ^ Johnson 1992, p. 146.
  40. ^ Johnson 2014, p. 201.

Sources

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