User:AFyellow37/Naushon Island

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Naushon Island is the largest of the Elizabeth Islands in southeastern Massachusetts. It is part of the town of Gosnold, Massachusetts, and is owned by the Forbes family. As of the 2000 census, the island had a permanent population of 30 people.

The island is seven miles (11 km) long and 7.4 square miles in land area (19.18 km²). It is separated from Cape Cod by a narrow strait and the smaller islands of Uncatena and Nonamesset. The island is located four statute miles (6 km) northwest of Martha's Vineyard.

Along with the rest of the Elizabeth Islands, Naushon was under British jurisdiction after its discovery in 1602 by Bartholomew Gosnold [cite]. At this time, Naushon was named "Cataymucke" by the Native Americans inhabiting the island. In 1654, the owner of the island at the time, Thomas Mayhew, and his son, John Mayhew, bought out the Native Americans' shares of the island. During the Mayhew's ownership of the island, the name switched from Cataymucke to Elizabeth's Island, to Tarpaulin Cove Island. This family owned the island until 1682, when Matthew Mayhew sold the island to Wait Winthrop. While he never lived on the island, during Winthrop's ownership the island was renamed Winthrop's Island. In 1730, upon John Winthrop's death, the island was sold to James Bowdoin III.

James Bowdoin III (1752–1811), son of Massachusetts' governor James Bowdoin II (1726–1790), was appointed by President Thomas Jefferson to serve as the U.S. plenipotentiary to Spain. James III owned a beautiful estate at "Nashaun Island," according to Thomas Bridgman who in 1856 published The Pilgrims of Massachusetts and Their Descendants. Bridgman also notes that Bowdoin was "among the very earliest as well as largest importers of the pure Merino stock and took great pains in improving his own flocks and inculcating the importance of doing so upon others". This interest may have led to the wool sample found among Thomas Jefferson's papers. Jefferson's note reads "Specimen of Mr. Bowdoin's wool, from American sheep raised on his Island of "Nanshaw". The note has been digitized and is available for viewing in the Library of Congress American Memories Collection [1], indexed as "Hackley and Bowdoin, no date, wool samples". Naushon remained in the Bowdoin family for 113 years, during which time the imported sheep population on the island raised from several hundred during the Winthrop ownership to approximately 2,000. This population greatly decreased during the American Revolution when 100 British soldiers landed on the island. Naushon then became an overlooking point of the U.S. militia, which served to push the inhabitants into poverty by the end of the revolution.

Years after the end of the revolution, the Bowdoin family returned to the island after having built a house on it in 1809. This house was known as The Mansion House. After James Bowdoin III died in 1811, the island was given to William W. Swain to care for.

The Mansion House continued to be inhabited by the Swains during their care of the island.

In 1834, Sarah Swain Hathaway, the niece of William W. Swain, married John Murray Forbes. In 1842, John Murray Forbes and William W. Swain bought the rights to the island from the Bowdoin heirs. In 1854, Swain sold his share of the island to Forbes, causing Forbes to become the sole owner of the island in 1856, following Swain's death.

Naushon Island has been a Forbes family retreat for more than a century and a half, since its purchase by John Murray Forbes. Forbes was a businessman who began his career in his family's opium and tea trading business in China, and made much of his fortune by investing in the early development of railroads. Naushon Island was purchased by Forbes and a business associate, William W. Swain, in 1842, and Forbes purchased Swain's share soon after to become the sole owner. Upon his death in 1898, Forbes left Naushon in a trust administered by his 5 surviving children and it is now owned by Naushon Island Trust, Inc. Pasque Island and Nashawena Island, the next two islands in the Elizabeth Island chain, were purchased at different times by J. M. Forbes descendants and remain privately owned. There are approximately 35 houses on Naushon, most near the east end.

Kinnebrew, E, Champlin, L, Neill, C. Interactions between cattle grazing, plant diversity, and soil nitrogen in a northeastern U.S. coastal grassland. Appl Veg Sci. 2019; 22: 317– 325. https://doi.org/10.1111/avsc.12422

Posy E. Busby, Glenn Motzkin "Dwarf Beech Forests in Coastal New England: Topographic and Edaphic Controls on Variation in Forest Structure," The American Midland Naturalist, 162(1), 180-194, (1 July 2009)

Kinnebrew, E., Champlin, L.K., Galford, G.L. et al. Woody plant encroachment into coastal grasslands: consequences for soil properties and plant diversity. Reg Environ Change 20, 94 (2020). https://doi-org.ezproxy.neu.edu/10.1007/s10113-020-01687-6

Paul Z. Goldstein, Tim Simmons "A CHECKLIST AND COMMENTARY ON THE SCARABAEID FAUNA OF THE MASSACHUSETTS OFFSHORE ISLANDS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)," Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 110(3), 389-401, (1 October 2002)

Piesman J, Mather T N, Telford S R, & Spielman A. Concurrent Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti infection in nymphal Ixodes dammini. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 24, 446–447 (1986).

Pendleton, E.A., Andrews, B.D., Ackerman, S.D., and Twichell, D.C., 2014, Bathymetry of the waters surrounding the Elizabeth Islands, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3286, scale 1:72,000 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3286).