Military budget of the United States: Difference between revisions
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==== Other military-related expenditures ==== |
==== Other military-related expenditures ==== |
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[[File:PerCapitaInflationAdjustedDefenseSpending.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PerCapitaInflationAdjustedDefenseSpending.PNG|right|thumb|500x500px|Per-capita military spending 1962–2015 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)]] |
[[File:PerCapitaInflationAdjustedDefenseSpending.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PerCapitaInflationAdjustedDefenseSpending.PNG|right|thumb|500x500px|Per-capita military spending 1962–2015 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)]] |
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[[File:InflationAdjustedDefenseSpending.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InflationAdjustedDefenseSpending.PNG|right|thumb|500x500px|Military spending 1962–2015 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100410144624/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2010/assets/hist03z2.xls Historical Outlays by Function and Subfunction, Archived on April 10, 2010 at the Internet Archive]</ref><ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2010/assets/hist04z1.xls Historical Outlays by Agency]</ref>]] |
[[File:InflationAdjustedDefenseSpending.PNG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InflationAdjustedDefenseSpending.PNG|right|thumb|500x500px|Military spending 1962–2015 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100410144624/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2010/assets/hist03z2.xls Historical Outlays by Function and Subfunction, Archived on April 10, 2010 at the Internet Archive]</ref><ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2010/assets/hist04z1.xls Historical Outlays by Agency] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114012750/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2010/assets/hist04z1.xls |date=14 January 2010 }}</ref>]] |
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This does not include many military-related items that are outside of the Defense Department budget, such as nuclear weapons research, maintenance, cleanup, and production, which are in the Atomic Energy Defense Activities section,<ref>https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/hist.pdf</ref> [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]], the Treasury Department's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families, interest on debt incurred in past wars, or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily-related development assistance. Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature, such as the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]], counter-terrorism spending by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], and intelligence-gathering spending by [[NSA]]. |
This does not include many military-related items that are outside of the Defense Department budget, such as nuclear weapons research, maintenance, cleanup, and production, which are in the Atomic Energy Defense Activities section,<ref>https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/hist.pdf</ref> [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]], the Treasury Department's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families, interest on debt incurred in past wars, or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily-related development assistance. Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature, such as the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]], counter-terrorism spending by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], and intelligence-gathering spending by [[NSA]]. |
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The US [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO) was unable to provide an [[audit opinion]] on the 2010 financial statements of the US Government because of 'widespread [[Materiality (auditing)|material]] internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations'.<ref name="GAO press release">{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/press/financial_report_2010dec21.html|title=US Government's 2010 Financial Report Shows Significant Financial Management and Fiscal Challenges|publisher=US Government Accountability Office|accessdate=6 January 2011}}</ref> The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion 'serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable'.<ref name="GAO press release" /> |
The US [[Government Accountability Office]] (GAO) was unable to provide an [[audit opinion]] on the 2010 financial statements of the US Government because of 'widespread [[Materiality (auditing)|material]] internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations'.<ref name="GAO press release">{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/press/financial_report_2010dec21.html|title=US Government's 2010 Financial Report Shows Significant Financial Management and Fiscal Challenges|publisher=US Government Accountability Office|accessdate=6 January 2011}}</ref> The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion 'serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable'.<ref name="GAO press release" /> |
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In FY 2010, six out of thirty-three DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.<ref name="DoD FR 25">{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'')|publisher=US Department of Defense|page=25|accessdate=7 January 2011}}</ref> |
In FY 2010, six out of thirty-three DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.<ref name="DoD FR 25">{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'')|publisher=US Department of Defense|page=25|accessdate=7 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214071610/http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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Chief financial officer and [[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Under Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert F. Hale]] acknowledged enterprise-wide problems with systems and processes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.18)|publisher=US Department of Defense|accessdate=7 January 2011}}</ref> while the DoD's [[Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense|Inspector General]] reported '[[Materiality (auditing)|material]] internal control weaknesses ... that affect the safeguarding of assets, proper use of funds, and impair the prevention and identification of fraud, waste, and abuse'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.32)|publisher=US Department of Defense|accessdate=7 January 2011}}</ref> Further management discussion in the FY 2010 DoD Financial Report states 'it is not feasible to deploy a vast number of accountants to manually reconcile our books' and concludes that 'although the financial statements are not auditable for FY 2010, the Department's financial managers are meeting warfighter needs'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' pp. 20, 28)|publisher=US Department of Defense|accessdate=7 January 2011}}</ref> |
Chief financial officer and [[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Under Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert F. Hale]] acknowledged enterprise-wide problems with systems and processes,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.18)|publisher=US Department of Defense|accessdate=7 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214071610/http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> while the DoD's [[Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Defense|Inspector General]] reported '[[Materiality (auditing)|material]] internal control weaknesses ... that affect the safeguarding of assets, proper use of funds, and impair the prevention and identification of fraud, waste, and abuse'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.32)|publisher=US Department of Defense|accessdate=7 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214071610/http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Further management discussion in the FY 2010 DoD Financial Report states 'it is not feasible to deploy a vast number of accountants to manually reconcile our books' and concludes that 'although the financial statements are not auditable for FY 2010, the Department's financial managers are meeting warfighter needs'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' pp. 20, 28)|publisher=US Department of Defense|accessdate=7 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214071610/http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|archivedate=14 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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=== Budget for 2016 === |
=== Budget for 2016 === |
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Because of [[United States Constitution|constitutional]] limitations, military funding is appropriated in a [[discretionary spending]] account. (Such accounts permit government planners to have more flexibility to change spending each year, as opposed to [[mandatory spending]] accounts that mandate spending on programs in accordance with the law, outside of the budgetary process.) In recent years, discretionary spending as a whole has amounted to about one-third of total federal outlays.<ref>[http://www.house.gov/jec/fiscal/budget/restrain/update/update.htm Congressional Appropriations: An Updated Analysis<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Department of Defense spending's share of discretionary spending was 50.5% in 2003, and has risen to between 53% and 54% in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.org/issues/budget/fy%2702/|title=Fiscal Year 2002 Budget|publisher=[[Center for Defense Information]]|accessdate=13 July 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127174039/http://www.cdi.org/issues/budget/fy%2702/|archivedate=27 November 2005}}</ref> |
Because of [[United States Constitution|constitutional]] limitations, military funding is appropriated in a [[discretionary spending]] account. (Such accounts permit government planners to have more flexibility to change spending each year, as opposed to [[mandatory spending]] accounts that mandate spending on programs in accordance with the law, outside of the budgetary process.) In recent years, discretionary spending as a whole has amounted to about one-third of total federal outlays.<ref>[http://www.house.gov/jec/fiscal/budget/restrain/update/update.htm Congressional Appropriations: An Updated Analysis<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Department of Defense spending's share of discretionary spending was 50.5% in 2003, and has risen to between 53% and 54% in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.org/issues/budget/fy%2702/|title=Fiscal Year 2002 Budget|publisher=[[Center for Defense Information]]|accessdate=13 July 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127174039/http://www.cdi.org/issues/budget/fy%2702/|archivedate=27 November 2005}}</ref> |
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For FY 2010, Department of Defense spending amounts to 4.7% of GDP.<ref name="FY2010Budget">[http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/budget.pdf The President's FY 2010 Budget]</ref> Because the U.S. GDP has grown over time, the military budget can rise in absolute terms while shrinking as a percentage of the GDP. For example, the Department of Defense budget is slated to be $664 billion in 2010 (including the cost of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan previously funded through supplementary budget legislation<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2007/10/bush-to-speak-1.html|title=Bush submits $42.3B Iraq war supplemental funding bill|date=22 October 2007|newspaper=USA Today|author=Mike Carney|accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120214811249441305?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Bush's Successor to Confront Tough Decisions on Defense|date=5 February 2008|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|author=AUGUST COLE|accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref>), higher than at any other point in American history, but still 1.1–1.4% lower as a percentage of GDP than the amount spent on military during the peak of Cold-War military spending in the late 1980s.<ref name="FY2010Budget" /> Admiral [[Mike Mullen]], former [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], has called four percent an "absolute floor".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/washington/22mullen.html?_r=1 Joint Chiefs Chairman Looks Beyond Current Wars]</ref> This calculation does not take into account some other military-related non-DOD spending, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, and interest paid on debt incurred in past wars, which has increased even as a percentage of the national GDP. |
For FY 2010, Department of Defense spending amounts to 4.7% of GDP.<ref name="FY2010Budget">[http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/budget.pdf The President's FY 2010 Budget] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022070642/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/budget.pdf |date=22 October 2012 }}</ref> Because the U.S. GDP has grown over time, the military budget can rise in absolute terms while shrinking as a percentage of the GDP. For example, the Department of Defense budget is slated to be $664 billion in 2010 (including the cost of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan previously funded through supplementary budget legislation<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2007/10/bush-to-speak-1.html|title=Bush submits $42.3B Iraq war supplemental funding bill|date=22 October 2007|newspaper=USA Today|author=Mike Carney|accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120214811249441305?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Bush's Successor to Confront Tough Decisions on Defense|date=5 February 2008|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|author=AUGUST COLE|accessdate=6 October 2009}}</ref>), higher than at any other point in American history, but still 1.1–1.4% lower as a percentage of GDP than the amount spent on military during the peak of Cold-War military spending in the late 1980s.<ref name="FY2010Budget" /> Admiral [[Mike Mullen]], former [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], has called four percent an "absolute floor".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/washington/22mullen.html?_r=1 Joint Chiefs Chairman Looks Beyond Current Wars]</ref> This calculation does not take into account some other military-related non-DOD spending, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, and interest paid on debt incurred in past wars, which has increased even as a percentage of the national GDP. |
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In 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion. Military expenditures exceed the total amount of funds allocated to support social security, transportation, unemployment, labor, science, energy and the environment, international affairs, housing, veteran’s benefits, medicare, education. |
In 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion. Military expenditures exceed the total amount of funds allocated to support social security, transportation, unemployment, labor, science, energy and the environment, international affairs, housing, veteran’s benefits, medicare, education. |
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In 2017, the U.S. military budget is 773.5 billion and is estimated to increase in the upcoming years. |
In 2017, the U.S. military budget is 773.5 billion and is estimated to increase in the upcoming years. |
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In 2005, the United States spent 4.06% of its GDP on its military (considering only basic Department of Defense budget spending), more than France's 2.6% and less than [[Saudi Arabia]]'s 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2034rank.html|title=Rank Order – Military expenditures percent of GDP|author=[[CIA World Factbook]]|accessdate=26 May 2006}}</ref><sup>information 2006</sup> This is historically low for the United States since it peaked in 1944 at 37.8% of GDP (it reached the lowest point of 3.0% in 1999–2001). Even during the peak of the [[Vietnam War]] the percentage reached a high of 9.4% in 1968.<ref name="tp">{{cite web|url=http://www.truthandpolitics.org/military-relative-size.php|title=Relative Size of US Military Spending from 1940 to 2003|publisher=TruthAndPolitics.org}}</ref> |
In 2005, the United States spent 4.06% of its GDP on its military (considering only basic Department of Defense budget spending), more than France's 2.6% and less than [[Saudi Arabia]]'s 10%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2034rank.html|title=Rank Order – Military expenditures percent of GDP|author=[[CIA World Factbook]]|accessdate=26 May 2006}}</ref><sup>information 2006</sup> This is historically low for the United States since it peaked in 1944 at 37.8% of GDP (it reached the lowest point of 3.0% in 1999–2001). Even during the peak of the [[Vietnam War]] the percentage reached a high of 9.4% in 1968.<ref name="tp">{{cite web|url=http://www.truthandpolitics.org/military-relative-size.php|title=Relative Size of US Military Spending from 1940 to 2003|publisher=TruthAndPolitics.org|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421054444/http://www.truthandpolitics.org/military-relative-size.php|archivedate=21 April 2004|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |
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The US Military’s budget has plateaued in 2009, but is still considerably larger than any other military power. |
The US Military’s budget has plateaued in 2009, but is still considerably larger than any other military power. |
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In [[Fiscal Year]] (FY) 2011, seven out of 33 DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.<ref name="DoDFY2011">{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/afr/fy2011/DoD_FY11_Agency_Financial_Report.pdf|title=FY 2011 DoD Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' pp. 25–29)|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> [[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Under Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert F. Hale]] acknowledged enterprise-wide weaknesses with controls and systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/afr/fy2011/DoD_FY11_Agency_Financial_Report.pdf|title=FY 2011 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.45)|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> Further management discussion in the FY 2011 DoD Financial Report states "we are not able to deploy the vast numbers of accountants that would be required to reconcile our books manually".<ref name="DoDFY2011" /> [[United States Congress|Congress]] has established a deadline of FY 2017 for the DoD to achieve [[Audit#Accounting|audit readiness]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/FIAR/documents/FIAR_Plan_May_2011.pdf|title=Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness (FIAR) Plan Status Report|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> |
In [[Fiscal Year]] (FY) 2011, seven out of 33 DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.<ref name="DoDFY2011">{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/afr/fy2011/DoD_FY11_Agency_Financial_Report.pdf|title=FY 2011 DoD Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' pp. 25–29)|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> [[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Under Secretary of Defense]] [[Robert F. Hale]] acknowledged enterprise-wide weaknesses with controls and systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/afr/fy2011/DoD_FY11_Agency_Financial_Report.pdf|title=FY 2011 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.45)|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> Further management discussion in the FY 2011 DoD Financial Report states "we are not able to deploy the vast numbers of accountants that would be required to reconcile our books manually".<ref name="DoDFY2011" /> [[United States Congress|Congress]] has established a deadline of FY 2017 for the DoD to achieve [[Audit#Accounting|audit readiness]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/FIAR/documents/FIAR_Plan_May_2011.pdf|title=Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness (FIAR) Plan Status Report|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> |
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For FYs 1998-2010 the Department of Defense's financial statements were either unauditable or such that no audit opinion could be expressed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/afr/fy2011/DoD_FY11_Agency_Financial_Report.pdf|title=DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2011 (''vid.'' p.46)|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2010 (''vid.'' p.44)|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2009/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2009_Department_of_Defense_Agencywide_Agency_Financial_Report.pdf|title=DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2009 (''vid.'' p.23)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2008/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2008_Department_of_Defense_Agency_Wide_Financial_%20Statements_and_Notes.pdf|title=FY 2008 Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.21)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/afr/fy2007/Entire_Document_(5.1_KB).pdf|title=DoD Agency Financial Report FY 2007 (''vid.'' p.17)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/par/fy2006/Entire_Document_(7.8_MB).pdf|title=DoD Performance and Accountability Report FY 2006 (''vid.'' p.74)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/par/fy2005/FY%2005%20DoD%20PAR_all%20.pdf|title=DoD Performance and Accountability Report FY 2005 (''vid.'' p.137)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="FY0432">{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2004.html|title=FY 2004, FY 2003, FY 2002 Component Financial Statements|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2001/11_Audit-Opinion-Agency-Wide-FY2001.pdf|title=DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 2001|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2000/11_Section_8_FY2000.pdf|title=DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 2000|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy1999/11_Part_K_Sec_8.pdf|title=DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 1999|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy1998/09_DoD98-Seq-I-Opinion-Section.pdf|title=DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 1998|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref> Several years behind other government agencies, the first results from an army of about 2,400 contracted DoD auditors are expected on November 15, 2018.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/12/08/569394885/pentagon-announces-first-ever-audit-of-the-department-of-defense Pentagon Announces First-Ever Audit Of The Department Of Defense]</ref> |
For FYs 1998-2010 the Department of Defense's financial statements were either unauditable or such that no audit opinion could be expressed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/afr/fy2011/DoD_FY11_Agency_Financial_Report.pdf|title=DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2011 (''vid.'' p.46)|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|title=DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2010 (''vid.'' p.44)|publisher=[[Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|Comptroller, Department of Defense]]|accessdate=13 December 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027120232/http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2010/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2010_DoD_Agencywide_Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf|archivedate=27 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2009/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2009_Department_of_Defense_Agencywide_Agency_Financial_Report.pdf|title=DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2009 (''vid.'' p.23)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2008/01_DoD_Agency-Wide/Fiscal_Year_2008_Department_of_Defense_Agency_Wide_Financial_%20Statements_and_Notes.pdf|title=FY 2008 Agency Financial Report (''vid.'' p.21)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/afr/fy2007/Entire_Document_(5.1_KB).pdf|title=DoD Agency Financial Report FY 2007 (''vid.'' p.17)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/par/fy2006/Entire_Document_(7.8_MB).pdf|title=DoD Performance and Accountability Report FY 2006 (''vid.'' p.74)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/par/fy2005/FY%2005%20DoD%20PAR_all%20.pdf|title=DoD Performance and Accountability Report FY 2005 (''vid.'' p.137)|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="FY0432">{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2004.html|title=FY 2004, FY 2003, FY 2002 Component Financial Statements|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2001/11_Audit-Opinion-Agency-Wide-FY2001.pdf|title=DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 2001|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy2000/11_Section_8_FY2000.pdf|title=DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 2000|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy1999/11_Part_K_Sec_8.pdf|title=DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 1999|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://comptroller.defense.gov/cfs/fy1998/09_DoD98-Seq-I-Opinion-Section.pdf|title=DoD Agency-Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 1998|publisher=Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller)|accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref> Several years behind other government agencies, the first results from an army of about 2,400 contracted DoD auditors are expected on November 15, 2018.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/12/08/569394885/pentagon-announces-first-ever-audit-of-the-department-of-defense Pentagon Announces First-Ever Audit Of The Department Of Defense]</ref> |
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== Reform == |
== Reform == |
Revision as of 05:45, 31 January 2018
![]() | This article needs to be updated.(November 2017) |
The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense, or more broadly, the portion of the budget that goes to any military-related expenditures. The military budget pays the salaries, training, and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel, maintains arms, equipment and facilities, funds operations, and develops and buys new equipment. The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. In FY 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion, about 54% of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget. For FY 2017, President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion, which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion.
For the period 2010-14, SIPRI found that the United States was the world's biggest exporter of major arms, accounting for 31 percent of global shares, followed by Russia with 27 percent. The USA delivered weapons to at least 94 recipients. The United States was also the world's eighth largest importer of major military equipment for the same period. The main imports were 19 transport aircraft from Italy; and equipment produced in the US under license—including 252 trainer aircraft of Swiss design, 223 light helicopters of German design and 10 maritime patrol aircraft of Spanish design.[citation needed]
Budget by Year
![Defense Spending as a Percent of GDP 1792-2017](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Defense_Spending_as_a_Percent_of_GDP.png/800px-Defense_Spending_as_a_Percent_of_GDP.png)
![Historical defense spending](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Defense_spending.png/800px-Defense_spending.png)
The following is historical spending on defense from 1996-2015, spending for 2014-15 is estimated.[1] The Defense Budget is shown in billions of dollars and total budget in trillions of dollars. The percentage of the total U.S. budget spent on defense is indicated in the third row, and change in defense spending from the previous year in the final row.
Decades | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
Defense Budget (Billions) | 266 | 270 | 271 | 292 | 304 | 335 | 362 | 456 | 491 | 506 | 556 | 625 | 696 | 698 | 721 | 717 | 681 | 610 | 614 | 637 |
Total Budget (Trillions) | 1.58 | 1.64 | 1.69 | 1.78 | 1.82 | 1.96 | 2.09 | 2.27 | 2.41 | 2.58 | 2.78 | 2.86 | 3.32 | 4.08 | 3.48 | 3.51 | 3.58 | 3.48 | 3.64 | 3.97 |
Defense Budget % | 16.8 | 16.5 | 16.0 | 16.4 | 16.7 | 17.1 | 17.3 | 20.1 | 20.4 | 19.6 | 20.0 | 21.9 | 20.9 | 17.1 | 20.7 | 20.4 | 19.1 | 17.5 | 16.8 | 16.0 |
Defense Spending % Change | -0.1 | +1.6 | +0.2 | +7.8 | +4.0 | +10.1 | +8.2 | +26.0 | +7.6 | +3.1 | +10.0 | +12.5 | +11.3 | +0.2 | +3.4 | -0.6 | -5.0 | -10.5 | +0.6 | +3.8 |
Budget for 2011
For the 2011 fiscal year, the president's base budget for the Department of Defense and spending on "overseas contingency operations" combine to bring the sum to US$664.84 billion.[2][3]
When the budget was signed into law on 28 October 2009, the final size of the Department of Defense's budget was $680 billion, $16 billion more than President Obama had requested.[4] An additional $37 billion supplemental bill to support the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan was expected to pass in the spring of 2010, but has been delayed by the House of Representatives after passing the Senate.[5][6]
Emergency and supplemental spending
The recent invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan were largely funded through supplementary spending bills outside the federal budget, which are not included in the military budget figures listed below.[7] However, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were categorized as "overseas contingency operations" in the starting of the fiscal year 2010, and the budget is included in the federal budget.[citation needed]
By the end of 2008, the U.S. had spent approximately $900 billion in direct costs on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The government also incurred indirect costs, which include interests on additional debt and incremental costs, financed by the Veterans Administration, of caring for more than 33,000 wounded. Some experts estimate the indirect costs will eventually exceed the direct costs.[8] As of June 2011, the total cost of the wars was approximately $1.3 trillion.[9]
By title
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/USA_2010_Military_Budget_Spending.jpg/220px-USA_2010_Military_Budget_Spending.jpg)
The federally budgeted (see below) military expenditure of the United States Department of Defense for fiscal year 2013 are as follows. While data is provided from the 2015 budget, data for 2014 and 2015 is estimated, and thus data is shown for the last year for which definite data exists (2013).[1]
Components | Funding | Change, 2012 to 2013 |
Operations and maintenance | $258.277 billion | -9.9% |
Military Personnel | $153.531 billion | -3.0% |
Procurement | $97.757 billion | -17.4% |
Research, Development, Testing & Evaluation | $63.347 billion | -12.1% |
Military Construction | $8.069 billion | -29.0% |
Family Housing | $1.483 billion | -12.2% |
Other Miscellaneous Costs | $2.775 billion | -59.5% |
Atomic energy defense activities | $17.424 billion | -4.8% |
Defense-related activities | $7.433 billion | -3.8% |
Total Spending | $610.096 billion | -10.5% |
By entity
Entity | 2010 Budget request[10] | Percentage of Total | Notes |
Army | $244.8 billion | 31.8% | |
Marine Corps | $40.6 billion | 4% | Total Budget taken allotted from Department of Navy |
Navy | $379.8 billion | 43.4% | excluding Marine Corps |
Air Force | $170.6 billion | 22% | |
Defense Intelligence | $80.1 billion[11] | 3.3% | Because of classified nature, budget is an estimate and may not be the actual figure |
Defense Wide Joint Activities | $118.7 billion | 15.5% |
Programs spending more than $1.5 billion
The Department of Defense's FY 2011 $137.5 billion procurement and $77.2 billion RDT&E budget requests included several programs with more than $1.5 billion.
Program | 2011 Budget request[12] | Change, 2010 to 2011 |
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter | $11.4 billion | +2.1% |
Ballistic Missile Defense (Aegis, THAAD, PAC-3) | $9.9 billion | +7.3% |
Virginia class submarine | $5.4 billion | +28.0% |
Brigade Combat Team Modernization | $3.2 billion | +21.8% |
DDG 51 Burke-class Aegis Destroyer | $3.0 billion | +19.6% |
P–8A Poseidon | $2.9 billion | −1.6% |
V-22 Osprey | $2.8 billion | −6.5% |
Carrier Replacement Program | $2.7 billion | +95.8% |
F/A-18E/F Hornet | $2.0 billion | +17.4% |
Predator and Reaper Unmanned Aerial System | $1.9 billion | +57.8% |
Littoral combat ship | $1.8 billion | +12.5% |
CVN Refueling and Complex Overhaul | $1.7 billion | −6.0% |
Chemical Demilitarization | $1.6 billion | −7.0% |
RQ-4 Global Hawk | $1.5 billion | +6.7% |
Space-Based Infrared System | $1.5 billion | +54.0% |
Other military-related expenditures
This does not include many military-related items that are outside of the Defense Department budget, such as nuclear weapons research, maintenance, cleanup, and production, which are in the Atomic Energy Defense Activities section,[15] Veterans Affairs, the Treasury Department's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families, interest on debt incurred in past wars, or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily-related development assistance. Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature, such as the Department of Homeland Security, counter-terrorism spending by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and intelligence-gathering spending by NSA.
Audit of 2011 budget
Again in 2011, the GAO could not "render an opinion on the 2011 consolidated financial statements of the federal government", with a major obstacle again being "serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense (DOD) that made its financial statements unauditable".[16]
In December 2011, the GAO found that "neither the Navy nor the Marine Corps have implemented effective processes for reconciling their FBWT." According to the GAO, "An agency’s FBWT account is similar in concept to a corporate bank account. The difference is that instead of a cash balance, FBWT represents unexpended spending authority in appropriations." In addition, "As of April 2011, there were more than $22 billion unmatched disbursements and collections affecting more than 10,000 lines of accounting."[17]
Audit of implementation of budget for 2010
The US Government Accountability Office (GAO) was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the US Government because of 'widespread material internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations'.[18] The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion 'serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable'.[18]
In FY 2010, six out of thirty-three DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.[19]
Chief financial officer and Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise-wide problems with systems and processes,[20] while the DoD's Inspector General reported 'material internal control weaknesses ... that affect the safeguarding of assets, proper use of funds, and impair the prevention and identification of fraud, waste, and abuse'.[21] Further management discussion in the FY 2010 DoD Financial Report states 'it is not feasible to deploy a vast number of accountants to manually reconcile our books' and concludes that 'although the financial statements are not auditable for FY 2010, the Department's financial managers are meeting warfighter needs'.[22]
Budget for 2016
On February 9, 2016, the US Department of Defense under President Obama released a statement outlining the proposed 2016 and 2017 defense spending budgets that "[reflect] the priorities necessary for our force today and in the future to best serve and protect our nation in a rapidly changing security environment."[23]
Components | Dollars In Billions |
---|---|
Military Personnel | 138.6 |
Operation and Maintenance | 244.4 |
Procurement | 118.9 |
RDT&E | 69.0 |
Revolving and Management Funds | 1.3 |
Military Construction | 6.9 |
Family Housing | 1.3 |
Total | 580.3 |
Departments | Dollars in Billions |
---|---|
Army | 146.9 |
Navy | 168.8 |
Air Force | 161.8 |
Defense Wide | 102.8 |
Total | 580.3 |
Budget request for FY2018
On March 16, 2017 President Trump submitted his request to Congress for $639 billion in military spending—$54 billion—which represents a 10 percent increase—for FY 2018 as well as $30 billion for FY2017 which ends in September. With a total federal budget of $3.9 trillion for FY2018, the increase in military spending would result in deep cuts to many other federal agencies and domestic programs, as well as the State Department.[24][24][25][26][27][28] Trump had pledged to "rebuild" the military as part of his 2016 Presidential campaign.[29]
In April 2017, journalist Scot J. Paltrow raised concerns about the increase in spending with the Pentagon's history of "faulty accounting".[30]
On the 14th of July, H.R. 2810 the National Defense Authorization Act 2018 was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives 344 - 8, with 8 not voting. 60% of Democrats voted for this bill, which represented an 18% increase in defense spending. The Congress increased the budget to total 696 billion dollars.
Budget request for FY2017
The currently available budget request for 2017 was filed on February 9, 2016,[23][31] under now former-President Barack Obama.
The press release of the proposal specifies the structure and goals for the Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 budget:
The FY 2017 budget reflects recent strategic threats and changes that have taken place in Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Russian aggression, terrorism by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and others, and China’s island building and claims of sovereignty in international waters all necessitate changes in our strategic outlook and in our operational commitments. Threats and actions originating in Iran and North Korea negatively affect our interests and our allies. These challenges have sharpened the focus of our planning and budgeting.[23]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2017_Request_Budget_Breakdown_Fig_1.jpg/220px-2017_Request_Budget_Breakdown_Fig_1.jpg)
The proposal also includes a comparison of the 2016 and the proposed 2017 request amounts, a summary of acquisitions requested for 2017 and enacted in 2016, and provides in detail a breakdown of specific programs to be funded.
Investments
FY 2016 Enacted | FY 2017 Request | Change | |
---|---|---|---|
Aircraft and Related Systems | 50.6 | 45.3 | -5.3 |
C4I Systems | 7.1 | 7.4 | 0.3 |
Ground Systems | 9.9 | 9.8 | -0.1 |
Missile Defense Programs | 9.1 | 8.5 | -0.6 |
Missiles and Munitions | 12.7 | 13.9 | 1.2 |
Mission Support | 52.9 | 52.4 | -0.5 |
Science & Technology (S&T) | 13.0 | 12.5 | -0.5 |
Shipbuilding and Maritime Systems | 27.5 | 27.0 | -0.5 |
Space-Based Systems | 7.0 | 7.1 | 0.1 |
Rescissions | -1.8 | - | +1.8 |
Total | 188 | 183.9 | -4.1 |
Amounts are in $ billions.
Major Acquisition Programs
These are the top 25 DoD weapon programs described in detail:
FY 2016 | FY 2017 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Qty | $ | Qty | $ | ||
Aircraft | |||||
F-35 | Joint Strike Fighter | 68 | 11.6 | 63 | 10.5 |
KC-46A | Tanker | 12 | 3.0 | 15 | 3.3 |
P-8A | Poseidon | 17 | 3.4 | 11 | 2.2 |
V-22 | Osprey | 20 | 1.6 | 16 | 1.5 |
E-2D AHE | Advanced Hawkeye | 5 | 1.2 | 6 | 1.4 |
AH-64E | Apache Helicopter | 64 | 1.4 | 52 | 1.1 |
C/HC/MC-130J | Hercules | 29 | 2.4 | 14 | 1.3 |
UH-60 | Black Hawk Helicopter | 107 | 1.8 | 36 | 1.0 |
CH-53K | King Stallion Helicopter | -- | 0.6 | 2 | 0.8 |
MQ-4C | Triton | 4 | 1.0 | 2 | 0.8 |
H-1 Upgrades | Bell Helicopter | 29 | 0.9 | 24 | 0.8 |
NGJ | Next Generation Jammer Increment 1 | -- | 0.4 | -- | 0.6 |
CH-47F | Chinook Helicopter | 39 | 1.1 | 22 | 0.7 |
Missile Defense/Missiles | |||||
BMDS | Ballistic Missile Defense | -- | 7.7 | -- | 6.9 |
Trident II | Trident II Missile Modifications | -- | 1.2 | -- | 1.2 |
AMRAAM | Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile | 429 | 0.7 | 419 | 0.7 |
Ships | |||||
SSN 774 | VIRGINIA Submarine | 2 | 5.7 | 2 | 5.3 |
DDG 51 | AEGIS Destroyer | 2 | 4.4 | 2 | 3.5 |
CVN 78 | FORD Aircraft Carrier | -- | 2.8 | -- | 2.8 |
ORR | Ohio Replacement | -- | 1.4 | -- | 1.9 |
LHA-6 | Amphibious Assault Ship | -- | 0.5 | 1 | 1.6 |
LCS | Littoral Combat Ship | 3 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.6 |
Space | |||||
AEHF | Advanced Extremely High Frequency Satellite | -- | 0.6 | -- | 0.9 |
EELV | Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle | 4 | 1.5 | 5 | 1.8 |
Trucks | |||||
JLTV | Joint Light Tactical Vehicle | 804 | 0.4 | 2,020 | 0.7 |
$ in billions, Qty being the number of items requested.
Science and Technology Program
This program's purpose is to "invest in and develop capabilities that advance the technical superiority of the U.S. Military to counter new and emerging threats.".[31] It has a budget of $12.5 billion, but is apart from the overall Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) portfolio, which compromises $71.8 billion. Efforts funded apply to the Obama administration's refocusing of the US military to Asia, identifying investments to "sustain and advance [the] DoD's military dominance for the 21st century", counter the "technological advances of U.S. foes",[31] and support Manufacturing Initiative institutes. A breakdown of the amounts provided, by tier of research, is provided:
Program | FY 2016 Request | FY 2016 Enacted | FY 2017 Request | Change (FY16 Enacted - FY17 Request) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Research | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 | -0.2 |
Applied Research | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.8 | -0.2 |
Advanced Technology Development | 5.5 | 5.7 | 5.6 | -0.1 |
Total | 12.3 | 13.0 | 12.5 | -0.5 |
Total Budget by Department
Total Budget | FY 2016 Enacted | FY 2017 Request | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Army | 146,928,044 | 148,033,950 | +1,105,906 |
Navy | 168,786,798 | 164,861,078 | -3,925,720 |
Air Force | 161,783,330 | 166,879,239 | +5,095,909 |
Defense-Wide | 102,801,512 | 102,927,320 | +125,808 |
Total | 580,299,684 | 582,701,587 | +2,401,903 |
Amounts in Thousands of $USD
Total Budget of Military
Total Budget | FY 2016 Enacted | FY 2017 Request | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Military Personnel | 138,552,886 | 138,831,498 | +278,612 |
Operation and Maintenance | 244,434,932 | 250,894,310 | +6,459,378 |
Procurement | 118,866,320 | 112,081,088 | -6,785,232 |
RDT&E* | 69,009,764 | 71,765,940 | +2,756,176 |
Revolving and Management Funds | 1,264,782 | 1,512,246 | +247,464 |
Military Construction | 6,909,712 | 6,296,653 | -613,059 |
Family Housing | 1,261,288 | 1,319,852 | +58,564 |
Total | 580,299,684 | 582,701,587 | +2,401,903 |
*Research, Development, Test and Evaluation
Amounts in thousands of $USD
Funding of payments and benefits
This portion of the military budget comprises roughly one third to one half of the total defense budget, considering only military personnel or additionally including civilian personnel, respectively. These expenditures "will likely always be, the single largest expense category for the Department." Since 2001, military pay and benefits have increased by 85%, but remained roughly one third of the total budget due to an overall increased budget. Military pay remains at about the 70th percentile compared to the private sector to attract sufficient amounts of qualified personnel.[32]
Military Pay and Benefits Funding | FY 2016 Enacted | FY 2017 Request |
---|---|---|
Military Personnel Appropriations | 128.7 | 128.9 |
Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Care Accruals | 6.6 | 6.4 |
Defense Health Program | 32.9 | 33.8 |
DoD Education Activity | 3.1 | 2.9 |
Family Housing | 1.3 | 1.3 |
Commissary Subsidy | 1.4 | 1.2 |
Other Benefit Programs | 3.5 | 3.4 |
Military Pay and Benefits Funding | 177.5 | 177.9 |
Civilian Pay and Benefits Funding | 71.8 | 72.9 |
Total Pay and Benefits Funding | 249.3 | 250.8 |
DoD Base Budget Authority | 521.7 | 523.9 |
Military Pay and Benefits as % of Budget | 34.0% | 34.0% |
Total Pay and Benefits as % of Budget | 47.8% | 47.9% |
Funding the military health system
The request for 2017 amounts to $48.8 billion. The system has 9.4 million beneficiaries, including active, retired, and eligible Reserve Component military personnel and their families, and dependent survivors.[32]
Program | FY 2017 Request |
---|---|
Defense Health (DHP) | 33.5 |
Military Personnel | 8.6 |
Military Construction | 0.3 |
Health Care Accrual | 6.4 |
Unified Medical Budget | 48.8 |
Support service contractors
The role of support service contractors has increased since 2001 and in 2007 payments for contractor services exceeded investments in equipment for the armed forces for the first time.[33] In the 2010 budget, the support service contractors will be reduced from the current 39 percent of the workforce down to the pre-2001 level of 26 percent.[34] In a Pentagon review of January 2011, service contractors were found to be "increasingly unaffordable."[35]
Military budget and total US federal spending
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/U.S._Federal_Spending.png/350px-U.S._Federal_Spending.png)
The U.S. Department of Defense budget accounted in fiscal year 2010 for about 19% of the United States federal budgeted expenditures and 28% of estimated tax revenues. Including non-DOD expenditures, military spending was approximately 28–38% of budgeted expenditures and 42–57% of estimated tax revenues.[citation needed] According to the Congressional Budget Office, defense spending grew 9% annually on average from fiscal year 2000–2009.[36]
Because of constitutional limitations, military funding is appropriated in a discretionary spending account. (Such accounts permit government planners to have more flexibility to change spending each year, as opposed to mandatory spending accounts that mandate spending on programs in accordance with the law, outside of the budgetary process.) In recent years, discretionary spending as a whole has amounted to about one-third of total federal outlays.[37] Department of Defense spending's share of discretionary spending was 50.5% in 2003, and has risen to between 53% and 54% in recent years.[38]
For FY 2010, Department of Defense spending amounts to 4.7% of GDP.[39] Because the U.S. GDP has grown over time, the military budget can rise in absolute terms while shrinking as a percentage of the GDP. For example, the Department of Defense budget is slated to be $664 billion in 2010 (including the cost of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan previously funded through supplementary budget legislation[40][41]), higher than at any other point in American history, but still 1.1–1.4% lower as a percentage of GDP than the amount spent on military during the peak of Cold-War military spending in the late 1980s.[39] Admiral Mike Mullen, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has called four percent an "absolute floor".[42] This calculation does not take into account some other military-related non-DOD spending, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, and interest paid on debt incurred in past wars, which has increased even as a percentage of the national GDP.
In 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion. Military expenditures exceed the total amount of funds allocated to support social security, transportation, unemployment, labor, science, energy and the environment, international affairs, housing, veteran’s benefits, medicare, education.
In addition, the United States will spend at least $179 billion over the fiscal years of 2010-2018 on its nuclear arsenal, averaging $20 billion per year. Despite President Barack Obama’s attempts in the media to reduce the scope of the current nuclear arms race, the U.S. intends to spend an additional $1 trillion over the next 30 years modernizing its nuclear arsenal.
In September 2017 the United States Senate followed President Donald Trump’s plan to expand military spending, which will boost spending to $700 billion, about 91.4% of which will be spent on maintaining the armed forces and primary Pentagon costs.[43] Military spending is increasing regularly and more money is being spent every year on employee pay, operation and maintenance, and benefits including as health benefits. In just seven years all of the military’s money across all branches will go to cover the aforementioned costs. There will be no additional money to build anything new the military may need, from bases to aircraft carriers.[44] Methods to counteract rapidly increasing spending include shutting down bases, but that has been banned since an Obama administration Budget Act included a section that stopped just that.[45]
Federal waste
As of September 2014, the Department of Defense was estimated to have “$857 million in excess parts and supplies”.[46] This figure has risen over the past years and of the Pentagon waste that has been calculated, two figures that are especially worth mentioning is the expenditure of “$150 million on private villas for a handful of Pentagon employees in Afghanistan and the procurement of the JLENS air-defense balloon” which, throughout the program’s development over the past two decades, is estimated to have cost $2.7 billion.[46] Also, it is important to note that the JLENS air-balloon still does not function properly.
One problem with military spending is waste that comes from poor cost estimation. Because the armed forces are seemingly unable to properly estimate costs, then it ends up wasting billions of dollars annually. What is more, there instances such as in the research and development department where costs are underestimated which leads to a waste of a different kind: time. Without the appropriate resources, researchers cannot do their job adequately. What this can lead to is employees not working as efficiently as possible.[47]
Comparison with other countries
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Top_ten_military_expenditures_in_%24_in_2013.jpg/350px-Top_ten_military_expenditures_in_%24_in_2013.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_percentage_of_GDP.png/270px-Map_of_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_percentage_of_GDP.png)
The United States spends more on their defense budget than China, Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United Kingdom, India, France, and Japan combined.[49] The 2009 U.S. military budget accounts for approximately 40% of global arms spending. The 2012 budget is 6–7 times larger than the $106 billion military budget of China. The United States and its close allies are responsible for two-thirds to three-quarters of the world's military spending (of which, in turn, the U.S. is responsible for the majority).[50][51][52] The US also maintains the largest number of military bases on foreign soil across the world.[53] While there are no freestanding foreign bases permanently located in the United States, there are now around 800 U.S. bases in foreign countries. Military spending makes up nearly 16% percent of entire federal spending and approximately half of discretionary spending. In a general sense discretionary spending (defense and non-defense spending) makes up one-third of the annual federal budget.[54]
In 2015, out of its budget of 1.11 trillion, the United States spent $598 billion on military. U.S. defense spending is equivalent to the next seven largest military budgets—India, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China—combined.
In 2017, the U.S. military budget is 773.5 billion and is estimated to increase in the upcoming years.
In 2005, the United States spent 4.06% of its GDP on its military (considering only basic Department of Defense budget spending), more than France's 2.6% and less than Saudi Arabia's 10%.[55]information 2006 This is historically low for the United States since it peaked in 1944 at 37.8% of GDP (it reached the lowest point of 3.0% in 1999–2001). Even during the peak of the Vietnam War the percentage reached a high of 9.4% in 1968.[56]
The US Military’s budget has plateaued in 2009, but is still considerably larger than any other military power.
As compared with other countries, the United States spends billions more than its closest competitor, China, and more than the next 5 countries, China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, India, and France put together. Military spending is important to the Trump administration and it is unlikely that he has any reason to curb it. In addition, military spending is popular with 2017 House Speaker Paul Ryan, showing that U.S. military spending will continue to stay high as compared with other countries.[57]
Past commentary on military budget
In 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote that the U.S. should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world: "What all these potential adversaries—from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers—have in common is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional military terms. The United States cannot take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest in the programs, platforms, and personnel that will ensure that dominance's persistence. But it is also important to keep some perspective. As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold War, for example, in terms of tonnage, its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies combined—and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners."[58] Secretary Gates announced some of his budget recommendations in April 2009.[59]
According to a 2009 Congressional Research Service there was a discrepancy between a budget that is declining as a percentage of GDP while the responsibilities of the DoD have not decreased and additional pressures on the military budget have arisen due to broader missions in the post-9/11 world, dramatic increases in personnel and operating costs, and new requirements resulting from wartime lessons in the Iraq War and Operation Enduring Freedom.[60]
Expenses for fiscal years 2001 through 2010 were analyzed by Russell Rumbaugh, a retired Army officer and ex-CIA military analyst, in a report for the Stimson Center.[61] Rumbaugh wrote: "Between 1981 and 1990, the Air Force bought 2,063 fighters. In contrast, between 2001 and 2010, it bought only 220. Yet between 2001 and 2010 the Air Force spent $38B of procurement funding just on fighter aircraft in inflation-adjusted dollars, compared with the $68B it spent between 1981 and 1990. In other words, the Air Force spent 55 percent as much money to get 10 percent as many fighters." As Adam Weinstein explained one of the report's findings: "Of the roughly $1 trillion spent on gadgetry since 9/11, 22 percent of it came from 'supplemental' war funding — annual outlays that are voted on separately from the regular defense budget." [62]
Most of the $5 billion in budget "cuts" for 2013 that were mandated by Congress in 2012 really only shifted expenses from the general military budget to the Afghanistan war budget. Declaring that nearly 65,000 troops were temporary rather than part of the permanent forces resulted in the reallocation of $4 billion in existing expenses to this different budget.[63]
In May 2012, as part of Obama's East Asia "pivot", his 2013 national military request moved funding from the Army and Marines to favor the Navy, but the Congress has resisted this.[64]
Reports emerged in February 2014 that Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel was planning to trim the defense budget by billions of dollars. The secretary in his first defense budget planned to limit pay rises, increase fees for healthcare benefits, freeze the pay of senior officers, and reduce military housing allowances. A reduction in the number of soldiers serving in the U.S. Army would reduce the size of the force to levels not seen since prior to the start of World War II.[65]
In July 2014, American Enterprise Institute scholar Michael Auslin opined in the National Review that the Air Force needs to be fully funded as a priority, due to the air superiority, global airlift, and long-range strike capabilities it provides.[66]
In January 2015 Defense Department published its internal study on how to save $125 billion on its military budget from 2016 to 2020 by renegotiating vendor contracts and pushing for stronger deals, and by offering workers early retirement and retraining.[67]
2012 fiscal cliff
On 5 December 2012, the Department of Defense announced it was planning for automatic spending cuts, which include $500 billion and an additional $487 billion due to the 2011 Budget Control Act, due to the fiscal cliff.[68][69][70][71][72] According to Politico, the Department of Defense declined to explain to the House of Representatives Appropriations Committee, which controls federal spending, what its plans were regarding the fiscal cliff planning.[73]
This was after half a dozen defense experts either resigned from Congress or lost their reelection fights.[74]
Lawrence Korb has noted that given recent trends military entitlements and personnel costs will take up the entire defense budget by 2039.[75]
GAO audits
The Government Accountability Office was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the U.S. government due to "widespread material internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations."[76] The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion "serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable."[77]
In Fiscal Year (FY) 2011, seven out of 33 DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.[78] Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise-wide weaknesses with controls and systems.[79] Further management discussion in the FY 2011 DoD Financial Report states "we are not able to deploy the vast numbers of accountants that would be required to reconcile our books manually".[78] Congress has established a deadline of FY 2017 for the DoD to achieve audit readiness.[80]
For FYs 1998-2010 the Department of Defense's financial statements were either unauditable or such that no audit opinion could be expressed.[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92] Several years behind other government agencies, the first results from an army of about 2,400 contracted DoD auditors are expected on November 15, 2018.[93]
Reform
In a statement of 6 January 2011 Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates stated: "This department simply cannot risk continuing down the same path – where our investment priorities, bureaucratic habits and lax attitude towards costs are increasingly divorced from the real threats of today, the growing perils of tomorrow and the nation's grim financial outlook." Gates has proposed a budget that, if approved by Congress, would reduce the costs of many DOD programs and policies, including reports, the IT infrastructure, fuel, weapon programs, DOD bureaucracies, and personnel.[94]
The 2015 expenditure for Army research, development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15, to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014.[95]
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