Products in algebraic topology

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In algebraic topology, several types of products are defined on homological and cohomological theories.

${\displaystyle H_{p}(X)\otimes H_{q}(Y)\to H_{p+q}(X\times Y)}$

${\displaystyle \frown \ :H_{p}(X;R)\times H^{q}(X;R)\rightarrow H_{p-q}(X;R)}$

${\displaystyle \backslash \ :H_{p}(X;R)\times H^{q}(X\times Y;R)\rightarrow H^{q-p}(Y;R)}$

${\displaystyle H^{p}(X)\otimes H^{q}(X)\to H^{p+q}(X)}$

This product can be understood as induced by the exterior product of differential forms in de Rham cohomology. It makes the singular cohomology of a connected manifold into a unitary supercommutative ring.

• Singular homology
• Differential graded algebra: the algebraic structure arising on the cochain level for the cup product
• Poincaré duality: swaps some of these
• Intersection theory: for a similar theory in algebraic geometry

• Hatcher, A., Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press (2002) ISBN 0-521-79540-0, especially chapter 3.