Mongondow language
| Mongondow | |
|---|---|
| Bolaang Mongondow | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Sulawesi |
| Ethnicity | Mongondow people |
Native speakers | 230,000 (2000 census)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mog |
| Glottolog | mong1342 |
Mongondow, or Bolaang Mongondow, is one of the Philippine languages spoken in Bolaang Mongondow Regency and neighbouring regencies of North Sulawesi (Celebes) and Gorontalo Provinces, Indonesia.[2] With more than 200,000 speakers, it is the major language of the regency. Historically, it served as the official language of the Bolaang Mongondow Kingdom.[3]
There is some lexical influence from Malay and Ternate,[4][5][6] as well as the Indonesian national language.[7] It is a threatened language, with a shift to Manado Malay in the younger generation.[8] The moribund Lolak language has borrowed much of its lexicon from Mongondow, but appears to be more closely related to Gorontalo.[9][10]
Phonology
Mongondow has the following phoneme inventory:[11]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | (d͡ʒ) | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
The lateral /l/ is pronounced as alveolar [l] when adjacent to the front vowels /e/, /i/. In all other environments, it is a retroflex [ɭ].[12]
Grammar
Pronouns
The personal pronouns are:[13]
| nominative | genitive | oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.sg. | akuoy | -ku | inako' |
| 2.sg. | iko | -mu | inimu |
| 3.sg. | sia | -ea/-nya | inia |
| 1.pl.inclusive | kita | -naton | inaton |
| 1.pl.exclusive | kami | -nami | inami |
| 2.pl. | mo'iko kamu-* |
-monimu -namu-* |
imonimu -inamu-* |
| 3.pl. | mosia taya-* |
-monia -naya-* |
imonia inaya-* |
| * kamu-, taya- etc. are used with suffixed numerals, e.g. taya-tolu 'the three of them' | |||
Numerals
| 1 | inta' / mita'[14] |
|---|---|
| 2 | dua' / doyowa' |
| 3 | tolu' |
| 4 | opat |
| 5 | lima |
| 6 | onom |
| 7 | pitu |
| 8 | ualu |
| 9 | siow |
| 10 | mopulu' |
| 11 | mopulu' bo mita' |
| 12 (...) |
mopulu' bo doyowa' |
| 20 | doyowa no pulu' |
| 21 (...) |
doyowa no pulu' bo mita' |
| 30 | tolu no pulu' |
| 40 (...) |
opat no pulu' |
| 100 | mogatut |
| 200 (...) |
doyowa no gatut |
| 1000 | tongo ribu |
| 2000 (...) |
doyowa no ribu |
References
- ^ Mongondow at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Christopher Moseley (2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1357-9640-2.
- ^ Sneddon (1991), p. 301.
- ^ Dunnebier (1929a), p. 312.
- ^ Sneddon (1989), p. 92.
- ^ Babcock (1990), p. 192.
- ^ Usup et al. (1981), p. 213.
- ^ Korompot, Chairil Anwar (10–11 September 2008), "Menyelamatkan Bahasa Bolaang-Mongondow", Tribun Totabuan (in Indonesian)
- ^ Sneddon (1991).
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019), "Lolak", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22 ed.), Dallas, Texas: SIL International, archived from the original on 2019-06-06
- ^ Dunnebier (1929a), p. 297.
- ^ Dunnebier (1929a), pp. 317–324.
- ^ Dunnebier (1930), pp. 105–111.
- ^ Dunnebier (1930), pp. 75ff..
Bibliography
- Dunnebier, W. (1929a). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 85 (1): 297–468. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001486.
- Dunnebier, W. (1929b). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Tweede gedeelte)" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (second part)]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 85 (1): 524–621. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001490.
- Dunnebier, W. (1930). "Spraakkunst van het Bolaang Mongondowsch (Slot)" [Bolaang Mongondow Grammar (final part)]. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (in Dutch). 86 (1): 42–177. doi:10.1163/22134379-90001466.
- Sneddon, J.N. (1989). "The North Sulawesi microgroups: In search of higher level connections". In Sneddon, J.N. (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics I. NUSA 31. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA. pp. 83–107.
- Sneddon, J.N. (1991). "The position of Lolak". In Harlow, Ray (ed.). VICAL 2. Western Austronesian and Contact Languages. Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand. pp. 299–318. ISBN 0-908928-00-9. OCLC 59606647.
- Usup, Hunggu Tadjuddin; Rompas, Henkie; Kuhon, J.; Moningkey-Rumambi, S.V.; Toding Datu, M.M.; Rattu, A.B.G. (1981). Morfologi dan Sintaksis bahasa Bolaang Mongondow (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. OCLC 568558060.
- Babcock, Tim (1990). "History: Colonial Stronghold in the North". In Volkman, Toby Alice; Caldwell, Ian (eds.). Sulawesi: Island Crossroads of Indonesia. Lincolnwood: Passport Books. pp. 192–193. ISBN 0-8442-9906-5. OCLC 26056424.
External links
- Website about Mongondow grammar
- Mead, David, "Mongondow", Sulawesi Language Alliance