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First page of the magazine Güleryüz , an example of magazines that supported the Turkish National Movement
Media during the Turkish War of Independence refers to the political attitudes of newspapers and magazines that were published in Anatolia and Constantinople during the Turkish War of Independence between the Armistice of Mudros (1919) and the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).
Background
After the World War I , the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by the Entente . The Turkish National Movement in Anatolia culminated in the formation of the Grand National Assembly (GNA; Turkish: Büyük Millet Meclisi [BMM] ) by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. After the end of the Turkish–Armenian , Franco-Turkish and Greco-Turkish fronts (often referred to as the Eastern Front, the Southern Front, and the Western Front of the war, respectively), the Treaty of Sèvres was abandoned and the Treaties of Kars (October 1921) and Lausanne (July 1923) were signed. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace , and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.
During this period, an important amount of newspapers and magazines published in region supported the Turkish National Movement . Initially, because of the occupation of city , the mass media in Istanbul was unable to write subjects such as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , Kuva-yi Milliye , War of Independence and Grand National Assembly of Turkey . Some newspapers even openly supported the occupation by trying to convince the people to not resist.[ 1] There were also many newspapers and magazines owned by minorities who mostly supported a mandate rule over Anatolia and named Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs".[ 2]
List
Constantinople
Name
Center
Type
Frequency
Notes
Ahvâl
Constantinople
Newspaper
Irregular
Akbaba
Constantinople
Newspaper
Twice per week
Akşam
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Formed by Necmettin Sadak and Ali Naci
Alay
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Formed by Ercüment Ekrem Talu and Aka Gündüz
Asildar
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Asker Hocası
Constantinople
Newspaper
Biweekly
Aydede
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Âyine
Constantinople
Magazine
Aydınlık
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Beşer ve Tabiat
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Bugün
Constantinople
Newspaper
Monthly
Büyük Mecmua
Constantinople
Magazine
Biweekly
Cadı
Constantinople
Newspaper
Twice per week
Ceride-i Havadis
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Ceride-i Şikâyât
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Dergâh
Constantinople
Magazine
Biweekly
Dersaadet
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Diken
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Edebî Mecmua
Constantinople
Magazine
Weekly
Efkâr-ı Umumiye
Constantinople
Newspaper
Biweekly
Fırtına
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Güleryüz
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Launched by Sedat Simavi
Habl-i Metin
Constantinople
Magazine
Hâdisât
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Halk Sadâsı
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Hukuk-ı Beşer
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
İdrâk
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
İfhâm
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
İkdam
Constantinople
Newspaper
Everyday
Established by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu , Hüseyin Cahit (Yalçın) and Hüseyin Rahmi
İleri
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Established by Celal Nuri İleri
İstiklâl
Constantinople
Newspaper
Irregular
Karagöz
Constantinople
Magazine
Biweekly
It published 4785 issues between the Second Constitutional Era and 1955 and supported the Turkish National Movement.
Memleket
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Millî Mecmua
Constantinople
Magazine
Biweekly
Minber
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Müşterek Newspaper
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Resimli Newspaper
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Sebilürreşad
Istanbul-Kayseri -Ankara
Constantinople
Irregular
Established by Mehmet Akif (Ersoy)
Servet-i Fünun
Constantinople
Newspaper-Magazine
Weekly
Tanin
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Formed by Hüseyin Cahit
Tercüman-ı Hakikat
Constantinople
Newspaper
Everyday
Tevhid-i Efkâr (Tasvîr-i Efkâr )
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Türk Dünyası
Constantinople
Newspaper
Weekly
Vakit
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Established by Ahmet Emin Yalman and Mehmet Asım Us
Vatan
Constantinople
Newspaper
Daily
Yarın
Constantinople
Magazine
Weekly
Yeni Mecmua
Constantinople
Magazine
Weekly
Anatolia
Name
Center
Type
Frequency
Notes
Ferda
Adana
Newspaper
Twice every week
Hayat
Adana
Newspaper
Thrice every week
Millî Mefkure
Adana
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Tok Söz
Adana
Newspaper
Everyday
Adapazarı
Adapazarı
Newspaper
Once every week
Afyon'da Nur
Afyonkarahisar
Magazine
Once every month
İkâz
Afyonkarahisar
Newspaper
Everyday
Söz Birliği
Afyonkarahisar
Newspaper
Irregular
Amasya'da Emel
Amasya
Newspaper
Once every week
Ana Türk Yurdu
Ankara
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Anadolu Duygusu
Ankara
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Anadolu Terbiye Mecmuası
Ankara
Magazine
Once every month
Anadolu'da Peyâm-ı Sabah
Ankara
Newspaper
Once every week
Anadolu'da Yeni Gün
Ankara
Newspaper
Everyday
It was later renamed to Cumhuriyet
Anavatan Mecmuası
Ankara
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Bozkurt
Ankara
Magazine
Once every week
Hakimiyet-i Milliye
Ankara
Newspaper
Everyday
Established by Atatürk in 1920. It was the semi-official newspaper of TBMM . It was renamed Ulus in 1934. The first editor was Ahmet Ağaoğlu .[ 3] [ 4] [ 5]
Kavânîn Mecmuası
Ankara
Magazine
Irregular
Mefkure
Ankara
Magazine
Once every week
Millî Ordu
Ankara
Magazine
Once every month
Şark'ın Sesi
Ankara
Newspaper
Everyday
Anadolu'da Kalem
Ankara
Newspaper
Once every week
Yeşil Yuva
Ardahan
Magazine
Once every month
Aydın İli
Aydın
Newspaper
Once every two days
Doğru Söz
Balıkesir
Newspaper
Once every week
İzmir'e Doğru
Balıkesir
Newspaper
Twice every week
Zafer-i Millî
Balıkesir
Newspaper
Thrice every week
Dertli
Bolu
Newspaper
Once every week
Gamlı
Bolu
Magazine
Once every week
Millî Gaye
Bolu
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Türkoğlu
Bolu
Newspaper
Irregular
Arkadaş
Bursa
Newspaper
Irregular
Bursa Mecmuası
Bursa
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Ertuğrul
Bursa
Newspaper
Once every week
Hakikat
Bursa
Newspaper
Thrice every week
İntibah
Bursa
Newspaper
Everyday
Kardeş
Bursa
Newspaper
Once every week
Millet Yolu
Bursa
Newspaper
Twice every week
Peyâm-ı Sabah
Bursa
Published a single issue
Halk Yolu
Çankırı
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Nazikter
Daday
Newspaper
Once every week
Küçük Mecmua
Diyarbakır
Magazine
Once every week
Arda
Edirne
Newspaper
Twice every week
İtilâf
Edirne
Newspaper
Everyday
Paşaeli-Trakya
Edirne
Newspaper
Once every week
Satvet-i Milliyye
Elazığ
Newspaper
Once every week
Albayrak
Erzurum
Newspaper
Twice every week
Ahrar
Eskişehir
Newspaper
Once every week
Hatif
Eskişehir
Newspaper
Irregular
İmdad
Eskişehir
Newspaper
Irregular
İstiklâl
Eskişehir
Newspaper
Once every week
Metanet
Eskişehir
Newspaper
Irregular
Gedikkaya
Giresun
Newspaper
Once every week
Işık
Giresun
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Karadeniz
Giresun
Newspaper
Once every week
Yeni Giresun
Giresun
Newspaper
Thrice every week
Güzel İnebolu
İnebolu
Newspaper
Once every week
İnebolu
Ahenk
İzmir
Newspaper
Everyday
Akdeniz
İzmir
Newspaper
Once every week
Anadolu
İzmir
Newspaper
Everyday
Antalya'da Anadolu
İzmir
Newspaper
Everyday
Cumartesi
İzmir
Newspaper
Once every week
Efe
İzmir
Newspaper
Irregular
Halka Doğru Mecmuası
İzmir
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Hilâl
İzmir
Newspaper
Everyday
Hukuk-ı Beşer
İzmir
Newspaper
Everyday
Islahat
İzmir
Newspaper
Everyday
Sulh ve Selâmet
İzmir
Newspaper
Everyday
Şark
İzmir
Newspaper
Everyday
Yeni İzmir
İzmir
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Açıksöz
Kastamonu
Newspaper
Everyday
Gençlik
Kastamonu
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Kastamonu
Kastamonu
Newspaper
Once every week
Kayseri Gazetesi
Kayseri
Newspaper
Once every week
Misâk-ı Millî
Kayseri
Newspaper
Everyday
Babalık
Konya
Newspaper
Twice every week
Hak Yolu
Konya
Magazine
Once every 10 days
Halk
Konya
Newspaper
Everyday
İntibah
Konya
Newspaper
6 times every week
Öğüt
Konya
Newspaper
Everyday
Wilson
Manisa
Newspaper
Irregular
Amâl-i Milliye
Kahramanmaraş
Newspaper
Twice every week
Tecelli
Merzifon
Newspaper
Once every 15 days
Menteşe
Muğla
Newspaper
Twice every week
Azim
Ordu
Newspaper
Twice every week
Güneş
Ordu
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Muvaffakiyet-i Milliyye
Ordu
Newspaper
Twice every week
Ordu Bucak
Ordu
Newspaper
Twice every week
Yeni Adana
Pozantı
Newspaper
Everyday
Ahâli
Samsun
Newspaper
Irregular
Aks-i Sadâ
Samsun
Newspaper
Thrice every week
Fırtına
Samsun
Newspaper
Once every week
Hayat
Samsun
Newspaper
Everyday
Samsun'da Hilâl
Samsun
Newspaper
Twice every week
Varlık
Sarıkamış
Newspaper
Twice every week
Birlik
Sivas
Newspaper
Once every week
Dilek
Sivas
Newspaper
Once every 15 days
Gaye-i Milliye
Sivas
Newspaper
Everyday
İrâde-i Milliye
Sivas
Newspaper
Everyday
Fecir
Trabzon
Magazine
Once every 15 days
Güzel Trabzon
Trabzon
Newspaper
Thrice every week
Hak
Trabzon
Newspaper
Irregular
İkbâl
Trabzon
Newspaper
Twice every week
İstikbal
Trabzon
Newspaper
Twice every week
Zafer
Trabzon
Magazine
Once every week
Other
Name
Center
Type
Frequency
Notes
Azerbaycan
Baku
Newspaper
Irregular
Sadâ-i Millet
Batumi
Newspaper
Thrice every week
Kızıl Şark
Moscow
Magazine
Once every month
Nefir
Thessaloniki
Newspaper
Once every week
Ahâli
Sofia
Newspaper
Once every other day
Constantinople
Name
Center
Type
Frequency
Notes
Alemdar
Constantinople
Newspaper
It was published between 1909 and 1922. Supported British occupation. It was formed by Refi Cevat Ulunay and Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı
Peyam-ı Sabah
Constantinople
Newspaper
It was published between 1913 and 1922, when it was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey . The main writer of newspaper was Ali Kemal , and the newspaper was known for supporting British occupation.
Istanbul
Constantinople
Newspaper
Ümit
Constantinople
Magazine
Formed by Refik Halit Karay
Anatolia
Name
Center
Type
Frequency
Notes
Ferda
Adana
It was published between 1918 and 1921. Supported the French occupation.[ 6]
Adana Postası
Adana
Newspaper
Everyday
The newspaper was abolished when the French left the region.[ 7]
Rehber
Adana
Newspaper
Once every week
Financed by the French.[ 7]
Selamet
Trabzon
İrşat
Balıkesir
Köylü
İzmir
Supported the Greek occupation
Zafer
Kastamonu
Supported the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul
Minorities
Constantinople
Name
Center
Type
Frequency
Notes
Pontos
Constantinople
Newspaper
Greek newspaper. Supported an independent Pontus .
Rönesans
Constantinople
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper. Supported the Allied occupation, and it was known for calling the Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs"
Journal d'Orient
Constantinople
Newspaper
Jewish newspaper. Did not support a specific occupation, but stated that it would accept any rule, as long as Jews had minority rights.
Anatolia
Name
Center
Type
Frequency
Notes
Telgrafos
İzmir
Newspaper
Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet .
Patris
İzmir
Newspaper
Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet .
Amolthia Kozmoz
İzmir
Newspaper
Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet .
Estia
İzmir
Newspaper
Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet .
Epota
Trabzon
Newspaper
Greek newspaper.
Pharos İanadolis
Trabzon
Newspaper
Greek newspaper.
Toros
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Kilikya
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Hayistan
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Azadamard
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Adana
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian owned newspaper. It was written in Turkish with an Armenian alphabet .
Davros
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Haygagan Tsayn
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Art
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Sakank
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Ararat
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Nor Aşharn
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Kilikya Surhantay
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Nor Serunt
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
References
Citations
^ "Milli Mücadele Başlangıcında Basın ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Basınla İlişkileri" . İşte Atatürk . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015.
^ "Azınlıklar Milli Mücadele ve Sonrası Ekonomik, Eğitim-Kültür, Basın Faaliyetleri" . www.filozof.net . Retrieved 21 December 2020 .
^ Shissler, A. Holly (2003). Between Two Empires: Ahmet Agaoglu and the New Turkey . I.B.Tauris. p. 185. ISBN 9781860648557 .
^ Schumann, Christoph (2008). Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s . BRILL. p. 192. ISBN 9789004165489 .
^ Shaw, Stanford J. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975, Volume 11 . Cambridge University Press. p. 486. ISBN 9780521291668 .
^ İslam, İbrahim. "Milli Mücadele'ye Muhalif Bir Gazete "Ferdâ" (PDF) . www.zgefdergi.com . Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2016.
^ a b Akalın, Gülseren. "Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Adana Basını" . turkoloji.cu.edu.tr . Archived from the original on 5 September 2012.
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