List of United Kingdom by-elections (2010–present)
This is a list of parliamentary by-elections in the United Kingdom since 2010, with the names of the incumbent and victor and their respective parties. Where seats changed political party at the election, the result is highlighted: blue for a Conservative gain, red for a Labour gain, orange for a Liberal Democrat gain, purple for a UKIP gain and other colours for any other gains.
As of May 2024[update], a total of 59 by-elections have been held in this period. The first was held in January 2011 and the most recent in May 2024.
Process of resignation from the House of Commons
Where the cause of by-election is given as "resignation" or "seeks re-election", this indicates that the incumbent was appointed on his or her own request to an "office of profit under the Crown", either the Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds or the Steward of the Manor of Northstead. Accepting an office of profit under the Crown vacates the member's seat.[1] This process is used because members of the House of Commons are not technically permitted to resign. A member who vacates their seat in this manner may stand for re-election.
Recall petition
A recall petition is created by advice of the Speaker of the House of Commons if an MP is suspended from the House for at least 10 sitting days, usually a result of a criminal conviction or breaking Commons Select Committee on Standards conventions. A petition is successful if at least 10 per cent of the constituency's electorate sign the petition. Successful petitions result in the MP vacating the seat, triggering a by-election.
As of March 2024, six petitions have been held under the Act, four resulting in by-elections and one being terminated early due to the MP's resignation.
By-elections
2024–present Parliament
There have not yet been any by-elections scheduled in the current Parliament.
2019–2024 Parliament
There were twenty-three by-elections in the 2019–2024 Parliament, the most by-elections in one parliament since the 1987–1992 Parliament, which had 24. Fourteen by-elections occurred in constituencies previously represented by the governing Conservatives, seven in constituencies represented by Labour, and two in constituencies represented by the SNP. The incumbent MP's party won nine by-elections, including one at Southend West, in which the other major parties did not field candidates. Labour won thirteen by-elections, gaining seven seats from the Conservatives and one from the SNP, but losing one each to the Conservatives and the Workers Party of Britain. The Liberal Democrats gained four seats from the Conservatives, while the Conservatives gained one from Labour. Five by-elections happened due to the deaths of the incumbent MPs, three of whom represented the Conservatives and two Labour.
By-election | Date | Incumbent | Party | Winner | Party | Cause | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blackpool South[a] | 2 May 2024[2] | Scott Benton | Conservative[b] | Chris Webb | Labour | Resigned after being suspended from Parliament for five weeks and being subject to a recall petition for breaching lobbying rules[3] | ||
Rochdale[c] | 29 February 2024 | Tony Lloyd | Labour | George Galloway | Workers Party | Death (leukaemia).[4] | ||
Kingswood[a] | 15 February 2024 | Chris Skidmore | Conservative[d] | Damien Egan | Labour | Resignation in protest of the Conservative government's bill to grant new oil and gas licences.[5] | ||
Wellingborough[a] | 15 February 2024 | Peter Bone | Conservative[e] | Gen Kitchen | Labour | Successful recall petition after allegations of bullying and sexual misconduct.[6] | ||
Tamworth[a] | 19 October 2023[7] | Chris Pincher | Conservative[f] | Sarah Edwards | Labour | Resigned after losing his appeal to his suspension due to groping allegations.[8] | ||
Mid Bedfordshire[c] | 19 October 2023 | Nadine Dorries | Conservative | Alistair Strathern | Labour | Resigned after being omitted from Boris Johnson's resignation honours list. | ||
Rutherglen and Hamilton West[a] | 5 October 2023 | Margaret Ferrier | SNP[g] | Michael Shanks | Labour | Recall petition after breaking COVID-19 rules in 2020.[9] | ||
Somerton and Frome[a] | 20 July 2023 | David Warburton | Conservative[h] | Sarah Dyke | Liberal Democrats | Resigned 14 months after suspension from the Conservative Party pending an investigation. | ||
Selby and Ainsty[a] | 20 July 2023 | Nigel Adams | Conservative | Keir Mather | Labour | Resigned after being omitted from Boris Johnson's resignation honours list.[10][11] | ||
Uxbridge and South Ruislip[i] | 20 July 2023 | Boris Johnson | Conservative | Steve Tuckwell | Conservative | Resigned after a parliamentary investigation found evidence he misled Parliament over Partygate and he failed to act on warnings about Chris Pincher. This led a parliamentary committee to recommend suspending him from the House for 20 days.[12][13] | ||
West Lancashire[j] | 9 February 2023 | Rosie Cooper | Labour | Ashley Dalton | Labour | Resigned to be chair of Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust.[14][15] | ||
Stretford and Urmston[j] | 15 December 2022 | Kate Green | Labour | Andrew Western | Labour | Resigned to be deputy mayor of Greater Manchester.[16] | ||
City of Chester[j] | 1 December 2022 | Chris Matheson | Labour | Samantha Dixon | Labour | Resigned after suspension for serious sexual misconduct.[17] | ||
Tiverton and Honiton[a] | 23 June 2022 | Neil Parish | Conservative[k] | Richard Foord | Liberal Democrats | Resigned after being accused of watching pornography twice in the House of Commons.[18] | ||
Wakefield[a] | 23 June 2022 | Imran Ahmad Khan | Conservative[l] | Simon Lightwood | Labour Co-op | Resigned after conviction of sexually assaulting a 15-year-old boy.[21] | ||
Birmingham Erdington[j] | 3 March 2022[22] | Jack Dromey | Labour | Paulette Hamilton | Labour | Death (heart failure).[23] | ||
Southend West[i] | 3 February 2022 | David Amess | Conservative | Anna Firth | Conservative[m] | Death (murder).[24] | ||
North Shropshire[a] | 16 December 2021 | Owen Paterson | Conservative | Helen Morgan | Liberal Democrats | Resigned after being found to have broken lobbying rules.[25][26] | ||
Old Bexley and Sidcup[j] | 2 December 2021[27] | James Brokenshire | Conservative | Louie French | Conservative | Death (cancer).[28] | ||
Batley and Spen[j] | 1 July 2021[29] | Tracy Brabin | Labour Co-op | Kim Leadbeater | Labour | Resigned after election as Mayor of West Yorkshire. | ||
Chesham and Amersham[a] | 17 June 2021[30] | Cheryl Gillan | Conservative | Sarah Green | Liberal Democrats | Death (cancer).[31] | ||
Airdrie and Shotts[i] | 13 May 2021[32] | Neil Gray | SNP | Anum Qaisar | SNP | Resigned to contest Airdrie and Shotts in the Scottish Parliament. | ||
Hartlepool[c] | 6 May 2021[33] | Mike Hill | Labour | Jill Mortimer | Conservative | Resigned following allegations of sexual harassment and victimisation.[34][35] |
2017–2019 Parliament
There were five by-elections in the 2017–2019 Parliament, which was the smallest number since the six-month parliament that sat between the two general elections in February and October 1974. Three were in seats held by Labour, one by the governing Conservatives and one by Sinn Féin, who do not take up their seats in the House of Commons. Four by-elections were won by the incumbent party and the Liberal Democrats won a seat from Conservatives. One by-election was a result of the death of the incumbent MP, who represented Labour. Two by-elections were the result of recall petitions via the provisions of the Recall of MPs Act 2015, the first such in the country.
At the dissolution of Parliament in 2019 there were two vacancies: Bassetlaw, caused by the resignation of Labour member John Mann, and Buckingham, caused by the resignation of Speaker John Bercow. With the proximity of the 2019 general election, by-elections were not called for these seats. The Conservatives, the party Bercow had represented before he took up the speakership, regained Buckingham and won Bassetlaw from Labour as well.
By-election | Date | Incumbent | Party | Winner | Party | Cause | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brecon and Radnorshire[c] | 1 August 2019 | Chris Davies | Conservative | Jane Dodds | Liberal Democrats | Recall petition after conviction for false expenses claims.[36][37] | ||
Peterborough[i] | 6 June 2019 | Fiona Onasanya | Labour[n] | Lisa Forbes | Labour | Recall petition after conviction for perverting the course of justice, in relation to a motoring offence.[39][40] | ||
Newport West[j] | 4 April 2019 | Paul Flynn | Labour | Ruth Jones | Labour | Death (long illness).[41][42] | ||
Lewisham East[j] | 14 June 2018 | Heidi Alexander | Labour | Janet Daby | Labour | Resignation on appointment as Deputy Mayor of London.[43][44] | ||
West Tyrone[j] | 3 May 2018 | Barry McElduff | Sinn Féin | Órfhlaith Begley | Sinn Féin | Resignation after a joke about the Kingsmill massacre on social media.[45][46] |
2015–2017 Parliament
There were ten by-elections in the 2015–2017 Parliament (with a planned by-election in Manchester Gorton cancelled when the 2017 general election was called). Seven were in seats held by Labour, and three by the governing Conservatives. Eight by-elections were won by the incumbent party: the Conservatives won a seat from Labour and lost one to the Liberal Democrats. Three by-elections happened due to the deaths of the incumbent MPs, all of whom represented Labour.
At the dissolution of Parliament in 2017, one seat was vacant: that for Manchester Gorton, caused by the death of its Labour member Gerald Kaufman.[47] With the close proximity of the 2017 general election on 8 June, the by-election previously called for 4 May had its writ cancelled by the House of Commons.[48] All but two of the candidates nominated for the by-election then stood at the general election, and Labour held the seat.
2010–2015 Parliament
There were 21 by-elections in the 2010–2015 Parliament. Fourteen were in constituencies held by Labour, four by the governing Conservatives, one by their coalition partners the Liberal Democrats and two by Sinn Féin, who do not take up their seats in the House of Commons. Seventeen by-elections were won by the incumbent party: Labour won a seat from the Conservatives and lost one to Respect, while UKIP gained two seats from the Conservatives after the incumbent MPs defected to the party and were re-elected. Six by-elections happened due to the deaths of the incumbent MPs, all of whom represented Labour. In all six of those by-elections, Labour retained the seat.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gain was retained at the subsequent general election.
- ^ Benton was elected as a Conservative in 2019 until he was suspended from the party in April 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gain not retained at the subsequent general election.
- ^ Skidmore was an independent at the time he resigned from Parliament. He was first elected as a Conservative in 2010 but resigned from the party in January 2024.
- ^ Bone was an independent at the time he was removed from his seat in Parliament. He was elected as a Conservative in 2005 and served as a Conservative MP until he was suspended from the party in October 2023.
- ^ Pincher was elected as a Conservative in 2010 but was an independent at the time he resigned. He served as a Conservative MP until he was suspended from the party in July 2022.
- ^ Ferrier was an independent at the time she was removed from her seat in Parliament. She was suspended from the SNP in October 2020.
- ^ Warburton was elected as a Conservative in 2015 but was an independent at the time he resigned.
- ^ a b c d e f Hold not retained at the subsequent general election.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Hold retained at the subsequent general election.
- ^ Parish was elected as a Conservative in 2010 but was an independent at the time he resigned.
- ^ Ahmad Khan was elected as a Conservative in 2019 but was an independent at the time he resigned. He was suspended from the party in June 2021 and expelled in April 2022.[19][20]
- ^ As a mark of respect for the murdered MP, Labour, the Liberal Democrats, the Greens, and Reform UK all declined to contest the by-election.
- ^ Onasanya was an independent at the time of the by-election, originally elected as a Labour candidate in 2017, and expelled from the party in December 2018.[38]
- ^ As a mark of respect for the murdered MP, the Conservatives, the Liberal Democrats, UKIP, and the Greens all declined to contest the by-election.
- ^ Eric Illsley was elected as a Labour MP from 1987 and was re-elected at every subsequent general election as a Labour candidate, but was suspended by the Labour Party shortly afterwards after being charged with fraud arising from the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal.
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