List of Dutch (in)formateurs and scouts
Informateurs, formateurs and scouts have served in a Dutch cabinet formation since 1848. The roles are often filled by members of the largest party.[2][3]
The role of formateur has existed since the first cabinet formation in 1848.[4] In general, formateurs are instructed to form a cabinet. The (final) formateur is often the intended prime minister.[a] However, some formateurs were instructed to do preliminary work.[b][4] Before 2017,[5] it was customary for a formateur not to accept the assignment immediately, but to consider it until the formateur believes there is certainty that the cabinet can be formed.[4] With the introduction of the scout and the informateur, the formateur has since 1982 mainly been concerned with finding the personnel of the cabinet.[6]
In 1951, a separate role was created for the preliminary work; the informateur. Since that year, there has not been a formation without an informateur, although this has been attempted five times. Since 1989, the initial informateur is tasked with quickly exploring cabinet possibilities. This was separated into a separate role in 2012; the scout. Since the same year, the (in)formateurs and scouts are appointed by the House of Representatives, instead of the monarch who had done so until then.[7]
List
Name | Starting date | Days | Role | Political affiliation | Formation | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Richard van Zwol |
22 May 2024 | 36 | Formateur | CDA | 2023–2024 | [8] |
20 March 2024 | 58 | Informateur | ||||
Elbert Dijkgraaf | SGP | |||||
Kim Putters | 14 February 2024 | 30 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Ronald Plasterk | 13 December 2023 | 62 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
28 November 2023 | 14 | Scout | ||||
Gom van Strien | 24 November 2023 | 4 | Scout | PVV | ||
Mark Rutte | 16 December 2021 | 25 | Formateur | VVD | 2021–2022 | [9][10] |
Wouter Koolmees | 5 October 2021 | 71 | Informateur | D66 | ||
Johan Remkes |
VVD | |||||
7 September 2021 | 23 | Informateur | ||||
Mariëtte Hamer | 12 May 2021 | 113 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 6 April 2021 | 24 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Tamara van Ark | 25 March 2021 | 8 | Scout | VVD | ||
Wouter Koolmees | D66 | |||||
Annemarie Jorritsma | 18 March 2021 | 8 | Scout | VVD | ||
Kajsa Ollongren | D66 | |||||
Mark Rutte | 12 October 2017 | 14 | Formateur | VVD | 2017 | [11][12] |
Gerrit Zalm | 28 June 2017 | 105 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 30 May 2017 | 29 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Edith Schippers | 28 March 2017 | 63 | Informateur | VVD | ||
16 March 2017 | 11 | Scout | ||||
Mark Rutte | 31 October 2012 | 5 | Formateur | VVD | 2012 | [13][14] |
Wouter Bos | 20 September 2012 | 42 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Henk Kamp |
VVD | |||||
13 September 2012 | 6 | Scout | ||||
Mark Rutte | 7 October 2010 | 8 | Formateur | VVD | 2010 | [15][16] |
Ivo Opstelten | 13 September 2010 | 25 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 7 September 2010 | 7 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Ivo Opstelten | 4 August 2010 | 32 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Ruud Lubbers | 21 July 2010 | 14 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Uri Rosenthal | 5 July 2010 | 16 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Jacques Wallage | PvdA | |||||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 26 June 2010 | 10 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Uri Rosenthal | 12 June 2010 | 14 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Jan Peter Balkenende | 9 February 2007 | 13 | Formateur | CDA | 2006–2007 | [17][14] |
Herman Wijffels | 20 December 2006 | 51 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Rein Jan Hoekstra | 25 November 2006 | 25 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Jan Peter Balkenende | 5 July 2006 | 3 | Formateur | CDA | 2006 | [18][19] |
Ruud Lubbers | 1 July 2006 | 4 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Jan Peter Balkenende | 20 May 2003 | 7 | Formateur | CDA | 2003 | [20][21] |
Rein Jan Hoekstra | 15 April 2003 | 35 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Frits Korthals Altes | VVD | |||||
Frans Leijnse | 5 February 2003 | 66 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Piet Hein Donner | CDA | |||||
24 January 2003 | 11 | Informateur | ||||
Jan Peter Balkenende | 4 July 2002 | 18 | Formateur | CDA | 2002 | [22][23] |
Piet Hein Donner | 17 May 2002 | 48 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 22 May 1999 | 18 | Formateur | PvdA | 1999 | [24][25] |
Wim Kok |
20 July 1998 | 14 | Formateur | PvdA | 1998 | [26][27] |
14 May 1998 | 67 | Informateur | ||||
Gerrit Zalm | VVD | |||||
Els Borst | D66 | |||||
Klaas de Vries | 8 May 1998 | 6 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Wim Kok | 29 July 1994 | 22 | Formateur | PvdA | 1994 | [28][29] |
6 July 1994 | 23 | Informateur | ||||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 27 June 1994 | 9 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Jan Vis | 14 May 1994 | 44 | Informateur | D66 | ||
Gijs van Aardenne | VVD | |||||
Klaas de Vries | PvdA | |||||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 6 May 1994 | 8 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Ruud Lubbers | 27 October 1989 | 9 | Formateur | CDA | 1989 | [30][31] |
13 September 1989 | 45 | Informateur | ||||
Jan de Koning | 8 September 1989 | 5 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Ruud Lubbers | 11 July 1986 | 3 | Formateur | CDA | 1986 | [32][33] |
Jan de Koning | 23 May 1986 | 50 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Ruud Lubbers | 30 October 1982 | 5 | Formateur | CDA | Sep–Nov 1982 | [34][35] |
Willem Scholten | 1 October 1982 | 29 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Jos van Kemenade | 10 September 1982 | 21 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Dries van Agt | 25 May 1982 | 4 | Formateur | CDA | May–Jun 1982 | [36][37] |
Piet Steenkamp | 14 May 1982 | 12 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Cees de Galan | 16 October 1981 | 19 | Informateur | PvdA | 1981 | [38][39] |
Victor Halberstadt | PvdA | |||||
Dries van Agt | 2 September 1981 | 9 | Formateur | CDA | ||
Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman | 20 August 1981 | 13 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Sjeng Kremers | 4 August 1981 | 16 | Formateur | CDA | ||
Ed van Thijn | PvdA | |||||
10 July 1981 | 25 | Informateur | ||||
Ruud Lubbers | 30 May 1981 | 66 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Jan de Koning | CDA | |||||
Dries van Agt | 8 December 1977 | 11 | Formateur | CDA | 1977 | [40][41] |
Wim van der Grinten | 8 November 1977 | 29 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Joop den Uyl | 26 October 1977 | 10 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Maarten Vrolijk | 11 October 1977 | 15 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Koos Verdam | CDA | |||||
Joop den Uyl | 2 September 1977 | 35 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Gerard Veringa | CDA | |||||
26 August 1977 | 7 | Informateur | ||||
Joop den Uyl | 27 July 1977 | 30 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Wil Albeda | 20 July 1977 | 7 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Joop den Uyl | 1 June 1977 | 45 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Jaap Burger | 23 April 1973 | 18 | Formateur | PvdA | 1972–1973 | [42][43] |
Marinus Ruppert | ARP | |||||
Dries van Agt | 10 April 1973 | 13 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Wil Albeda | ARP | |||||
Jaap Burger | 1 February 1973 | 62 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Marinus Ruppert | 4 December 1972 | 58 | Informateur | ARP | ||
Barend Biesheuvel | 22 July 1972 | 18 | Formateur | ARP | 1972 | [44][45] |
Barend Biesheuvel | 21 June 1971 | 15 | Formateur | ARP | 1971 | [46][47] |
Piet Steenkamp | 15 May 1971 | 37 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Piet de Jong | 21 March 1967 | 14 | Formateur | KVP | 1967 | [48][49] |
Barend Biesheuvel | 9 March 1967 | 12 | Formateur | ARP | ||
Louis Beel | 6 March 1967 | 3 | Informateur[c] | KVP | ||
Jelle Zijlstra | 18 February 1967 | 15 | Informateur | ARP | ||
Jelle Zijlstra | 16 November 1966 | 6 | Formateur | ARP | 1966 | [51][52] |
Louis Beel | 4 November 1966 | 12 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Norbert Schmelzer | 18 October 1966 | 17 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Jo Cals | 15 March 1965 | 29 | Formateur | KVP | 1965 | [53][54] |
Norbert Schmelzer | 2 March 1965 | 11 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Victor Marijnen | 16 July 1963 | 8 | Formateur | KVP | 1963 | [55][56] |
Jan de Quay | 5 July 1963 | 11 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Louis Beel | 28 June 1963 | 7 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Wim de Kort | 6 June 1963 | 21 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Carl Romme | 20 May 1963 | 16 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman | 27 December 1960 | 6 | Informateur | ARP | 1960–1961 | [57][58] |
Jan de Quay | 14 May 1959 | 5 | Formateur | KVP | 1959 | [59][60] |
Louis Beel | 1 May 1959 | 13 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Jan de Quay | 28 March 1959 | 30 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Louis Beel | 14 March 1959 | 13 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Louis Beel | 19 December 1958 | 3 | Formateur | KVP | 1958 | [61][62] |
12 December 1958 | 7 | Informateur | ||||
Willem Drees | 9 October 1956 | 3 | Formateur | PvdA | 1956 | [63][64] |
Jaap Burger | 20 September 1956 | 19 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman | 22 August 1956 | 25 | Informateur | ARP | ||
Piet Lieftinck | 16 August 1956 | 5 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
7 August 1956 | 9 | Informateur | PvdA | |||
Carl Romme | 24 June 1956 | 9 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Willem Drees | 16 June 1956 | 38 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Jaap Burger | 25 May 1955 | 9 | Formateur | PvdA | 1955 | [65][66] |
Willem Drees | 29 August 1952 | 4 | Formateur | PvdA | 1952 | [67][68] |
Cornelis Staf | 22 August 1952 | 5 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Leendert Antonie Donker | 5 August 1952 | 17 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Louis Beel | 23 July 1952 | 13 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Willem Drees | 27 June 1952 | 26 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Carl Romme | 13 March 1951 | 2 | Formateur | KVP | 1951 | [69][70] |
27 February 1951 | 15 | Informateur | ||||
Max Steenberghe | 18 February 1951 | 7 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Willem Drees | 1 February 1951 | 16 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Josef van Schaik | KVP | |||||
Dirk Stikker | 28 January 1951 | 5 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Josef van Schaik | 30 July 1948 | 8 | Formateur | KVP | 1948 | [71][72] |
Louis Beel | 22 July 1948 | 8 | Formateur | KVP | ||
13 July 1948 | 10 | Formateur[d] | ||||
Louis Beel | 27 May 1946 | 36 | Formateur | KVP | 1946 | [73][74] |
Willem Drees | 28 May 1945 | 27 | Formateur | SDAP | May–Jun 1945 | [75][76] |
Willem Schermerhorn | VDB | |||||
Pieter Gerbrandy | 8 February 1945 | 15 | Formateur | ARP | Feb 1945 | [77] |
Pieter Gerbrandy | 1 July 1941 | 26 | Formateur | ARP | 1941 | [78] |
Pieter Gerbrandy | 28 August 1940 | 3 | Formateur | ARP | 1940 | [78] |
Dirk Jan de Geer | 4 August 1939 | 6 | Formateur | CHU | Aug 1939 | [79] |
Hendrik Colijn | 14 July 1939 | 12 | Formateur | ARP | Jun–Jul 1939 | [80][81] |
Dionysius Koolen | 9 July 1939 | 6 | Formateur | RKSP | ||
Hendrik Colijn | 30 June 1939 | 10 | Formateur | ARP | ||
Hendrik Colijn | 30 May 1937 | 25 | Formateur | ARP | 1937 | [82][83] |
Hendrik Colijn | 29 July 1935 | 2 | Formateur | ARP | 1935 | [84][85] |
Piet Aalberse | 26 July 1935 | 2 | Formateur | RKSP | ||
Hendrik Colijn | 16 May 1933 | 11 | Formateur | ARP | 1933 | [86][87] |
2 May 1933 | 15 | Formateur | ||||
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck | 3 August 1929 | 7 | Formateur | RKSP | 1929 | [88][89] |
12 July 1929 | 18 | Formateur | ||||
Dirk Jan de Geer | 1 March 1926 | 4 | Formateur | CHU | 1925-1926 | [90][91] |
Joseph Limburg | 23 January 1926 | 35 | Formateur | VDB[e] | ||
Johannes Theodoor de Visser | 12 December 1925 | 42 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Johannes Theodoor de Visser | 8 December 1925 | 4 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Henri Marchant | 24 November 1925 | 8 | Formateur | VDB | ||
Hendrik Colijn | 15 July 1925 | 18 | Formateur | ARP | 1925 | [93][94] |
Herman Adriaan van Karnebeek | 4 January 1924 | 3 | Formateur | liberal | 1923-1924 | [95][96] |
Frans Beelaerts van Blokland | 24 November 1923 | 12 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Dionysius Koolen | 15 November 1923 | 10 | Formateur | RKSP | ||
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck | 22 July 1922 | 49 | Formateur | RKSP | 1922 | [95][97] |
Dirk Jan de Geer | 19 July 1922 | 4 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck | 22 June 1921 | 35 | Formateur | RKSP | 1921 | [98][99] |
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck | 29 August 1918 | 9 | Formateur | RKSP | 1918 | [98][100] |
Willem Hubert Nolens | 13 July 1918 | 38 | Formateur | RKSP | ||
Pieter Cort van der Linden | 2 August 1913 | 27 | Formateur | liberal | 1913 | [101] |
Dirk Bos | 11 July 1913 | 15 | Formateur | VDB | ||
Theo Heemskerk | 16 January 1908 | 27 | Formateur | ARP | 1907–1908 | [102][103] |
Pieter Cort van der Linden | 17 March 1907 | 5 | Formateur | liberal | 1907 | [104] |
Jan Elias Nicolaas Schimmelpenninck van der Oye | 27 February 1907 | 3 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Hendrik Goeman Borgesius | 14 July 1905 | 34 | Formateur | LU | 1905 | [104] |
Abraham Kuyper | 11 July 1901 | 15 | Formateur | ARP | 1901 | [105][106] |
Nicolaas Pierson | 13 July 1897 | 10 | Formateur | LU | 1897 | [107] |
Joan Röell | 4 May 1894 | 4 | Formateur | liberal | 1894 | [108] |
Gijsbert van Tienhoven | 26 July 1891 | 22 | Formateur | liberal | 1891 | [109] |
Æneas Mackay | 4 April 1888 | 15 | Formateur | ARP | 1888 | [110] |
Jan Heemskerk | 29 March 1883 | 23 | Formateur | liberal | 1883 | [111] |
Johan George Gleichman | 19 March 1883 | 5 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Otto van Rees | 12 March 1883 | 7 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Jan Heemskerk | 4 March 1883 | 9 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg | 8 August 1882 | 5 | Formateur | conservative | 1882 | [112] |
Johannes Tak van Poortvliet | 31 July 1882 | 9 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg | 3 July 1882 | 5 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Eppo Cremers | 12 July 1879 | 11 | Formateur | conservative | 1879 | [112] |
Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte | liberal | |||||
Gerrit de Vries | liberal | |||||
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg | 24 July 1879 | 9 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello | 16 October 1877 | 17 | Formateur | liberal | 1877 | [113] |
Jan Heemskerk | 14 July 1874 | 43 | Formateur | liberal | 1874 | [114] |
Gerrit de Vries | 25 June 1872 | 10 | Formateur | liberal | 1872 | [115] |
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke | 1 December 1870 | 33 | Formateur | liberal | 1870–1871 | [116] |
Cornelis Fock | 24 November 1870 | 5 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Lodewijk Gerard Brocx | liberal | |||||
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke | 23 May 1868 | 11 | Formateur | liberal | 1868 | [117] |
Æneas Mackay Sr. | 17 May 1868 | 5 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | ||
Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen | 4 May 1868 | 5 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg | 29 April 1868 | 4 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Æneas Mackay Sr. | 17 April 1868 | 2 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | ||
Jules van Zuylen van Nijevelt | 24 May 1866 | 7 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | May–Jun 1866 | [118] |
Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte | 29 January 1866 | 7 | Formateur | liberal | Jan–Feb 1866 | [119] |
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke | 18 January 1862 | 13 | Formateur | liberal | 1862 | [120] |
Jules van Zuylen van Nijevelt | 12 March 1861 | 3 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | 1861 | [121] |
Jan Jacob Rochussen | 16 February 1861 | 24 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Schelto van Heemstra | conservative | |||||
Schelto van Heemstra | 21 February 1860 | 3 | Formateur | conservative | 1860 | [122] |
Floris Adriaan van Hall | 17 February 1860 | 4 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Jan Jacob Rochussen | 3 March 1858 | 16 | Formateur | conservative | 1858 | [123] |
Justinus van der Brugghen | 1 June 1856 | 30 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | 1856 | [124] |
Floris Adriaan van Hall | 16 April 1853 | 3 | Formateur | liberal | 1853 | [125] |
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke | 27 October 1849 | 3 | Formateur | liberal | 1849 | [126] |
Jan Nedermeijer van Rosenthal | liberal | |||||
Leonardus Antonius Lightenvelt | 20 September 1849 | 37 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Dirk Donker Curtius | liberal | |||||
Gerrit Schimmelpenninck | 23 March 1848 | 1 | Formateur | liberal | 1848 | [127] |
See also
Notes
- ^ Exceptions include 1905, 1951 and 2023-2024.
- ^ Such as Gijsbert van Tienhoven in 1891, Jan Elias Nicolaas Schimmelpenninck van der Oye in 1907, Willem Hubert Nolens in 1918 and Dionysius Koolen in June–July 1939.
- ^ Formally as advisor to the queen.[50]
- ^ Sources from that time refer to him as formateur. However, Parlement.com describes him as informateur.
- ^ His party did not participate in the negotiations. Some in his party criticised his appointment, which led hem to leave the part.[92]
References
- ^ "Herman Tjeenk Willink, voorstander van een akkoord op hoofdlijnen" [Herman Tjeenk Willink, in favor of an agreement in outline]. Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (in Dutch). 30 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, p. 84.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 191–192.
- ^ a b c Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 188–189.
- ^ Bovend'Eert, Paul; Bootsma, Peter; Van Kessel, Alexander (6 December 2018). Evaluatie Kabinetsformatie 2017 [Evaluation Cabinet formation 2017] (PDF) (in Dutch). The Hague. pp. 6–32.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 204–205.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 68–71.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2023-2024". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2021". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander; Bovend'Eert, Paul; Van Twist, Mark (21 February 2023). Evaluatie kabinetsformatie 2021/22 (PDF) (in Dutch). Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis. Archived from the original (pdf) on 23 February 2023.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2017". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Bovend'Eert, Paul; Bootsma, Peter; Van Kessel, Alexander (6 December 2018). Evaluatie Kabinetsformatie 2017 (PDF) (in Dutch). The Hague.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2012". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ a b Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 403–446.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2010". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 447–510.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2006-2007". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie July 2006". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 389–402.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2003". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 349–388.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2002". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 319–348.
- ^ "Kabinetscrisis 1999: de Nacht van Wiegel". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 303–318.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1998". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 267–302.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1994". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 221–266.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1989". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 191–220.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1986". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 161–190.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1982". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 129–160.
- ^ "Kabinet-Van Agt III (1982)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 115–128.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1981". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 81–114.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1977". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 11–80.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1972-1973". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 319–368.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1972". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 299–318.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1971". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 256–281.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1967". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 207–250.
- ^ "Dr. L.J.M. (Louis) Beel" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 20 December 2022.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1966". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 184–206.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1965". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 360–432.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1963". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 276–329.
- ^ "Mr. W.F. de Gaay Fortman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 246–254.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1959". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 209–234.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1958". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 199–208.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1956". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 86–159.
- ^ "Mr. J.A.W. (Jaap) Burger". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 75–84.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1952". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 54–72.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1951". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 36–52.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1948". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 16–23.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1946" [Cabinet formation 1946]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 1–4.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1945". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ Duynstee, F.J.F.M.; Bosmans, J. Het Kabinet Schermerhorn-Drees (PDF) (in Dutch). Assen/Amsterdam: Van Gorcum. ISBN 9789023214120.
- ^ "Mr. P.S. (Pieter) Gerbrandy". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Kabinet-Gerbrandy I en II (1940-1945)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "Kabinet-De Geer II (1939-1940)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "Kabinet-Colijn V (1939)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1993, pp. 567–1096.
- ^ "Kabinet-Colijn IV (1937-1939)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1993, pp. 439–565.
- ^ "Kabinet-Colijn III (1935-1937)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1993, pp. 203–437.
- ^ "Kabinet-Colijn II (1933-1935)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1993, pp. 106–199.
- ^ "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III (1929-1933)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1980, pp. 778–876.
- ^ "Kabinet-De Geer I (1926-1929)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2022-07-06. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1980, pp. 444–666.
- ^ "Achtergrond: een informateur van een niet-deelnemende partij" [Background: an informateur from a non-participating party.]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ "Kabinet-Colijn I (1925-1926)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1980, pp. 7–68.
- ^ a b "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II (1922-1925)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1970, pp. 311–589.
- ^ Puchinger 1970, pp. 209–310.
- ^ a b "Kabinet-Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I (1918-1922)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1970, pp. 165–199.
- ^ Puchinger 1970, pp. 27–141.
- ^ "Kabinet-Cort van der Linden (1913-1918)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
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- ^ De Bruijn, Jan (2012). Wilhelmina formeert (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Boom. ISBN 9789461053008.
- ^ a b "Kabinet-De Meester (1905-1908)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
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- ^ a b "Kabinet-Van Lynden van Sandenburg (1879-1883)". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
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