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Because each protocol module usually communicates with two others, they are commonly imagined as layers in a stack of protocols. The lowest protocol always...

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network. The protocol is widely...

early layered network model Fast Local Internet Protocol List of automation protocols List of information technology initialisms List of IP protocol numbers...

transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the Internet protocol suite and the...

The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers...

communication protocols. Each layer in the OSI model has well-defined functions, and the methods of each layer communicate and interact with those of the layers immediately...

having to send an acknowledgement. Connection-oriented protocols exist at other, higher layers of the OSI model. Host addressing Every host in the network...

another. In modern protocol design, protocols are layered to form a protocol stack. Layering is a design principle that divides the protocol design task into...

An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communication protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications...

The Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is a vendor-neutral link layer protocol used by network devices for advertising their identity, capabilities...

networking, the link layer is the lowest layer in the Internet protocol suite, the networking architecture of the Internet. The link layer is the group of...

Typically, the delivery protocol operates at an equal or higher level in the layered model than the payload protocol. A tunneling protocol may, for example,...

In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer (layer 2) communication protocol between two routers directly without any host...

Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is a Transport Layer Security (TLS) extension that allows the application layer to negotiate which protocol should...

Bluetooth uses a variety of protocols. Core protocols are defined by the trade organization Bluetooth SIG. Additional protocols have been adopted from other...

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries...

In computer networking, Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks (VPNs) or as part of the delivery...

dependent (PMD) layer functionality. -PHY may also be used as a suffix to form a short name referencing a specific physical layer protocol, for example M-PHY...

operates as a layered suite : the transport layer provides server authentication, confidentiality and integrity; the user authentication protocol the server;...

it removes from the protocol data unit (PDU) a previously concatenated header or tailer that an underlying communications layer transmitted. Encapsulation...