Green Wave (Malaysia)

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Clockwise from top:

Perikatan Nasional (PN) and Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) symbols used in the elections, PAS symbol only use in Kelantan and Terengganu while PN symbols use in other states; PN supporters wave their flags on the nomination day for the 2023 Malaysian state elections of Negeri Sembilan in Lenggeng; Proportion of ethnic Malay with indigenous and Chinese voters in the 2018 Malaysian parliamentary constituency; Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor doing a salute with his supporters in Johor; PAS supporters performing salah at a mosque in Terengganu.

Green Wave (Malay: Gelombang Hijau), also known as Green Tsunami (Malay: Tsunami Hijau), is a political phenomenon that has taken place in Malaysia since the 2022 Malaysian general election.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} This political phenomenon involves Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and its ultraconservative voters, who mainly originate from the northeastern and northwestern parts of Peninsular Malaysia. Ideologically, the phenomenon mostly concerns a far-right, authoritarian and ultranationalist movement that espouses increased Malay-Muslim hegemony in Malaysian politics as well as further intimidation and marginalisation of Malaysia's minority groups and religions.^{[citation needed]}

During the political crisis in 2020, some politicians tried to establish an ethnic Malay-centric coalition government.^[9] They accomplished it through the withdrawal of Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) from Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition as well as several members of parliament (MP) from the People's Justice Party (PKR) led by its deputy president, Azmin Ali. Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad then resigned, creating a power vacuum. The Pakatan Harapan government was replaced by Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition government led by Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin, reasserting predominant Malay-Muslim rule over Malaysia after 22 months. However, the PN government lost power because UMNO withdrew its support. Ismail Sabri Yaakob was appointed as the new prime minister for 20 months until UMNO president Ahmad Zahid Hamidi urged Ismail Sabri to dissolve parliament and hold snap elections.

During the 2022 Malaysian general election, the Perikatan Nasional coalition, comprising the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) and Malaysian People's Movement Party (GERAKAN), won 73 seats in the Malaysian lower house. This resulted in PAS having the highest number of members in the Dewan Rakyat among all the political parties after the election with 43 members.

PAS' electoral base is largely centered around Peninsular Malaysia's rural and conservative northern and eastern coasts, particularly in the states of Kelantan, Kedah, Perlis, Terengganu and Pahang. They also gained significant support in the rural areas of Perak and Malacca. PAS helped their coalition sweep the northwestern and eastern coastal states of Peninsular Malaysia in a landslide, winning every parliamentary seat in the states of Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu, and all but Sungai Petani in Kedah.

Some critics argued that green wave is a tactical move meant to put fear in the hearts of people, especially non-Malays, by bringing up images of radical fundamentalism.^[14] Perikatan Nasional information chief Azmin Ali has claim that the reason PN did well in the 2022 general election was because their policies benefit the people of every race when they were the ruling coalition from 2020 until 2021.^[15]

Lim Guan Eng, former Secretary-General and current Chairman of Democratic Action Party (DAP), said that the green wave is very dangerous and that they will demolish Indian temples and forbid people from going to concerts. He subsequently denied the claims by saying that his statement was misinterpreted and twisted by the media.^[16][17] Many opposition politicians, including PAS Secretary-General Takiyuddin Hassan condemned his statements and said that decisive action should be taken by the authorities and Home Ministry of Malaysia on Lim.^[18]

After BN victory in Pelangai seat, BN Pahang's chief, Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail said that the "green wave" was blocked by BN and the community didn't support the PN coalition despite they played up various sentiments, perceptions and slander like 3R issues (religion, race and royalty).^[19]

This political phenomenon ideologically focuses on Islamism, pan-Islamism, Malay supremacy, Bumiputera affirmative action, traditionalist conservatism, right-wing populism, anti-communism, anti-LGBT, anti-West, anti-United States, opposition to immigration and enforcement of Sharia Law.^[5]

Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor and Abdul Hadi Awang, two important figures responsible for the Green Wave in Malaysian politics (particularly in Peninsula Malaysia).

• Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor, 14th Menteri Besar of Kedah, Elections Director of Perikatan Nasional (PN) and Member of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly for Jeneri.
• Muhyiddin Yassin, 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia, President of Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), Chairman of PN and Member of Parliament for Pagoh.
• Abdul Hadi Awang, President of the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Deputy Chairman of PN and Member of Parliament for Marang.
• Mahathir Mohamad, 4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia.
• Shahidan Kassim, 7th Menteri Besar of Perlis and Member of Parliament for Arau.
• Mohamed Azmin Ali, 15th Menteri Besar of Selangor, Information Chief of PN and Member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly for Hulu Kelang.
• Annuar Musa, former minister.
• Noh Omar, former minister.
• Hamzah Zainudin, Secretary-General of BERSATU & PN, Leader of the Opposition of Malaysia and Member of Parliament for Larut.
• Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man, Deputy President of PAS, Leader of the Opposition of Pahang and Member of the Pahang State Legislative Assembly for Cheka.
• Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar, 15th Menteri Besar of Terengganu, Vice President of PAS, Treasurer-General of PN and Member of the Terengganu State Legislative Assembly for Ru Rendang.
• Idris Ahmad, Vice President of PAS and Member of Parliament for Bagan Serai.
• Takiyuddin Hassan, Secretary-General of PAS, Assistant Secretary-General & Deputy Elections Director of PN and Member of Parliament for Kota Bharu.
• Mohd Amar Abdullah, Former Deputy Menteri Besar of Kelantan, Vice President of PAS and Member of the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly for Panchor.
• Ahmad Fadhli Shaari, Youth Chief of PAS & PN and Member of Parliament for Pasir Mas.

The unprecedented cooperation between Pakatan Harapan and Barisan Nasional left many of their supporters disillusioned. Some of them, especially those in BN could not accept the agreement of a unity government between BN and PH. Some of them, mainly UMNO members, also decided to leave BN to join either PAS or BERSATU. Most of Malay voters dissatisfied with BN transferred their votes to PN.^[20]

On the other hand, relationship between PAS and PH has been acrimonious since the dissolution of Pakatan Rakyat in 2015. Disputes between PAS and DAP has left PAS split into two different factions. The faction in favour of continued cooperation with PH, led by Mohamad Sabu, left the party to form the National Trust Party (AMANAH). The other faction, led by Hadi, decided to sever ties with PH.

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The 2022 elections was the first time which voters aged 18 to 21 are allowed to vote. PAS and PN used social media to attract young voters to vote for PN.

Post-election analysis showed that 37 percent of youth voters cast their votes for PN, higher than both BN and PH. While both PH and BN relied on elderly voters, PN primarily relied on the youth vote. The reasons why more young voters supported PN included its use of TikTok for campaigning, and the rise of social conservatism among young Malays.^[21][22]

The Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition, comprising the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) and Malaysian People's Movement Party (GERAKAN), won 74 seats in the Malaysian lower house, becoming the second largest coalition in Dewan Rakyat after PH. PAS had the most number of elected members in the Dewan Rakyat with 43 members, while BERSATU had 31 members. Most of the seats that had been captured by PN have more than 70% registered Malay voters.

In the state level, PN won all but one seat in Perlis, denied the BN dominance in Pahang and won the most seats in Perak.

The incumbent Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition faced a historic wipeout for first time in Perlis and second time in national level,^{[note 1]} winning no seats. The PN coalition won 14 of the 15 seats, achieving a supermajority and formed the first ever non-BN government in the state's history. PH won the remaining seat and became the sole opposition.

The election resulted in a hung assembly with PN winning 17 seats, the same number of seats won by the incumbent BN coalition. It ended BN's dominance in the state. PH won the remaining 8 seats.

The results of the election resulted in a hung assembly. Although PN won 26 seats, it did not have enough seats to form a majority. PH won 24 seats and the incumbent BN coalition won the remaining 9 seats.

Perikatan Nasional (PN) grabbed 22 seats during the Selangor legislative assembly election, becoming the main opposition in the assembly. Meanwhile in Terengganu, Perikatan Nasional (PN) swept all 32 seats in the state legislative assembly.

The Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition won 146 seats out of 245 seats that were contested in 2023 state elections. The coalition won all seats in Terengganu, and gained a supermajority in Kedah and Kelantan. It also denied the PH-BN coalition's supermajority in Selangor, and became the main opposition for the first time in Negeri Sembilan.

The Barisan Nasional (BN)–Pakatan Harapan (PH) electoral pact won the election by capturing 34 of 56 seats, with PH winning 32 of those seats and BN winning 2 seats. The Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition won the remaining 22 seats to become the main opposition in the state assembly.

The governing PN coalition led by Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) won 43 of 45 seats, achieving a supermajority and continuing PAS's dominance in the state since 1990. The BN–PH electoral pact won the remaining two seats, with BN and PH each winning one seat and becoming the main opposition in the state assembly.

The PN coalition led by PAS won all 32 seats, recording the first clean sweep in the state's history since 1978. BN lost all the 10 seats it had prior to the election. This left the state assembly with no elected opposition representatives.

The BN–PH electoral pact won 31 of 36 seats, achieving a supermajority, with PH winning 17 of those seats and BN winning 14 seats. Although neither coalition had a majority, their electoral pact allowed them to form the majority. The PN coalition won the remaining 5 seats and became the main opposition in the state assembly.

The governing PN coalition led by PAS won 33 of 36 seats, achieving a supermajority. PH won the remaining three seats for the BN–PH electoral pact. This meant for the first time in the state's history, BN would have no representation in the state assembly. PH took BN's place as the state's main opposition.

The BN–PH electoral pact won 29 of 40 seats, with PH winning 27 of those seats and BN winning 2 seats. The PN coalition won the remaining 11 Malay-majority seats to become the main opposition in the state assembly.

PAS candidate managed to defend their victory in the Kuala Terengganu parliamentary seat with a larger majority than in the 2022 general election.

The PH candidates for both seats managed to defend the seats in a straight contest with PN. However, PN managed to reduce the majority of votes won by PH.^[23][24]

BN candidate managed to defend their victory in this seat with a smaller majority than in the 2022 state election.^[25]

Menteri Besar of Terengganu Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar of PN and PAS defeated former Chief of Defence Forces Raja Mohamed Affandi of BN by a landslide victory and a significantly increased majority of votes of nearly 10,000.

• Conservatism in Malaysia
• Ketuanan Melayu
• Political tsunami (Malaysian politics)
• Reformasi (Malaysia)