Germantown, Philadelphia

Coordinates: 40°02′35″N 75°10′52″W / 40.043°N 75.181°W / 40.043; -75.181
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Northwest Philadelphia neighborhoods of Germantown and East Germantown. For an article specifically about the Colonial Germantown Historic District, see Colonial Germantown Historic District.
Germantown, Philadelphia
Neighborhood of Philadelphia
Cliveden, a house in Germantown built between 1763 and 1767
Cliveden, a house in Germantown built between 1763 and 1767
Germantown, Philadelphia is located in Philadelphia
Germantown, Philadelphia
Germantown, Philadelphia
Coordinates: 40°02′35″N 75°10′52″W / 40.043°N 75.181°W / 40.043; -75.181
Country United States
State Pennsylvania
County Philadelphia
City Philadelphia
FoundedOctober 6, 1683
IncorporatedAugust 12, 1689
ConsolidatedFebruary 2, 1854
Founded byFrancis Daniel Pastorius
Area
[1]
 • Total
3.327 sq mi (8.62 km2)
Elevation
[2]
240 ft (70 m)
Population
 (2010)[3]
 • Total
75,935
 • Density23,000/sq mi (8,800/km2)
DemonymGermantowner
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
ZIP Codes
19144, 19138
Area code215
Map of Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, highlighting Germantown Borough prior to the Act of Consolidation, 1854

Germantown (German: Deutschstadt) is an area in Northwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Founded by Palatine, Quaker, and Mennonite families in 1683 as an independent borough, it was absorbed into Philadelphia in 1854. The area, which is about six miles northwest from the city center, now consists of two neighborhoods: 'Germantown' and 'East Germantown'.[4]

Germantown has played a significant role in American history; it was the birthplace of the American antislavery movement, the site of a Revolutionary War battle, the temporary residence of George Washington, the location of the first bank of the United States, and the residence of many notable politicians, scholars, artists, and social activists.

Today, the area remains rich in historic sites and buildings from the colonial era, some of which are open to the public.

Boundaries

Plan of lots in Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1689, showing lot owners in 1689 and 1714

Germantown stretches for about two miles along Germantown Avenue northwest from Windrim and Roberts Avenues. Germantown has been consistently bounded on the southwest by Wissahickon Avenue, on the southeast by Roberts Avenue, and on the east by Wister Street and Stenton Avenue,[5] but its northwest border has expanded and contracted over the years. When first incorporated as a borough in 1689, Germantown was separated from the rural Germantown Township by Washington Lane;[6] later, the border was expanded to Carpenter and East Gorgas Lanes;[7] it was then rolled back to Washington Lane in 1846,[5] and remained there until the borough was absorbed into the city of Philadelphia in 1854.

Modern borders of Germantown and East Germantown, Philadelphia

Today, the western part of the former borough is the neighborhood known simply as 'Germantown' (though is sometimes called 'West Germantown') and the eastern part is the neighborhood of 'East Germantown'. While the boundary between the two neighborhoods is not well-defined and has varied over time,[8] these days 'Germantown' usually refers to the part of the former borough that lies west of Germantown Avenue, up through West Johnson Street, and 'East Germantown' to the part that lies east of Germantown Avenue, up through East Upsal Street.[9][10][11]

The neighborhood of Mount Airy lies to the northwest, Ogontz and West Oak Lane to the northeast, Logan to the east, Nicetown–Tioga to the south, and East Falls to the southwest.

The majority of Germantown is covered by the 19144 zip code, but the area north of Chew Avenue falls in the 19138 zip code.

History and demographics

Seal of Germantown, 1691
Pictures from Old Germantown: the Pastorius family residences are shown on the upper left (c. 1683) and upper right (c. 1715), the center structure is the house and printing business of the Caurs family (ca. 1735), and the bottom structure is the market place (c. 1820).
Thomas Holme's Survey Map (1687)
The Battle of Germantown, 1777

Although the arrival by ship of the Original 13, the later founders of Germantown in Philadelphia on October 6, 1683, was later to provide the date for German-American Day, a holiday in the United States, historical research has shown that nearly all of the first thirteen Quaker and Mennonite families were in fact Dutch rather than Germans. These families, which were mainly Dutch but also included some Swiss, had relocated to Krefeld (near the Dutch border) and Kriegsheim (in Rhineland-Palatinate) some years prior to their emigration to America to avoid persecution of their Mennonite beliefs in the Dutch Republic and Swiss Confederacy. The town was named Germantown by the group's leader Franz Pastorius, a German preacher from Sommerhausen. The town's population remained largely Dutch-speaking until 1709, after which a number of the Dutch families set out west and a series of major German emigrations reached Germantown and Pennsylvania as a whole. Their initial leader, Pastorius, later aligned himself with newer German arrivals and as the only university-trained and legal and literary man among the early settlers, chronicled and stressed the town's German origins.[12][13] Adding to the assimilating of Dutch culture was the fact that the direct vicinity of the settlement was already inhabited by fifty-four German families who had accompanied Johan Printz to the Swedish settlement on the Delaware several years before 1683 and had resettled themselves.[14] Pastorius was the first bailiff. Jacob Telner, Derick Isacks op den Graeff and his brother Abraham Isacks op den Graeff, Reynier Tyson, and Tennis Coender (Thones Kunders) were burgesses, besides six committeemen. They had authority to hold "the general court of the corporation of Germantowne", to make laws for the government of the settlement, and to hold a court of record. This court went into operation in 1690, and continued its services for sixteen years.

In 1688, five years after its founding, Germantown became the birthplace of the anti-slavery movement in America.[15] Pastorius, Gerret Hendericks and the brothers Derick and Abraham op den Graeff gathered at Thones Kunders's house and wrote a two-page condemnation of slavery and sent it to the governing bodies of their Quaker church, the Society of Friends. The petition was mainly based upon the Bible's Golden Rule, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." Though the Quaker establishment took no immediate action, the 1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery was a clear and forceful argument against slavery and initiated the process of banning slavery in the Society of Friends (1776) and Pennsylvania (1780).

In 1723, Germantown became the site of the first congregation of Schwarzenau Brethren in the New World. The Church of the Brethren - among other churches - have their roots in the Schwarzenau Brethren.[16]

When Philadelphia was occupied by the British during the American Revolutionary War, British units were housed in Germantown. In the Battle of Germantown, on October 4, 1777, the Continental Army attacked the garrison. During the battle, a group of civilians fired on the British troops as they marched up the avenue, mortally wounding British officer James Agnew. The Americans withdrew after firing on one another in the confusion of the battle, which resulted in the battle becoming a British victory. The American losses amounted to 673 men and the British losses consisted of 575 men, but along with the American victory at Saratoga on October 17 when John Burgoyne surrendered, the battle led to the official recognition of the Americans by France, which formed an alliance with the Americans afterward.[citation needed]

During his presidency, George Washington and his family lodged at the Deshler-Morris House in Germantown to escape the city and the yellow fever epidemic of 1793. The first bank of the United States was also located here during his administration.

Germantown proper, and the adjacent German Township, were incorporated into the City of Philadelphia in 1854 by the Act of Consolidation.

Italians began settling Germantown in 1880, and comprised an active and vibrant part of the community.[17]

The significant changes that occurred in Philadelphia's demographics at the start of the 20th century caused major shifts in Germantown's ethnic makeup as well. When the first wave of the Great Migration brought more than 140,000 African Americans to the city from the South, long-established Philadelphians started to move to the outskirts. During this time, many German, Scots-Irish, and Irish families moved to Germantown.[18]

During the 1940s, a second mass migration of African Americans from the south to Philadelphia occurred. While the majority of middle-class African American newcomers first settled in North Philadelphia, the housing shortages in this area that followed the end of World War II caused later arrivals to move instead to the Northwest. This led to a wave of new housing construction. To meet the housing needs of the growing numbers of African American families moving into southern Germantown, the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority allocated $10.6 million for the creation of public housing.[18]

Between 1954 and 1956, Germantown experienced an influx of lower-income African Americans, resulting in a decline in property values and triggering a "white flight" of the majority of white residents to the suburbs.[19] The demographic shift caused a slow but steady decline in central Germantown's upscale shopping district, with the last department store, a J. C. Penney branch, closing in the early 1980s.[20]

The current demographics of Germantown reflects this shift. As of the 2010 US Census, Germantown proper is 77% black, 15% white, 3% non-white Hispanic, and 2% Asian,[3] and East Germantown is 92% black, 3% white, 2% non-white Hispanic, and 2% Asian.[3]

Eugene Stackhouse, a retired former president of the Germantown Historical Society says that the demographic transition of Germantown into a predominantly black neighborhood was the result of the now illegal practice of blockbusting. "It was a great disgrace. Cheap houses would be sold to a black family, then the realtors would go around and tell the neighbors that the blacks are invading", said Stackhouse.[21] The practice was used to trigger panic selling.[20]

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools

Germantown is zoned to the School District of Philadelphia, as is all of Philadelphia. Public schools located in Germantown include the Anna L. Lingelbach School (K–8), the John B. Kelly School (K–6), the John Wister Elementary School (K–6), the Hill Freedman Middle School (6–8), the Theodore Roosevelt Middle School (7–8), the Fitler Academics Plus School (1–8), and the Martin Luther King High School (9–12). The Robert Fulton Elementary School and Germantown High School, a regional public high school located in Germantown, were both closed in 2013.

Charter schools

The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf

Mastery Charter Schools operates the Mastery Charter Pickett Campus (7–12, MCPC) in Germantown.[22] The school opened in August 2007.[23] The charter system headquarters is located at Pickett.[23][24] Germantown Settlement Charter School (5–8), Imani Education Circle Charter school (pre-K to 8), and the Wissahickon Charter School's Awbury Campus (6th–8th) is located in the neighborhood . The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, a private state-chartered school, occupies the former site of Germantown Academy, which moved to Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, in 1965.

Private schools

Germantown's private schools include the DePaul Catholic School (K–8), Waldorf School of Philadelphia (PreK-8), the High Street Christian Academy (K–4), the Germantown Islamic School, the Green Tree School (special education, ages 6–21), and two Quaker schools: Germantown Friends School and Greene Street Friends School.

Nearby private schools include Mount Airy's Revival Hill Christian High School (9–12), Blair Christian Academy (PreK–12), Islamic Day School of Philadelphia (PreK–5), Project Learn School (K–8), Classroom on Carpenter Lane (K-2), and Holy Cross School (K–8), as well as Chestnut Hill's Springside School (PreK–12), Chestnut Hill Academy (K–12), and Crefeld School (7–12). The William Penn Charter School (commonly known as Penn Charter), the oldest Quaker school in the world, is located in nearby East Falls.

Higher education

La Salle University is in both Germantown and historic Belfield. Its west campus is centered on the old Germantown Hospital buildings and property, which it purchased in 2007.[25] Other universities and colleges close to Germantown include Drexel University College of Medicine's Queen Lane Medical Campus, Arcadia University, Chestnut Hill College, The Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia, Philadelphia University, and Saint Joseph's University.[26]

Other teaching institutions

Settlement Music School, the largest community school of the arts in the United States, operates one of its six branches in Germantown.

Joseph E. Coleman Northwest Regional Library

Public libraries

Free Library of Philadelphia operates public libraries. The Joseph E. Coleman Northwest Regional Library is located in Germantown. The library was given its current name in 2002, after Joseph E. Coleman, a member of the Philadelphia City Council.[27]

Transportation

The first railroad in Philadelphia was the Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad, which linked Germantown to a station at 9th and Green Streets in Center City. It opened in 1832, and was initially powered by horses.[28] The inventor Matthias W. Baldwin built his first commissioned steam locomotive for the new railroad. Nicknamed Old Ironsides, it eventually reached a peak speed of 28 mph.[29]

Today two SEPTA Regional Rail lines connect the neighborhood to Center City: the Chestnut Hill West Line with stops at Queen Lane, Chelten Avenue, and Tulpehocken stations; and the Chestnut Hill East Line with stops at Wister, Germantown, and Washington Lane stations.[30]

The neighborhood is also served by bus routes 18, 23 (formerly a trolley line), 26, 53 (formerly a trolley line), 65, H and XH, J, and K.[30]

  • Baldwin's "Old Ironsides", 1832
    Baldwin's "Old Ironsides", 1832
  • Route 23 trolley on Germantown Avenue, 1985
    Route 23 trolley on Germantown Avenue, 1985

Parks and recreation areas

Francis Cope House, offices of the Awbury Arboretum

Germantown has numerous parks and recreation areas. These include:

  • Awbury Arboretum, a historic 55-acre arboretum and estate
  • Carpenter Park
  • Clifford Park
  • Cliveden Park
  • Cloverly Park
  • East Germantown Recreation Center
  • Fernhill Park
  • Germantown Cricket Club (private)
  • Hansberry Garden and Nature Center
  • Happy Hollow Playground
  • Howell Park
  • Kelly Playground
  • Loudoun Park
  • Vernon Park
  • Waterview Recreation Center
  • Wissahickon Valley Park (bordering), a 1400-acre park that is part of the Fairmount Park system.
  • Wister's Woods Park (bordering)

Historic sites

National Historic Landmark Districts

National Historic Districts

National Historic Landmarks

National Register of Historic Places

Other sites listed separately on the NRHP:

5442 Germantown Avenue, The Deshler-Morris House (1773)

For a more complete gallery of contributing properties in the Colonial Germantown Historic District see here

  • Selected historic architecture of Germantown
  • Loudoun Mansion, 4650 Germantown Ave.
    Loudoun Mansion, 4650 Germantown Ave.
  • Grumblethorpe, 5267 Germantown Ave.
    Grumblethorpe, 5267 Germantown Ave.
  • Winston Commons, 6620-6624 Germantown Ave
    Winston Commons, 6620-6624 Germantown Ave
  • Original Wakefield Presbyterian Church, 4705 Germantown Ave
    Original Wakefield Presbyterian Church, 4705 Germantown Ave
  • Market Square Presbyterian Church and Civil War Monument
    Market Square Presbyterian Church and Civil War Monument
  • Howell House, at 5218 Germantown Ave
    Howell House, at 5218 Germantown Ave
  • Wyck House, 6026 Germantown Ave.
    Wyck House, 6026 Germantown Ave.
  • Germantown Mennonite Meetinghouse, 6119 Germantown Ave.
    Germantown Mennonite Meetinghouse, 6119 Germantown Ave.

Other historic buildings, places, and sites

The Concord School (1775), 6308 Germantown Avenue
  • Barron House[35]
  • Boxwood, 156 W. School House Lane, 1897-98[36]
  • Concord School House
  • The Francis Strawbridge House, Wissahickon Avenue, Germantown[37]
  • The Germantown Boys' Club, 23 W. Penn Street, 1898-1909[38]
  • Germantown High School, 5901-13 and 5915-41 Germantown Avenue[39]
  • Gilbert Stuart Studio
  • Green Tree Tavern (Germantown)[40][41]
  • The Jonathan Graham House, 5356 Chew Avenue, Germantown[42]
  • The King Green House, 5112-14 Germantown Avenue[43]
  • The Leibert House, 6950 Germantown Avenue, ca.1800-08[44]
  • Little Wakefield, 1701 Lindley Avenue[45]
  • Lower Burial Ground (Hood Cemetery)[46]
  • The Lutheran Theological Seminary Historic District, Mt. Airy[47]
  • The Connie Mack House
  • The Methodist Episcopal Church of the Advocate, 5250 Wayne Avenue, Germantown, Philadelphia, PA[48]
  • St. Michael's Lutheran Church, 6671 Germantown Avenue, Mt. Airy, ca.1728-1897[49]
  • Mitchell, Fletcher, & Co., Inc., 5708 Germantown Avenue, Germantown, ca.1811-1911[50]
  • The Upper Burial Ground
  • Vernon Park[51]
  • The Wachsmuth-Henry House, 4908 Germantown Avenue, ca.1760[52]
  • Woodside, The Dorfeuille-Hacker Country Seat, 339 E. Wister Street, ca.1797[53]

The 1946 book, Bright April, written and illustrated by Marguerite de Angeli, features scenes of 1940s Germantown while addressing the divisive issue of racial prejudice experienced by African Americans.

The 2015 novel Loving Day is set in Germantown.

Notable people

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c "A City Transformed The Racial and Ethnic Changes in Philadelphia Over the Last 20 Years" (PDF). Philadelphia Research Initiative. The Pew Charitable Trusts. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
  3. ^ Margrit Beran Krewson (1991). Immigrants from the German-speaking Countries of Europe A Selective Bibliography. Indiana University Press. p. 7.
  4. ^ a b "Chronology of the Political Subdivisions of the County of Philadelphia, 1683–1854". Department of Records, City of Philadelphia. Retrieved 24 October 2013. (Daly, John; Weinberg, Allen (October 1966). Genealogy of Philadelphia County Subdivisions (Second ed.). Philadelphia Dept. of Records.)
  5. ^ en.wikipedia, Rgsmith2b at (1 February 2009). "English: Plan of lots in Germantown, PA in 1689, showing lot owners in 1689 and 1714" – via Wikimedia Commons.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Hopkins, G. M. "Atlas of the Late Borough of Germantown, 22nd Ward, City of Philadelphia, 1871". Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory Network. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  7. ^ "About East Germantown". PlanPhilly.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2013.
  8. ^ "East Germantown neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (PA), 19138, 19144 subdivision profile – real estate, apartments, condos, homes, community, population, jobs, income, streets". www.city-data.com.
  9. ^ Inc., Zillow. "Germantown Real Estate – Germantown Philadelphia Homes For Sale – Zillow". Zillow. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ "East Germantown, Philadelphia, PA Real Estate & Homes for Sale – Trulia". Trulia Real Estate Search.
  11. ^ N. Van der Sijs: Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages (2019) page 223.
  12. ^ William I. Hull: William Penn and the Dutch Quaker Migration to Pennsylvania (2018)
  13. ^ H. Naaman: History of Old Germantown (1907) page 20.
  14. ^ Young, David W. (22 Dec 2009). "Historic Germantown: New Knowledge in a Very Old Neighborhood". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved 28 September 2013. considered to be the earliest antislavery document made public by whites in North America.
  15. ^ Zug, S. R.; Herr, John; Falkenstein, G. N.; Francis, J. G.; Reber, D. C. (1915). History of the Church of the Brethren of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: New Era Printing Company. pp. 289–290. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  16. ^ Di Giacomo, Donna J. Italians of Philadelphia. Arcadia Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0738550205, 9780738550206. p. 9.
  17. ^ a b Perkiss, Abigail. "Northwest Philadelphia". The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  18. ^ Countryman, Matthew J. (2006). Up South. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 72.
  19. ^ a b Smith, Sandy (16 Mar 2013). "Buildings Then and Now: A neighborhood's retail anchor goes a-weigh". Philadelphia Real Estate Blog. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  20. ^ Anna Berezowska and Genevieve LeMay (February 4, 2011). "Germantown: A Town Of Its Own". Philadelphia Neighborhoods.
  21. ^ "Mastery volunteers spend Columbus Day Beautifying Pickett". Mastery Charter Schools. 10 October 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  22. ^ a b "Pickett Campus : About Archived 2012-06-21 at the Wayback Machine." Mastery Charter Schools. Retrieved on September 10, 2012. "Our Location 5700 Wayne Ave. Philadelphia, PA 19144"
  23. ^ "Contact Us Archived 2012-09-04 at the Wayback Machine." Mastery Charter Schools. Retrieved on September 10, 2012. "Address: 5700 Wayne Avenue Philadelphia, PA 19144"
  24. ^ "La Salle University Buys Einstein's Germantown Hospital Property". La Salle University. 23 May 2007. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  25. ^ "Education Archived 2012-11-18 at the Wayback Machine". Mt. Airy USA. Retrieved on January 20, 2009.
  26. ^ "Joseph E. Coleman Northwest Regional Library." Free Library of Philadelphia. Retrieved on October 19, 2012.
  27. ^ "Philadelphia's Story". Philadelphianet.com. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  28. ^ "Matthias William Baldwin", in Lance Day and Ian Mcneil (eds.), Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. London: Routledge, 1995; pg. 39.
  29. ^ a b Fischer, John. "Germantown Neighborhood of Philadelphia". About.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  30. ^ "Search". nrhp.focus.nps.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
  31. ^ Pope, Sarah Dillard. "Aboard the Underground Railroad-- Johnson House". www.nps.gov.
  32. ^ National Historic Landmarks
  33. ^ Wyck House Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ "LOC HABS PA-1674: Commander James Barron House, 5106 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia". Library of Congress.
  35. ^ Beisert, Oscar (January 24, 2019). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Boxwood, Residence of Robert Bowle Haines, Jr. and Mary West Huston Haines, 156 W. School House Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, PA" (PDF). Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  36. ^ Beisert, Oscar (April 7, 2015). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: The Francis Strawbridge House, Wissahickon Avenue, Germantown, Philadelphia, PA" (PDF). Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  37. ^ Beisert, Oscar (July 7, 2016). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: The Germantown Boys' Club, 23 W. Penn Street, Germantown, Philadelphia, PA" (PDF). Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  38. ^ Beisert, Oscar, and Duffin, J.M. (April 22, 2019). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Germantown High School, Germantown, Philadelphia, PA" (PDF). City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia Historical Commission. Retrieved November 27, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ "Historical Society of Pennsylvania The Green Tree Tavern - Serving The Historic Germantown Community since 1748".
  40. ^ "LOC HABS PA-1695: Green Tree Tavern, 6023 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia". Library of Congress.
  41. ^ Beisert, Oscar (January 30, 2017). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: The Jonathan Graham House, 5356 Chew Avenue, Germantown, Philadelphia, PA" (PDF). Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
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  45. ^ "The Hood Cemetery". www.hoodcemetery.org.
  46. ^ Beisert, Oscar, and Duffin, J.M. (October 31, 2017). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: The Lutheran Theological Seminary Historic District, Mt. Airy" (PDF). Philadelphia Historical Commission. Retrieved November 27, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ Beisert, Oscar (April 20, 2016). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: Methodist Episcopal Church of the Advocate, 5250 Wayne Avenue, Germantown, Philadelphia, PA" (PDF). Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 27, 2020.
  48. ^ Beisert, Oscar, and Duffin, J.M. (July 24, 2017). "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places Nomination: St. Michael's Lutheran Church, 6671 Germantown Avenue, Philadelphia, PA" (PDF). Keeping Society of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 27, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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