Desmoplakin
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Desmosome_-_2.png/350px-Desmosome_-_2.png)
Desmoplakin is a protein in humans that is encoded by the DSP gene.[5][6][7] Desmoplakin is a critical component of desmosome structures in cardiac muscle and epidermal cells, which function to maintain the structural integrity at adjacent cell contacts. In cardiac muscle, desmoplakin is localized to intercalated discs which mechanically couple cardiac cells to function in a coordinated syncytial structure. Mutations in desmoplakin have been shown to play a role in dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, where it may present with acute myocardial injury;[8][9] striate palmoplantar keratoderma, Carvajal syndrome and paraneoplastic pemphigus.
Structure
Desmoplakin exists as two predominant isoforms; the first, known as "DPII", has molecular weight 260.0 kDa (2272 amino acids) and the second, known as "DPI", has molecular weight 332.0 kDa (2871 amino acids).[10][11] These isoforms are identical except for the shorter rod domain in DPII. DPI is the predominant isoform expressed in cardiac muscle.[12] The DSP gene is located on chromosome 6p24.3, containing 24 exons and spanning approximately 45 kDa of genomic DNA.[13] Desmoplakin is a large desmosomal plaque protein that homodimerizes and adopts a dumbbell-shaped conformation.[13] The N-terminal globular head domain of desmoplakin is composed of a series of alpha helical bundles, and is required for both the localization to the desmosome and interaction with the N-terminal region of plakophilin 1 and plakoglobin as well as desmocollin and desmoglein.[14] This is further sub divided into a region called the "Plakin domain" made up of six spectrin repeat domains separated by SH3 domain.[15] A crystal structure of part of the plakin domain has been resolved,[16] while the entire plakin domain has been elucidated using small angle X-ray scattering which revealed a non-linear structure, an unexpected result considering spectrin repeats are observed in linear orientations.[17] The C-terminal region of desmoplakin is composed of three plakin repeat domains, termed A, B and C, which are essential for coalignment and binding of intermediate filaments.[14][18][19] Located at the most distal C-terminus of desmoplakin is a region rich in glycine–serine–arginine; it has been demonstrated that serine phosphorylation of this domain may modify desmoplakin-intermediate filament interactions.[20] In the mid-region of desmoplakin, a coiled-coil rod domain is responsible for homodimerization.[21]
Function
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that tightly link adjacent cells. Desmoplakin is an obligate component of functional desmosomes that anchors intermediate filaments to desmosomal plaques. In cardiomyocytes, desmoplakin forms desmosomal plaques with the intermediate filament desmin, whereas in endothelial cells cytokeratin type intermediate filaments are recruited, and vimentin in arachnoid and follicular dendritic cell types.[21][22] Both types of intermediate filaments attach in a lateral fashion to desmoplakin to form the plaque.[23] In cardiac muscle, desmoplakin is localized to desmosomes in intercalated discs. Desmoplakin isoform DPI is highly expressed and is thought to play a role in both the assembly and stabilization of desmosomes; its role is critical, as desmoplakin knockout mice display embryonic lethality.[24] In mice overexpressing a C-terminal mutated desmoplakin protein, desmoplakin binding to desmin is disrupted in cardiac muscle and hearts display abnormal intercalated disc formation and structure.[25] Much has been learned regarding desmoplakin function from mutations in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, where mutations in specific binding domains alter desmoplakin binding to plakoglobin or desmin and result in cell death and dysfunction.[26]
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are the cause of several cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy[27][28] and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.[25][29][30][31][32][17] The presence of pathogenic mutations in this gene has been associated with episodes of acute myocardial injury, which may mimic episodes of myocarditis.[33][34] Mutations in DSP have also been associated with striate palmoplantar keratoderma.[27][31][35][36][37] Carvajal syndrome results from an autosomal recessive mutation of a frameshift (7901delG) in DSP that results in a combination of above conditions, including dilated cardiomyopathy, keratoderma and woolly hair.[38] Patients with Carvajal syndrome often suffer from heart failure in teenage years. A case of compound heterozygosity for two DSP nonsense mutations resulting in lethal acantholytic epidermolysis bullosa has been reported.[39][40] Autoantibodies to DSP are a hallmark of the autoimmune disease paraneoplastic pemphigus.[41][42] Decreased desmoplakin expression has been found in patients with oropharyngeal cancer and breast cancer, which may alter cell-cell adhesion properties and propagate metastasis.[43][44]
Interactions
Desmoplakin has been shown to interact with:
See also
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000096696 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000054889 – Ensembl, May 2017
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- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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- ^ "Entrez Gene: DSP desmoplakin".
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- ^ Schoonvelde SA, Hirsch A, Yap SC (2022). "Desmoplakin cardiomyopathy—an inherited cardiomyopathy presenting with recurrent episodes of acute myocardial injury". Neth Heart J. 31 (7–8): 282–286. doi:10.1007/s12471-022-01735-2. PMC 10400739. PMID 36434384.
- ^ Scheel PJ, Murray B, Tichnell C (2021). "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy presenting as clinical myocarditis in women". Am J Cardiol. 145: 128–134. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.12.090. PMID 33460606. S2CID 231641047.
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- ^ Carvajal-Huerta L (Sep 1998). "Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and dilated cardiomyopathy". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 39 (3): 418–21. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70317-2. PMID 9738775.
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- ^ Carvajal-Huerta L (Sep 1998). "Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma with woolly hair and dilated cardiomyopathy". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 39 (3): 418–21. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70317-2. PMID 9738775.
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- ^ a b c Meng JJ, Bornslaeger EA, Green KJ, Steinert PM, Ip W (August 1997). "Two-hybrid analysis reveals fundamental differences in direct interactions between desmoplakin and cell type-specific intermediate filaments". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (34): 21495–503. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.34.21495. PMID 9261168.
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Further reading
- Presland RB, Dale BA (2000). "Epithelial structural proteins of the skin and oral cavity: function in health and disease". Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 11 (4): 383–408. doi:10.1177/10454411000110040101. PMID 11132762.
- Just M, Herbst H, Hummel M, Dürkop H, Tripier D, Stein H, Schuppan D (1991). "Undulin is a novel member of the fibronectin-tenascin family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (26): 17326–32. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)47377-8. PMID 1716629.
- Virata ML, Wagner RM, Parry DA, Green KJ (1992). "Molecular structure of the human desmoplakin I and II amino terminus". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (2): 544–8. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89..544V. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.2.544. PMC 48275. PMID 1731325.
- Green KJ, Parry DA, Steinert PM, Virata ML, Wagner RM, Angst BD, Nilles LA (1990). "Structure of the human desmoplakins. Implications for function in the desmosomal plaque". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (19): 11406–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)38608-9. PMID 2391353.
- Kouklis PD, Hutton E, Fuchs E (1994). "Making a connection: direct binding between keratin intermediate filaments and desmosomal proteins". J. Cell Biol. 127 (4): 1049–60. doi:10.1083/jcb.127.4.1049. PMC 2200061. PMID 7525601.
- Steinert PM, Marekov LN (1997). "Direct evidence that involucrin is a major early isopeptide cross-linked component of the keratinocyte cornified cell envelope". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (3): 2021–30. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.3.2021. PMID 8999895.
- Olavesen MG, Bentley E, Mason RV, Stephens RJ, Ragoussis J (1997). "Fine mapping of 39 ESTs on human chromosome 6p23-p25". Genomics. 46 (2): 303–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.5032. PMID 9417921.
- Marekov LN, Steinert PM (1998). "Ceramides are bound to structural proteins of the human foreskin epidermal cornified cell envelope". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (28): 17763–70. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.28.17763. PMID 9651377.
- Suzuki M, Okuyama S, Okamoto S, Shirasuna K, Nakajima T, Hachiya T, Nojima H, Sekiya S, Oda K (1998). "A novel E2F binding protein with Myc-type HLH motif stimulates E2F-dependent transcription by forming a heterodimer". Oncogene. 17 (7): 853–65. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202163. PMID 9780002. S2CID 23588950.
- Dias Neto E, Correa RG, Verjovski-Almeida S, Briones MR, Nagai MA, da Silva W, Zago MA, Bordin S, Costa FF, Goldman GH, Carvalho AF, Matsukuma A, Baia GS, Simpson DH, Brunstein A, de Oliveira PS, Bucher P, Jongeneel CV, O'Hare MJ, Soares F, Brentani RR, Reis LF, de Souza SJ, Simpson AJ (2000). "Shotgun sequencing of the human transcriptome with ORF expressed sequence tags". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (7): 3491–6. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3491D. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3491. PMC 16267. PMID 10737800.
External links
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant
- OMIM entries on Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy, Autosomal Dominant
- Desmoplakins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P15924 (Desmoplakin) at the PDBe-KB.