Confusion Assessment Method

Add links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a diagnostic tool developed to allow physicians and nurses to identify delirium in the healthcare setting.[1] It was designed to be brief (less than 5 minutes to perform) and based on criteria from the third edition-revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R).[citation needed] The CAM rates four diagnostic features, including acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness. The CAM requires that a brief cognitive test is performed before it is completed. It has been translated into more than 20 languages and adapted for use across multiple settings.

Elements of Score

The CAM consists of a short and long form. The CAM short form assesses four features: 1. acute onset or fluctuating course, 2. inattention, 3. disorganized thinking, and 4. altered level of consciousness. The CAM-long form includes the short-form features and adds disorientation, memory impairment, perceptual disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and altered sleep-wake cycle. These features are based on the 9 features of delirium from DSM-III-R. Each feature is scored as present or absent. Delirium is considered present based on the CAM diagnostic algorithm: presence of (acute onset or fluctuating course -AND‐ inattention) ‐AND EITHER‐ (disorganized thinking or altered level of consciousness) (Table 1). Detailed training and scoring instructions are available here.[2]

Interpretation

In the original study, the 3-5-minute CAM assessment was validated against a >90 minute assessment by reference standard geriatric psychiatrists using DSM-III-R, and found to have a sensitivity and specificity of 94-100% and 90-95%, respectively, for identification of delirium.[1][3][4] In a systematic review of 7 high quality studies involving >1000 patients, CAM was found to have a sensitivity of 94%, 95% CI 91-97%; and specificity of 89%, 95% CI 85-94%.[3] A 2013 systematic review of 22 studies involving >2400 patients found a sensitivity of 82%, 95% CI 69-91%; and specificity of 99%, 95% CI 87-100%.[4]

A large high-quality STARD-compliant diagnostic randomized controlled trial published in 2019 comparing the CAM with the 4AT delirium detection tool found that the CAM had lower sensitivity than the 4AT, with the two tools showing similar specificity.[5] Though some studies show good performance of the CAM in research settings, large scale studies of detection of delirium in real-world clinical practice show that the CAM shows a lower sensitivity (as judged by positive score rates in relation to estimated delirium rates) of around 30-40%.[6][7][8][9]

Adaptations

The table below describes delirium assessment tools based on the CAM, their scoring, and available translations. Additional information (for example: administration and instrument validity) may be found here.

CONFUSION ASSESSMENT METHOD ADAPTATIONS
CAM and its Adaptations Description Scoring Available Languages

CAM – Short[1]

Confusion Assessment Method – Short

All settings

A 4 question assessment of features including acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness. Delirium scored as ‘present’ (1) or ‘absent’ (0) based on question responses. Positive scores are based on the CAM algorithm, presence of acute onset or fluctuating course and inattention, and either disorganized thinking or altered level of consciousness. English, Arabic, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Thai, Turkish
CAM – Long[1]

Confusion Assessment Method – Long

All settings

A 10 question assessment of features including acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, altered level of consciousness, disturbances, psychomotor agitation and retardation, and altered sleep-walk cycle. Delirium scored as ‘present’ (1) or ‘absent’ (0) based on question responses. Positive scores are based on the CAM algorithm, presence of acute onset or fluctuating course and inattention, and either disorganized thinking or altered level of consciousness. English, Arabic, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Thai, Turkish
CAM-S Short[10]

Confusion Assessment Method – Severity (Short)

All settings

A delirium severity rating scale based on the additive scoring of symptoms rated in the CAM short form (Confusion Assessment Method). The CAM-S is intended to be used in addition to the original CAM algorithm. Rate each symptom of delirium listed in the instrument as absent (0), mild (1), or marked (2), except acute onset or fluctuating course which was rated as absent (0) or present (1). The severity score is created by an additive summary of the ratings ranging from 0–7. Higher scores indicate more severe delirium. English
CAM-S Long[10]

Confusion Assessment Method – Severity (Long)

All settings

A delirium severity rating scale based on the additive scoring of symptoms rated in the CAM long form (Confusion Assessment Method). The CAM-S is intended to be used in addition to the original CAM algorithm. Rate each symptom of delirium listed in the instrument as absent (0), mild (1), or marked (2), except acute onset or fluctuating course which was rated as absent (0) or present (1). The severity score is created by an additive summary of the ratings ranging from 0–19. Higher scores indicate more severe delirium. English
FAM-CAM[11]

Family Confusion Assessment Method

All settings

The FAM‐CAM is an 11-item informant‐based screening instrument to heighten detection of delirium features by family members. It is designed to be used in conjunction with or confirmed by expert clinicians or trained assessors using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), and including further assessment and cognitive testing. Each item pertains to a specific feature and is coded as positive or negative. The FAM‐CAM is considered positive according to the CAM diagnostic algorithm:  presence of acute onset or fluctuating course –AND‐ inattention ‐AND EITHER‐ disorganized thinking or altered level of consciousness English and Spanish
3D-CAM[12]

3-Minute Diagnostic Confusion Assessment Method

All settings

A 3-minute and rating scale that uses verbal responses and observations by the rater to rate the CAM diagnostic algorithm. The clinical version includes skip patterns that can shorten the instrument, while the research version is designed for systematic case-finding for delirium in a research setting and does not include skip patterns. Research and clinical versions exist. Considered positive if 3 out of 4 features are present including acute onset or fluctuating course, inattention, and either disorganize thinking or altered level of consciousness. English, Danish, and Italian (clinical version only)
UB-CAM[13]

Ultra-Brief Confusion Assessment Method

All settings

A two-step protocol with skip pattern involving a clinician-administered two-item interview (UB-2), followed, when positive, by a short interview (3D-CAM) and rating scale that uses verbal responses and observations by the rater to rate the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) diagnostic algorithm. The following skip pattern is applied—as soon as one incorrect answer or positive patient symptom report or interview observation is positive, the remainder of the items in that CAM feature can be skipped. Begin with 2-item interview. If the patient gets both items correct, the screen is negative for delirium. If one or both items are incorrect, then this is a positive screen, then move to 3D-CAM with skip pattern. Considered positive for delirium based on the CAM diagnostic algorithm: Presence of CAM Features 1 and 2, and either 3 or 4. Each of the 20 items pertains to a specific CAM feature and is coded either yes/no or correct/incorrect. English
CAM-ICU[14][15]

Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU

ICU

An adaptation of the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) to be usable by clinicians to screen for delirium in the intensive care unit setting, designed for nonverbal (intubated) patients. The CAM-ICU utilizes the CAM diagnostic algorithm. There are 4 core features including acute onset or fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness rated with 8 items. 3 of the 4 features must be present for CAM-ICU to be considered positive, according to the original CAM algorithm. Items are rated absent/present base on specific thresholds. English, Arabic, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Egyptian, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malayalam, Marathi, Norwegian, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, and Zulu
bCAM[16]

Brief Confusion Assessment Method

Emergency Department

A modification of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM‐ ICU) to quickly screen for delirium outside of the ICU. The bCAM utilizes the CAM diagnostic algorithm. The 4 core features rated with 7 items include acute onset or fluctuating course, inattention, altered level of consciousness, and disorganized thinking. 3 of the 4 features must be present for bCAM to be considered positive (1 and 2, and either 3 or 4), according to the original CAM algorithm. Items are rated absent/present. The bCAM scoring sheet is presented as a flow chart to determine delirium presence quickly.   English and Zambian (Bemba and Nyanja dialects available)
CAM-ED[17]

Confusion Assessment Method for the Emergency Department

Emergency Department

The CAM-ED uses a modified CAM algorithm to determine delirium in the Emergency Department. It differs from the CAM only in the presence of a scoring system (from 1 to 4) that allowed more flexibility in assigning the diagnosis of delirium (acute or fluctuating course to be a feature for "probable" delirium). The instrument requires use of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). There are 4 core features including acute onset or fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness rated with 10 items. Delirium scored as ‘delirium’ (scoring 4/4), ‘probable’ (3/4), ‘possible’ (2/4), or ‘No’ (1/4) based on question responses; CAM is considered positive based on the CAM algorithm: presence of acute onset or fluctuating course –AND/OR- inattention -AND EITHER - disorganized thinking or altered level of consciousness. English
mCAM-ED[18][19]

Modified Confusion Assessment Method for Emergency Department

Emergency Department

The mCAM-ED is based on the original CAM algorithm, modified to screening for inattention using the months of the year in reverse order from the Bedside Confusion Scale by nurses in the emergency department. If inattention is present, then proceed to the MSQ and The Comprehension Test, a subdomain for the Cognitive Test for Delirium. The four features assessed include acute onset or fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness rated with 15 items. To score inattention: Every omission (from months of the year in reverse order) is scored 1 point, a delay >30 seconds scored 1 additional point. Inattention was present with a score of >2. If inattention present, Mental Status Questionnaire (MSQ) is used to determine altered cognition; if >2 errors are made, then altered cognition is present. Disorganized thinking is tested with The Comprehension Test, present if >2 errors. Altered level of consciousness and fluctuating course are assessed using patient observation during the interview. English and German
NH-CAM[20]

Nursing Home Confusion Assessment Methods

Nursing Home

The four CAM features were modified into the NH-CAM using 9 variables associated with the standard Minimum Data Set (MDS) Resident Assessment Protocol (RAP) (Items B5f, E3, B5a, B5b, B5c, B6, B5d, B5e, E5) for delirium screening of patients within 19 days after admission to the nursing home from hospitalization. CAM is considered positive based on the CAM algorithm: presence of acute onset or fluctuating course –AND- inattention -AND EITHER- disorganized thinking or altered level of consciousness English

References

  1. ^ a b c d Inouye, Sharon K. (1990-12-15). "Clarifying Confusion: The Confusion Assessment Method". Annals of Internal Medicine. 113 (12): 941–948. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-941. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 2240918.
  2. ^ "AGS CoCare: HELP". help.agscocare.org. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  3. ^ a b Wei, Leslie A.; Fearing, Michael A.; Sternberg, Eliezer J.; Inouye, Sharon K. (May 2008). "The Confusion Assessment Method: A Systematic Review of Current Usage: CAM: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CURRENT USAGE". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 56 (5): 823–830. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01674.x. PMC 2585541. PMID 18384586.
  4. ^ a b Shi, Qiyun; Warren; Saposnik; MacDermid (Sep 2013). "Confusion assessment method: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 9: 1359–1370. doi:10.2147/NDT.S49520. ISSN 1176-6328. PMC 3788697. PMID 24092976.
  5. ^ Shenkin, Susan D.; Fox, Christopher; Godfrey, Mary; Siddiqi, Najma; Goodacre, Steve; Young, John; Anand, Atul; Gray, Alasdair; Hanley, Janet; MacRaild, Allan; Steven, Jill (2019-07-24). "Delirium detection in older acute medical inpatients: a multicentre prospective comparative diagnostic test accuracy study of the 4AT and the confusion assessment method". BMC Medicine. 17 (1): 138. doi:10.1186/s12916-019-1367-9. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 6651960. PMID 31337404.
  6. ^ Friedman, Joseph I.; Li, Lihua; Kirpalani, Sapina; Zhong, Xiaobo; Freeman, Robert; Cheng, Yim Tan; Alfonso, Francis L.; McAlpine, George; Vakil, Aditi; Macon, Bernard; Francaviglia, Paul (January 2021). "A Multi-Phase Quality Improvement Initiative for the Treatment of Active Delirium in Older Persons". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 69 (1): 216–224. doi:10.1111/jgs.16897. ISSN 1532-5415. PMID 33150615. S2CID 226259924.
  7. ^ Reynish, Emma L.; Hapca, Simona M.; De Souza, Nicosha; Cvoro, Vera; Donnan, Peter T.; Guthrie, Bruce (2017-07-27). "Epidemiology and outcomes of people with dementia, delirium, and unspecified cognitive impairment in the general hospital: prospective cohort study of 10,014 admissions". BMC Medicine. 15 (1): 140. doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0899-0. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 5530485. PMID 28747225.
  8. ^ Rohatgi, Nidhi; Weng, Yingjie; Bentley, Jason; Lansberg, Maarten G.; Shepard, John; Mazur, Diana; Ahuja, Neera; Hopkins, Joseph (December 2019). "Initiative for Prevention and Early Identification of Delirium in Medical-Surgical Units: Lessons Learned in the Past Five Years". The American Journal of Medicine. 132 (12): 1421–1430.e8. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.05.035. ISSN 1555-7162. PMID 31228413. S2CID 195298710.
  9. ^ Corradi, John P.; Chhabra, Jyoti; Mather, Jeffrey F.; Waszynski, Christine M.; Dicks, Robert S. (2016-08-01). "Analysis of multi-dimensional contemporaneous EHR data to refine delirium assessments". Computers in Biology and Medicine. 75: 267–274. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.06.013. ISSN 1879-0534. PMID 27340924.
  10. ^ a b Inouye, Sharon K.; Kosar, Cyrus M.; Tommet, Douglas; Schmitt, Eva M.; Puelle, Margaret R.; Saczynski, Jane S.; Marcantonio, Edward R.; Jones, Richard N. (2014-04-15). "The CAM-S: Development and Validation of a New Scoring System for Delirium Severity in 2 Cohorts". Annals of Internal Medicine. 160 (8): 526–533. doi:10.7326/M13-1927. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 4038434. PMID 24733193.
  11. ^ Steis, Melinda R.; Evans, Lois; Hirschman, Karen B.; Hanlon, Alexandra; Fick, Donna M.; Flanagan, Nina; Inouye, Sharon K. (Nov 2012). "Screening for Delirium via Family Caregivers: Convergent Validity of the Family Confusion Assessment Method (FAM-CAM) and Interviewer-Rated CAM". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 60 (11): 2121–2126. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04200.x. ISSN 0002-8614. PMC 3498543. PMID 23039310.
  12. ^ Marcantonio, Edward R.; Ngo, Long H.; O'Connor, Margaret; Jones, Richard N.; Crane, Paul K.; Metzger, Eran D.; Inouye, Sharon K. (2014-10-21). "3D-CAM: Derivation and Validation of a 3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for CAM-Defined Delirium: A Cross-sectional Diagnostic Test Study". Annals of Internal Medicine. 161 (8): 554–561. doi:10.7326/M14-0865. ISSN 0003-4819. PMC 4319978. PMID 25329203.
  13. ^ Motyl, Claire M.; Ngo, Long; Zhou, Wenxiao; Jung, Yoojin; Leslie, Douglas; Boltz, Marie; Husser, Erica; Inouye, Sharon K.; Fick, Donna; Marcantonio, Edward R. (Nov 2020). "Comparative Accuracy and Efficiency of Four Delirium Screening Protocols". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 68 (11): 2572–2578. doi:10.1111/jgs.16711. ISSN 0002-8614. PMC 7814654. PMID 32930409.
  14. ^ Marniemi, J.; Parkki, M. G. (1975-09-01). "Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo". Biochemical Pharmacology. 24 (17): 1569–1572. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(75)90080-5. ISSN 0006-2952. PMID 9.
  15. ^ Ely, E. Wesley; Inouye, Sharon K.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Gordon, Sharon; Francis, Joseph; May, Lisa; Truman, Brenda; Speroff, Theodore; Gautam, Shiva; Margolin, Richard; Hart, Robert P. (2001-12-05). "Delirium in Mechanically Ventilated Patients". JAMA. 286 (21): 2703–2710. doi:10.1001/jama.286.21.2703. hdl:10818/12438. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 11730446.
  16. ^ Han, Jin H.; Wilson, Amanda; Vasilevskis, Eduard E.; Shintani, Ayumi; Schnelle, John F.; Dittus, Robert S.; Graves, Amy J.; Storrow, Alan B.; Shuster, John; Ely, E. Wesley (Nov 2013). "Diagnosing Delirium in Older Emergency Department Patients: Validity and Reliability of the Delirium Triage Screen and the Brief Confusion Assessment Method". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 62 (5): 457–465. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.05.003. PMC 3936572. PMID 23916018.
  17. ^ Lewis; et al. (1995). "Unrecognized delirium in ED geriatric patients". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 13 (2): 145–2. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(95)90080-2. PMID 7893295.
  18. ^ Hasemann, Wolfgang; Grossmann, Florian F.; Stadler, Rahel; Bingisser, Roland; Breil, Dieter; Hafner, Martina; Kressig, Reto W.; Nickel, Christian H. (Sep 2018). "Screening and detection of delirium in older ED patients: performance of the modified Confusion Assessment Method for the Emergency Department (mCAM-ED). A two-step tool". Internal and Emergency Medicine. 13 (6): 915–922. doi:10.1007/s11739-017-1781-y. ISSN 1828-0447. PMID 29290048. S2CID 36924866.
  19. ^ Grossmann, Florian F; Hasemann, Wolfgang; Graber, Andreas; Bingisser, Roland; Kressig, Reto W; Nickel, Christian H (2014-03-13). "Screening, detection and management of delirium in the emergency department – a pilot study on the feasibility of a new algorithm for use in older emergency department patients: the modified Confusion Assessment Method for the Emergency Department (mCAM-ED)". Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 22 (1): 19. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-22-19. ISSN 1757-7241. PMC 3975151. PMID 24625212.
  20. ^ Dosa, David; Intrator, Orna; McNicoll, Lynn; Cang, Yuwei; Teno, Joan (Jul 2007). "Preliminary Derivation of a Nursing Home Confusion Assessment Method Based on Data from the Minimum Data Set". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 55 (7): 1099–1105. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01239.x. ISSN 0002-8614. PMID 17608886. S2CID 24261126.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confusion_Assessment_Method&oldid=1190493059"