Codex Boernerianus
| New Testament manuscript | |
.jpg) First page of the codex with lacunae in Romans 1:1-4 | |
| Name | Boernerianus |
|---|---|
| Sign | Gp, G3 |
| Text | Pauline epistles |
| Date | 850-900 |
| Script | Greek/Latin diglot |
| Found | Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland |
| Now at | Saxon State Library Dresden |
| Cite | A. Reichardt, Der Codex Boernerianus. Der Briefe des Apostels Paulus, Verlag von Karl W. Hiersemann, Leipzig 1909. |
| Size | 25 x 18 cm |
| Type | Western |
| Category | III |
| Note | Irish verse on folio 23v. |
Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp, G3 or 012 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), α 1028 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a small New Testament manuscript made of parchment which contains the majority of the Pauline epistles. Using the study of comparative writing styles (paleography), the manuscript has been dated to the 9th century CE.[1] The name of the codex derives from the theology professor Christian Frederick Boerner, to whom it once belonged. The manuscript has several gaps.
Description
The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing the text of the Pauline epistles (excluding Hebrews). The text is written in one column per page, 20 lines per page (size 25 x 18 cm) on 99 vellum leaves. The main text is in Greek with an interlinear Latin translation inserted above the Greek text (in the same manner as Codex Sangallensis 48 (Δ)).
The text of the codex contains six gaps (Romans 1:1-4, 2:17-24, 1 Cor. 3:8-16, 6:7-14, Col. 2:1-8, Philem. 21-25). Quotations from the Old Testament are marked in the left-hand margin by inverted commas (>; also known as a diplai), and Latin notation identifies a quotation (f.e. Iesaia). Capital letters follow regular in stichometric frequency. This means codex G was copied from a manuscript arranged in lines (known as στίχοι / stichoi). The codex sometimes uses minuscule letters: α, κ, ρ (of the same size as uncials). It does not use include rough breathing, smooth breathing or accent markers (usually used to mark stress or pitch).[2]
The Latin text is written in minuscule letters. The shape of some of the Latin letters - r, s, and t - is characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon alphabet.
The codex does not include the phrase ἐν Ῥώμῃ (in Rome), with Rom 1:7 employing ἐν ἀγαπῃ in its stead (Latin text – in caritate et dilectione), and in 1:15 the phrase is omitted entirely in both the Greek and Latin lines.
After the end of Philemon stands the title Προς Λαουδακησας αρχεται επιστολη, with the interlinear Latin reading ad Laudicenses incipit epistola (both mean To the Laodiceans; the beginning of the letter), but the apocryphal epistle text is lost.[3]
Text
The Greek text of this codex is considered a representative of the Western text-type. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine.[3]: 205–230 Textual critic Kurt Aland placed it in Category III according to his New Testament manuscript text classification system.[1] Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified".[1]: 335
The section 1 Corinthians 14:34–35 is placed after 1 Corinthians 14:40, as seen in other manuscripts considered to be of the Western text-type such Claromontanus (Dp), Augiensis (Fp), Minuscule 88, itd, g, and some manuscripts of the Latin Vulgate.[4][5]: 466 It also does not contain the ending of Romans (Romans 16:25–27), but it has a blank space at Romans 14:23 for it which was never written.[6]: 577
The Latin text has some affinity with the Latin lectionary manuscript (an edition of the New Testament written in the order according to the weekly readings throughout the Church calendar year, arranged by month), Liber Comicus (t), which is a Latin lectionary containing an Old Latin (Vetus Latina) text.[7]
- Some notable readings
- αμα και της αναστασεως : G
- αλλα και της αναστασεως : Majority of manuscripts
- καιρω : G
- κυριω : Majority of manuscripts
- το αυτο φρονειν, τω αυτω συνστοιχειν : G F
- τω αυτω στοιχειν : Majority of manuscripts[6]: 679
- σωματα : G F
- νοηματα : Majority of manuscripts [5]: 521
- Ιησου (Jesus): G א B D 1739 1881 itd, g sa bo eth
- Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα (Jesus, not walking around according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit) : Majority of manuscripts[6]: 548
- πειθοις σοφιας (plausible wisdom) : Ggr 𝔓46 Fp
- πειθοις ανθρωπινης σοφιας λογοις : א2 A C L P Ψ Majority of manuscripts[6]: 581
The Old Irish Poem in the Codex Boernerianus
On folio 23 verso (the reverse side of the page) at the bottom is written a verse in Old Irish which refers to making a pilgrimage to Rome:
Téicht doróim
mór saido · becc · torbai ·
INrí chondaigi hifoss ·
manimbera latt nífogbái ·
Mór báis mor baile
mór coll ceille mor mire
olais airchenn teicht dó ecaib ·
beith fo étoil · maíc · maire ·
Stokes and Strachan's translation:[8]
To go to Rome, much labour, little profit: the King whom thou seekest here, unless thou bring him with thee, thou findest him not. Much folly, much frenzy, much loss of sense, much madness (is it), since going to death is certain, to be under the displeasure of Mary's Son.
Bruce M. Metzger in his book Manuscripts of the Greek Bible[9] quotes this poem, which seems to have been written by a disappointed pilgrim.[10]
History
The codex was probably written by an Irish monk in the Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland between 850-900 A.D. Scholar Ludolph Kuster was the first to recognize the 9th century date of Codex Boernerianus.[11] The evidence for this date includes the style of the script, the smaller uncial letters in Greek, the Latin interlinear written in Anglo-Saxon minuscule, and the separation of words.[12]
In 1670 it was in the hands of P. Junius at Leiden.[13] The codex got its name from its first German owner, University of Leipzig professor Christian Frederick Boerner, who bought it in the Dutch Republic in the year 1705.[2] It was collated by Kuster, described in the preface to his edition of Mill's Greek New Testament. The manuscript was designated by symbol G in the second part of Johann Jakob Wettstein's edition of the Greek New Testament.[14] The text of the codex was published by Christian Frederick Matthaei, at Meissen, in Saxony, in 1791, and supposed by him to have been written between the 8th and 12th centuries.[15] Rettig thought that Codex Sangallensis is a part of the same book as the Codex Boernerianus,[16] which some other scholars also believe.
During World War II, the codex suffered severely from water damage. Thus the facsimile as published in 1909 provides the most legible text. The manuscript is housed now in the Saxon State Library (A 145b), Dresden, in Germany, while Δ (037) is at Saint Gallen in Switzerland.[3][17]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara (1995). The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-8028-4098-1.
- ^ a b Gregory, Caspar René (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 1. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs. p. 112.
- ^ a b c Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4 ed.). New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-0-19-516122-9.
- ^ Metzger, Bruce Manning (2001). A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. 499–500.
- ^ a b Aland, Kurt; Black, Matthew; Martini, Carlo Maria; Metzger, Bruce M.; Wikgren, Allen, eds. (1981). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (26 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung. ISBN 3-438-051001. (NA26)
- ^ a b c d e f Aland, Kurt; Black, Matthew; Martini, Carlo Maria; Metzger, Bruce Manning; Wikgren, Allen, eds. (1983). The Greek New Testament (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: United Bible Societies. ISBN 9783438051103. (UBS3)
- ^ A. H. McNeile, An Introduction to the Study of the New Testament, revised by C. S. C. Williams, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1955, p. 399.
- ^ Stokes, Whitley; Strachan, John, eds. (1903). Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 296.
- ^ Metzger, B. M. (1981). Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography. Oxford University Press. p. 104.
- ^ Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose; Edward Miller (1894). A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament. Vol. 1 (4 ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. p. 180.
- ^ Alexander Reichardt (1909). Der Codex Boernerianus: Der Briefe des Apostels Paulus. Leipzig: Verlag von Karl W. Hiersemann. p. 9.
- ^ Victor Gardthausen, Griechische Paläographie (Greek Paleography). Leipzig 1879. p. 271, 428 and 166; see also. H. Marsh, Comments. . to J. D. Michaelis' Introduction. I. p. 263
- ^ Constantin von Tischendorf, Editio octava critica maior, p. 427.
- ^ Alexander Chalmers, The General biographical dictionary (London 1812), Vol. 4, pp. 508-509.
- ^ Ch. F. Matthaei, XIII epistolarum Pauli codex Graecus cum versione latine veteri vulgo Antehieronymiana olim Boernerianus nunc bibliothecae electoralis Dresdensis, Meissen, 1791.
- ^ H. C. M. Rettig, Antiquissimus quattuor evangeliorum canonicorum Codex Sangallensis Graeco-Latinus intertlinearis, (Zurich, 1836).
- ^ "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
Further reading
- Peter Corssen, Epistularum Paulinarum Latine Scriptos Augiensem, Boernerianum, Claromontanum, Jever Druck von H. Fiencke 1887-1889.
- W. H. P. Hatch, On the Relationship of Codex Augiensis and Codex Boernerianus of the Pauline Epistle's, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 60, 1951, pp. 187–199.
External links
- Codex Boernerianus Gp (012) at the CSNTM (images of the 1909 facsimile edition)
- Codex Boernerianus Gp (012) recently made photos at SLUB Dresden Digitale Bibliothek
- Codex Boernerianus recently made photos at SLUB Dresden Digitale Bibliothek (PDF)
- Manuscript Gp (012) at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism