Unless the copyright status of the text of this page or section is clarified and determined to be compatible with Wikipedia's content license, the problematic text and revisions or the entire page may be deleted one week after the time of its listing (i.e. after 08:25, 17 July 2024 (UTC)). Until then, this page will be hidden from search engine results until the copyright issue is resolved.
What can I do to resolve the issue?
If you hold the copyright to this text, you can license it in a manner that allows its use on Wikipedia.
To confirm your permission, you can either display a notice to this effect at the site of original publication or send an e-mail from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-enwikimedia.org or a postal letter to the Wikimedia Foundation. These messages must explicitly permit use under CC BY-SA and the GFDL. See Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials.
Note that articles on Wikipedia must be written from a neutral point of view and must be verifiable in published third-party sources; consider whether, copyright issues aside, your text is appropriate for inclusion in Wikipedia.
Otherwise, you may rewrite this page without copyright-infringing material. Your rewrite should be placed on this page, where it will be available for an administrator or clerk to review it at the end of the listing period. Follow this link to create the temporary subpage. Please mention the rewrite upon completion on this article's discussion page.
Simply modifying copyrighted text is not sufficient to avoid copyright infringement—if the original copyright violation cannot be cleanly removed or the article reverted to a prior version, it is best to write the article from scratch. (See Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing.)
For license compliance, any content used from the original article must be properly attributed; if you use content from the original, please leave a note at the top of your rewrite saying as much. You may duplicate non-infringing text that you had contributed yourself.
It is always a good idea, if rewriting, to identify the point where the copyrighted content was imported to Wikipedia and to check to make sure that the contributor did not add content imported from other sources. When closing investigations, clerks and administrators may find other copyright problems than the one identified. If this material is in the proposed rewrite and cannot be easily removed, the rewrite may not be usable.
Place {{copyvio/bottom}} at the end of the portion you want to blank. If nominating the entire page, please place this template at the top of the page, set the "fullpage" parameter to "yes", and place {{copyvio/bottom}} at the very end or the article.
Bir ed-Duwali is an ancient archeological site with the remains of a Jewish settlement established in the early Hasmonean period up to the second year of the First Jewish–Roman War. After the revolt, there was a settlement gap, with the site only repopulated in the Late Roman period, up until the early Muslim period. The site is located 820m above sea level, on a narrow ridge, 2.5 km northeast of Giv'at Ze'ev and southwest to Beitunia.[1]
Survey history
The site was surveyed by Kalai and later by Finkelstein, who reported very few findings dating to the Byzantine period. Later it was surveyed again by Har Even who found ruined buildings, terraces, remains of oil press, agricultural facilities and ceramic shards dating to the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and early Muslim periods.[1]
During the three excavations conducted between 1994 and 2005 findings dating to the Second Temple period were discovered as well as findings dating to the other periods mentioned above. After the Great Jewish revolt, the settlement was reinhabited again only during the late Roman period and continued up to the early Muslim period. At some stage a large church was built there.[1]
Archeological findings
The three excavations conducted at the site enabled dating its establishment as a Jewish settlement to the Hasmonean period, in the days of John Hyrcanus.Second Temple period residential buildings, 5 mikvehs were found with grey plaster, three of them with a single opening and the other two with two openings, oil presses, water cisterns, lime pit, oil presses, Basalt millstones. Other findings include stone tools manufactured in Jerusalem and over 300 bronze coins the earliest from the days of John Hyrcanus and the latest dating to the second year of the Great revolt.[1]
At the settlements' necropolis that is located about a km to the west, remains of 51 humans were found, men, women and children. Morphologic analysis shows typical characteristics of Jewish Second Temple period population.[1]
Analysis
Oil press at Bir ed-Duwali
Bir ed-Duwali is among numerous Jewish settlements in the Bejamin historical region, dating back to the Hellenistic and Roman periods. These settlements thrived during the Hasmonean period until the conclusion of the Great Revolt, spanning from the lower Shephelah to the desert's edge. It serves as an example of the settlements and farms that were established and prospered in these regions.[1]
