Biodiversity of Colombia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Colombia is one of seventeen megadiverse countries in the world.
The country hosts two biodiversity hotspots:
1 - Tropical Andes
5 - Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena
Jaguar in Jaime Duque Zoo, Tocancipá

The biodiversity of Colombia is the variety of indigenous organisms in the country with the second-highest biodiversity in the world.[1] As of 2021, around 63,000 species are registered in Colombia, of which 14% are endemic. The country occupies worldwide the first position in number of orchids, birds and butterflies, second position in plants, amphibians and fresh water fish, third place in species of palm trees and reptiles and globally holds the sixth position in biodiversity of mammals.[2]

The country hosts 59 nationally designated protected areas. At the establishment of the most recent addition, Bahía Portete – Kaurrele National Natural Park, Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos said "Biodiversity is to Colombia, what oil is for the Arabs".[3][4]

In 2020, according to the Colombian Biodiversity Information System, 63,303 species were registered in the country,[5] of which more than 8,800 are considered endemic species.[6][7][8] The country occupies the first position in the world in number of orchid and bird species, second in plants, amphibians, butterflies and freshwater fish, third in palm and reptile species, and fourth in mammalian biodiversity.

According to a report by the WWF, half of Colombia's ecosystems are in a critical state of deterioration or in a state of danger. The organization said that environmental degradation is due to oil extraction, mineral and metal extraction and deforestation. Deteriorating ecosystems are threatening the existence of more than a third of Colombia's plants and 50 percent of its animals.[9]

Since 1998, the Humboldt Institute for Biological Resources has been collecting biodiversity samples. As of 2014, 16,469 samples, representing around 2,530 species of 1,289 genera, and 323 families from Colombian biodiversity have been stored in its archives. [10]

Description

Colombia is one of seventeen megadiverse countries in the world.[7] The country in northwestern South America contains 311 types of coastal and continental ecosystems.[1] As of the beginning of 2021, a total of between 63,000 and 71,000 species are registered in the country,[8][5] with 8803 endemic species, representing near the 14% of the total registered species.[6] Colombia is the country with the most páramos in the world; more than 60% of the Andean ecosystem is found within Colombian territories.[11] Boyacá is the department where 18.3% of the national total area is located.[12] Since December 20, 2014, Colombia hosts 59 protected areas.[13] The biodiversity is highest in the Andean natural region, followed by the Amazon natural region.[14] Since 1998, the Humboldt Institute for Biological Resources in the country has been collecting samples of biodiversity. As of 2014, 16,469 samples, representing around 2530 species from 1289 genera, and 323 families of the Colombian biodiversity have been stored in their archives.[15]

The biodiversity of Colombia is at risk, mainly because of habitat loss, urbanisation, deforestation and overfishing.[16] According to a study of 2001, 260,000 hectares (640,000 acres) of forested area is lost every year.[17] Around 1300 species are critically endangered, and 509 species are introduced in Colombia, 22 of which are classified as invasive species in Colombia.[2] Various plans to address the environmental issues are proposed.[18] The National System of Protected Areas (SINAP) is the administrator of protected areas.

Biodiversity in numbers

Class Group Pos Species
Vertebrates Mammals (list, primates) 4
492
Birds (list, endemic) 1
1941
Reptiles (list, lizards, snakes) 3
537
Amphibians 2
803
Marine fish
2000
Freshwater fish (Magdalena River)
1435
Invertebrates
(arthropods)
Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths) 1
3274
Ants
900
Marine molluscs
1250
Marine sponges
1250
Corals
139
Marine decapods
560
Echinoderms
296
Terrestrial molluscs
650
Beetles
7000
Arachnids
1089
Bees
398
Diptera
3153
Flora (endemic) Flowering plants
22,840
Flowerless plants
45
Orchids (endemic) 1
4270
Ferns and relatives
1643
Palm trees 3
289
Mosses and relatives
1649
Algae Terrestrial algae
1030
Marine algae
565
Fungi Lichen
1674
Macrofungi
1239
Rusts
327
Smuts
71

To commemorate the biodiversity of Colombia, the coins of the Colombian peso introduced in 2012 feature a species each.[19]

Natural regions

Colombia is divided into six natural regions.

Caribbean natural region

Surface area 132,288 km2 (51,077 sq mi)
Departments
National parks
Biodiversity aquatic birds 165
amphibians 39
reptiles 129
plants 3151
fish 109
References

Andean natural region

Surface area 282,540 km2 (109,090 sq mi)
Departments
National parks
Biodiversity aquatic birds 14
amphibians 485
reptiles 220
plants 11,500
fish 197
References

Orinoquía natural region

Surface area 285,437 km2 (110,208 sq mi)
Departments
National parks La Macarena
Los Picachos
Tinigua
El Tuparro
Biodiversity aquatic birds 92
amphibians 57
reptiles 119
plants 2692
fish 619
References

Amazon natural region

Surface area 483,911 km2 (186,839 sq mi)
Departments
National parks
Biodiversity aquatic birds 74
amphibians 158
reptiles 195
plants 5300
fish 675
References

Pacific/Chocó natural region

Surface area 83,170 km2 (32,110 sq mi)
Departments  Cauca
 Chocó
 Nariño
 Valle del Cauca
National parks Los Katíos
Sanquianga
Uramba Bahía Málaga
Utría
Biodiversity aquatic birds 142
amphibians 154
reptiles 177
plants 4525
fish 164
References

Insular natural region

Surface area 300 km2 (120 sq mi)
Departments  Bolívar
 Cauca
 San Andrés y Providencia
 Valle del Cauca
National parks Corales del Rosario
Malpelo
Old Providence
Gorgona
Biodiversity Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo
fish 170
corals 52
sponges 25
molluscs & crustaceans 100s
Gorgona Island
fish Pseudobatos prahli
Trichomycterus gorgona
Malpelo Island
fish Acanthemblemaria stephensi
Halichoeres malpelo
Old Providence Lagoon
birds 74
References

Biodiversity hotspots

Biodiversity hotspots of Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena (left) and Tropical Andes (right)

Colombia hosts two biodiversity hotspots; the Tropical Andes and Tumbes–Chocó–Magdalena. The country is part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves with five biosphere reserves:[26]

Name Since First
review
Second
review
Image Notes
Cinturón Andino
1979
2001
2011
El Tuparro
1979
2001
2011
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
1979
2001
2011
Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta
2000
2011
Seaflower
2000
2011

Species

The Amazon river dolphin inhabits the southeastern Amazon region of Colombia.

Selected fauna

Name Species Image
Caquetá titi Callicebus caquetensis
cotton-top tamarin Saguinus oedipus
mountain tapir Tapirus pinchaque
ornate titi Callicebus ornatus
spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus
white-footed tamarin Saguinus leucopus
Santamartamys
American flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber
Andean condor Vultur gryphus
blue-billed curassow Crax alberti
Colombian chachalaca Ortalis columbiana
Crested caracara Caracara plancus
great egret Ardea alba
green-bearded helmetcrest Oxypogon guerinii
indigo-capped hummingbird Amazilia cyanifrons
little blue heron Egretta caerulea
multicoloured tanager Chlorochrysa nitidissima
snowy egret Egretta thula
white-tailed starfrontlet Coeligena phalerata
blue anole Anolis gorgonae
Magdalena River turtle Podocnemis lewyana
rainbow whiptail Cnemidophorus lemniscatus
spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus
Norops mariarum
Andean poison frog Andinobates opisthomelas
Boettger's Colombian treefrog Dendropsophus columbianus
golden poison frog Phyllobates terribilis
Guajira stubfoot toad Atelopus carrikeri
harlequin poison frog Oophaga histrionica
Lehmann's poison frog Oophaga lehmanni
Pristimantis tayrona
green discus Symphysodon tarzoo
redhump eartheater Geophagus steindachneri
spotted moray Gymnothorax moringa
Malpelo barnacle blenny Acanthemblemaria stephensi
Malpelo wrasse Halichoeres malpelo
Centrochir crocodili
Hoplosternum magdalenae
Labrisomus dendriticus
Sturisoma aureum
Clysonymus longwing Heliconius clysonymus
Dirce beauty Colobura dirce
brown peacock Anartia amathea
eleone white Leptophobia eleone
short-lined kite swallowtail Protographium agesilaus
Rhetus arcius
Mastigoproctus colombianus
Psammodesmus bryophorus
giant ramshorn snail Marisa cornuarietis
Portuguese man o' war Physalia physalis
sea slug

Selected endemic flora

Name Species Image
Cattleya trianae
national flower
wax palm Ceroxylon quindiuense
national tree
lulo Solanum quitoense
national fruit
borojó Alibertia patinoi
Ancipitia anthrax
Comparettia macroplectron
Dracula bella
Dracula diabola
Dracula lotax
Erythroxylum novogranatense
frailejón Espeletia killipii
Heliconia bourgaeana
Hypericum myricariifolium
Ipomoea pes-caprae
Lepanthes ophelma
Lupinus alopecuroides
Masdevallia mejiana
Miconia salicifolia
Monnina salicifolia
Odontoglossum crispum
Opuntia wentiana
Paphinia rugosa
Paphinia seegeri
Passiflora loefgrenii
Pentacalia vernicosa
Phragmipedium schlimii
color-changing Restrepia Restrepia chameleon
copper-coloured Restrepia Restrepia cuprea
Restrepia nittiorhyncha
Restrepia pandurata
Senecio formosoides
Stanhopea platyceras
Stanhopea pozoi
Stanhopea shuttleworthii
Stanhopea stevensonii

Selected endemic fungi

Name Species Image
Cookeina tricholoma
Favolus brasiliensis
Oudemansiella platensis

Panoramas

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Qué es la biodiversidad - Humboldt Institute (in Spanish)
  2. ^ a b Biodiversidad en cifras - SiB Colombia (in Spanish)
  3. ^ Nuevo Parque Nacional Natural de Colombia Bahía Portete[permanent dead link] - Ministerio de Ambiente, Colombia (in Spanish)
  4. ^ Bahía Portete, regalo de Navidad - El Espectador (in Spanish)
  5. ^ a b Biodiversidad en Cifras 2021 - SiB Colombia (in Spanish)
  6. ^ a b Especies endémicas, áreas protegidas y deforestación | Biodiversidad 2018 - Humboldt Institute (in Spanish)
  7. ^ a b Biodiversity A-Z
  8. ^ a b Biodiversidad en Colombia (in Spanish)
  9. ^ Colombia Viva:Informe 2017 - WWF-Colombia
  10. ^ "Instituto Humboldt". www.humboldt.org.co (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  11. ^ Five unmissable Colombian páramos begging to be explored
  12. ^ Nieto Escalante et al., 2010, p.75
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Parques Nacionales de Colombia (in Spanish)
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Estadísticas Biodiversidad Colombia (in Spanish)
  15. ^ Arbeláez Cortés et al., 2015, p.163
  16. ^ UNDP, 2014, p.18
  17. ^ Rodríguez Becerra, 2001, p.10
  18. ^ Plan de acción de biodiversidad Colombia 2016-2030 Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  19. ^ Biodiversidad nuestra conexión vital - Banco de la República (in Spanish)
  20. ^ Woods, 2008, p.49
  21. ^ Kyne, P.M. (2016). "Pseudobatos prahli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T63158A104002851. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T63158A104002851.en.
  22. ^ Villa-Navarro, F.; Mesa-Salazar, L.; Sanchez-Duarte, P.; Lasso, C. (2016). "Trichomycterus gorgona". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64792679A64890625. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64792679A64890625.en.
  23. ^ Bessudo, S.; Dominici-Arosemena, A.; Espinosa, H.; Hastings, P. (2010). "Acanthemblemaria stephensi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T183968A8208246. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183968A8208246.en.
  24. ^ Allen, G.; Edgar, G.; Rocha, L.; Min, L. (2010). "Halichoeres malpelo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T183519A8127170. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183519A8127170.en.
  25. ^ Villegas, Benjamin; Sesana, Laura (2007). Colombia Natural Parks. Villegas Asociados. ISBN 978-958-8156-87-3. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  26. ^ World Biosphere Reserves - Latin America & The Caribbean
  27. ^ Cinturón Andino - World Biosphere Reserve
  28. ^ El Tuparro - World Biosphere Reserve
  29. ^ Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta - World Biosphere Reserve
  30. ^ Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta - World Biosphere Reserve
  31. ^ Sea Flower - World Biosphere Reserve

Bibliography

  • Arbeláez Cortés, Enrique; Torres, María Fernanda; López Álvarez, Diana; Palacio Mejía, Juan Diego; Mendoza, Ángela María; Medina, Claudia Alejandra (2015). "La biodiversidad congelada de Colombia: 16 años de la colección de tejidos del Instituto Humboldt" [Colombian frozen biodiversity - 16 years of the tissue collection of the Humboldt Institute]. Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. 20: 163–173.
  • Nieto Escalante, Juan Antonio; Sepulveda Fajardo, Claudia Inés; Sandoval Sáenz, Luis Fernando; Siachoque Bernal, Ricardo Fabian; Fajardo Fajardo, Jair Olando; Martínez Díaz, William Alberto; Bustamante Méndez, Orlando; Oviedo Calderón, Diana Rocio (2010). Geografía de Colombia [Geography of Colombia] (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. ISBN 978-958-8323-38-1.
  • Rodríguez Becerra, Manuel (2001). "La biodiversidad en Colombia" (PDF). Manuel Rodríguez Becerra. pp. 1–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2017-01-30.[self-published source?]
  • "V Informe nacional de biodiversidad de Colombia - ante el convenio de diversidad biológica" (PDF). United Nations Development Program. 2014. pp. 1–156. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  • Woods, Sarah (2008). Colombia. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-242-2. Retrieved 2017-01-30.

External links